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E-grāmata: Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering

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Edited by (University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA), Edited by (University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA), Edited by (University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)
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Answering the widespread demand for an introductory book on rehabilitation engineering (RE), Dr. Rory A. Cooper, a distinguished RE authority, and his esteemed colleagues present An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering. This resource introduces the fundamentals and applications of RE and assistive technologies (ATs).

After providