List of Boxes |
|
xiv | |
List of Figures |
|
xxii | |
List of Tables |
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xxiii | |
List of Case Studies |
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xxv | |
About the Author |
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xxviii | |
Preface to the Sixth Edition |
|
xxix | |
Guide to this Book |
|
xxxi | |
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The Approach of this Book |
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xxxi | |
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The Structure of the Book |
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xxxii | |
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Special Features of the Book |
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|
xxxv | |
How to Use this Book |
|
xxxix | |
Discover the Online Resources |
|
xl | |
Part 1 Foundations Of Qualitative Research |
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1 | (80) |
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1 Why and How to Do Qualitative Research |
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3 | (15) |
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The Relevance of Qualitative Research |
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3 | (1) |
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Research Questions as a Starting Point |
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4 | (1) |
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Limitations of Quantitative Research |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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A Brief History of Qualitative Research |
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9 | (4) |
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Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity |
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13 | (1) |
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Landmarks in Qualitative Research: A Checklist |
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14 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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15 | (3) |
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2 The Qualitative-Quantitative Distinction |
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18 | (16) |
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Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research |
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18 | (4) |
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Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Research in One Design |
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22 | (3) |
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Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Data |
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25 | (1) |
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Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods |
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26 | (1) |
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Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Results |
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26 | (1) |
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Research Evaluation and Generalization |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Methods' Appropriateness as a Point of Reference |
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29 | (1) |
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Deciding Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research: A Checklist |
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30 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (22) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Construction of Knowledge |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (3) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives |
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48 | (1) |
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Common Features of the Different Positions |
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49 | (2) |
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Guideline Questions for Locating Procedures in Theoretical Frameworks: A Checklist |
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51 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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52 | (4) |
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4 Methods and Data in Qualitative Research |
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56 | (11) |
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Research Programmes in Qualitative Research |
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56 | (4) |
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Major Methods and Types of Data |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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Locating a Study in the Field: A Checklist |
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63 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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64 | (3) |
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5 Texts as Data in Qualitative Research |
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67 | (14) |
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68 | (1) |
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Text as World Making: First-degree and Second-degree Constructions |
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69 | (1) |
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Social Constructions as Starting Points |
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70 | (1) |
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World Making in the Text: Mimesis |
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71 | (3) |
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Mimesis: Biography and Narrative |
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74 | (3) |
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Relations between Text and Social World: A Checklist |
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77 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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78 | (3) |
Part 2 Research Design |
|
81 | (122) |
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6 Formulating a Research Question |
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83 | (14) |
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Origins of Research Questions |
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84 | (2) |
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Cutting Questions to Size |
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86 | (1) |
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Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue |
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86 | (1) |
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Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives |
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87 | (1) |
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Types of Research Questions |
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88 | (4) |
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Good and Bad Research Questions |
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92 | (1) |
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Research Questions and Practice |
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93 | (1) |
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Research Questions: A Checklist |
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94 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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95 | (2) |
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7 Choosing and Constructing the Research Design |
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97 | (27) |
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How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Research |
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98 | (4) |
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102 | (1) |
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Online Qualitative Research |
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103 | (4) |
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Basic Designs in Qualitative Research |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time of the Investigation |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (2) |
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Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design |
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117 | (1) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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117 | (2) |
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Research Designs: A Checklist |
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119 | (2) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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121 | (3) |
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8 Planning the Process in Qualitative Research |
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124 | (10) |
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Research as Linear Process |
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125 | (1) |
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The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research |
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125 | (2) |
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Linearity and-Circularity of the Process |
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127 | (1) |
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Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World |
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127 | (3) |
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The Research Process in Qualitative Research in General |
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130 | (1) |
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Process in Qualitative Research: A Checklist |
|
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131 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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131 | (3) |
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9 Ethics of Doing Qualitative Research |
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134 | (16) |
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The Need for Ethics in Research |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (6) |
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Qualitative Research Ethics - Necessary for Better Research |
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146 | (1) |
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Ethical Issues: A Checklist |
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146 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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147 | (3) |
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10 Using The Existing Literature |
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150 | (11) |
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How and When to Use the Literature |
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150 | (1) |
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How to Use the Theoretical Literature |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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How to Use the Empirical Literature |
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153 | (1) |
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How to Use the Methodological Literature |
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154 | (1) |
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How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study |
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155 | (1) |
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Where to Search the Literature |
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156 | (1) |
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How to Search the Literature |
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156 | (1) |
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Doing Literature Reviews: A Checklist |
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157 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (12) |
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161 | (1) |
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Role Definitions When Entering an Open Field |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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Strangeness and Familiarity |
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166 | (2) |
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Strategies of Gaining Access - Examples |
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168 | (1) |
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Field Access: A Checklist |
|
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169 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (17) |
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Frameworks of Sampling for Data Collection |
|
|
173 | (1) |
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Defining the Sample Structure Beforehand |
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174 | (2) |
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Defining the Sample Structure Step by Step |
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176 | (3) |
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Sampling Step by Step as a General Principle |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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Aims of Sampling: Width or Depth |
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182 | (1) |
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Case Constitution in the Sample |
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183 | (2) |
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Sampling Decisions in the Research Process |
|
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185 | (1) |
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Qualitative Sampling: A Checklist |
|
|
186 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
187 | (3) |
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13 Extending Qualitative Designs with Triangulation |
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|
190 | (13) |
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Types and Definition of Triangulation |
|
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191 | (2) |
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Triangulation Step by Step |
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193 | (5) |
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Issues Arising from Applying Triangulation |
|
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198 | (1) |
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Triangulation as Systematization of Qualitative Methods |
|
|
199 | (1) |
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Triangulation: A Checklist |
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|
200 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
201 | (2) |
Part 3 Verbal Data |
|
203 | (106) |
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14 Collecting Verbal Data |
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205 | (11) |
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205 | (1) |
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Why Verbal Data? Aims and Target Groups |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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What Characterizes Narratives? |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Verbal Data |
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209 | (3) |
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Collecting Verbal Data: A Checklist |
|
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212 | (1) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (38) |
|
How to Conduct Interviews |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (6) |
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The Semi-standardized Interview |
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226 | (6) |
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The Problem-centred Interview |
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232 | (4) |
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Expert and Elite Interviews |
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236 | (5) |
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The Ethnographic Interview |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (3) |
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How to Analyse Interviews |
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246 | (1) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
|
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247 | (1) |
|
Doing Interviews: A Checklist |
|
|
248 | (2) |
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Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
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250 | (4) |
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254 | (23) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (7) |
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262 | (4) |
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266 | (3) |
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How to Analyse Focus Groups |
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269 | (2) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
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271 | (2) |
|
Doing Focus Groups: A Checklist |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (32) |
|
Narratives: Why and How? Backgrounds and Approaches |
|
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (8) |
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287 | (7) |
|
Between Biography and Episode |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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Criteria-based Comparison of Narrative Approaches of Collecting Data |
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296 | (1) |
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How to Analyse Narratives |
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297 | (5) |
|
Small Narratives and Constructionist Analysis |
|
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302 | (2) |
|
Using Narrative Data: A Checklist |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
304 | (5) |
Part 4 Data Beyond Talk |
|
309 | (108) |
|
18 Collecting Data Beyond Talk |
|
|
311 | (13) |
|
Aims of Collecting Data Beyond Talk |
|
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312 | (1) |
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Types of Data Beyond Talk |
|
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
|
What Is Participant Observation? |
|
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313 | (1) |
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|
314 | (1) |
|
What Is Virtual Ethnography? |
|
|
314 | (1) |
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What Is Visual Qualitative Research? |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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|
316 | (1) |
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Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Data Beyond Talk |
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317 | (2) |
|
Data Beyond Talk: A Checklist |
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
321 | (3) |
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19 Observation and Ethnography |
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|
324 | (30) |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (7) |
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336 | (4) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (4) |
|
Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
|
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346 | (2) |
|
Analysing Observations and Ethnographies |
|
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348 | (1) |
|
Doing Observation and Ethnography: A Checklist |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
349 | (5) |
|
20 Visual Data: Photography, Film and Video |
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|
354 | (21) |
|
Photographs as an Instrument and Object of Research |
|
|
354 | (8) |
|
Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research |
|
|
362 | (4) |
|
Video Analysis in Qualitative Research |
|
|
366 | (4) |
|
Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Using Visual Data: A Checklist |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
21 Using Documents as Data |
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|
375 | (15) |
|
What Characterizes Documents? |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
Using Documents as Data: More than Textual Analysis |
|
|
378 | (1) |
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|
378 | (1) |
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|
379 | (1) |
|
The Practicalities of Using Documents |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Analysing Internet Documents |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Working with Documents: A Checklist |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
387 | (3) |
|
22 Digital and Social Media Research |
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|
390 | (27) |
|
Social Media and Their Relevance |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Research Questions in Social Media Research |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Social Media Research |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Data for (Qualitative) Social Media Research |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
Collecting Digital and Social Media Data with Qualitative Methods |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Using Twitter for Qualitative Research |
|
|
397 | (3) |
|
Using Facebook for Qualitative Research |
|
|
400 | (4) |
|
Using Blogs for Qualitative Research |
|
|
404 | (4) |
|
Collecting Digital Data with Smartphones |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
Combining Virtual and Traditional Qualitative Research Methods |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Big Data as a Challenge and a Threat for Qualitative Research |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
Digital and Social Media Research: A Checklist |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
414 | (3) |
Part 5 Qualitative Data Analysis |
|
417 | (120) |
|
23 Analysing Qualitative Data |
|
|
419 | (14) |
|
Aims of Qualitative Data Analysis |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Definition - What Is Qualitative Data Analysis? |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Using Naturally Occurring or Solicited Data |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Methods or Data as Points of Reference |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
What Is Sequential Analysis? |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Qualitative Data Analysis |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches |
|
|
426 | (3) |
|
Methods of Qualitative Data Analysis: A Checklist |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
24 Transcription and Data Management |
|
|
433 | (15) |
|
Technological Progress and Problems of Recording Data |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
|
438 | (3) |
|
Reality as Text: Text as New Reality |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
Transcription and Data Management: A Checklist |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
25 Grounded Theory Coding |
|
|
448 | (25) |
|
Grounded Theory Methodology |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
Key Steps towards Grounded Theory Analysis |
|
|
450 | (3) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Grounded Theory Coding: Ways and Versions |
|
|
454 | (12) |
|
Which Approach to Choose? |
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
Grounded Theory Coding: Integrated Approach or Starting Point? |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Grounded Theory Coding: A Checklist |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
26 Thematic Coding and Content Analysis |
|
|
473 | (21) |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
|
476 | (6) |
|
Qualitative Content Analysis |
|
|
482 | (6) |
|
Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Thematic Coding and Qualitative Content Analysis: A Checklist |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
491 | (3) |
|
27 Using Naturally Occurring Data: Conversation, Discourse and Hermeneutic Analysis |
|
|
494 | (25) |
|
|
496 | (5) |
|
|
501 | (4) |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
|
507 | (5) |
|
Social Science Hermeneutics and Hermeneutic Sociology of Knowledge |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches to Naturally Occurring Data |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Naturally Occurring Data: A Checklist |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
28 Using Software in Qualitative Data Analysis |
|
|
519 | (18) |
|
New Technologies: Hopes, Fears and Fantasies |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Ways of Using Software and Computers in Qualitative Research |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
Why Use Software for Analysing Qualitative Data? |
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
History and State of Development of QDA Software |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Software for Analysing Qualitative Data: How to Choose? |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Examples: ATLAS.ti, NVivo and MAXQDA |
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
How to Use Software in Qualitative Research |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
Software's Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Recent Developments: CAQDAS 2.0 |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
Using CAQDAS: A Checklist |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
534 | (3) |
Part 6 Grounding, Writing And Outlook |
|
537 | (60) |
|
29 Quality of Qualitative Research: Criteria and Beyond |
|
|
539 | (30) |
|
Selective Plausibilization |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (6) |
|
|
547 | (5) |
|
Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to Old Questions? |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quality Assurance? |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Strategies of Generalization in Qualitative Research |
|
|
555 | (3) |
|
Process Evaluation and Quality Management |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
Indication for Qualitative Research |
|
|
560 | (3) |
|
Selecting Qualitative Methods: A Checklist |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
30 Writing Qualitative Research |
|
|
569 | (14) |
|
Pragmatic Function of Writing: Presentation of Results |
|
|
570 | (4) |
|
Legitimizing Function of Writing |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
Making Qualitative Research Relevant |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Reflexive Function of Writing |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Dissolution of Social Science into Styles of Writing? |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Writing about Qualitative Research: A Checklist |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
31 State of the Art and the Future |
|
|
583 | (14) |
|
Qualitative Research Today |
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
Methodological Developments and Trends |
|
|
587 | (4) |
|
How to Learn and How to Teach Qualitative Research |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
The Future of Qualitative Research: Art or Method? |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Locating Your Research Project: A Checklist |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Exercises for Reflecting on the Chapter and for Planning Your Project |
|
|
595 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
597 | (11) |
References |
|
608 | (28) |
Author Index |
|
636 | (4) |
Subject Index |
|
640 | |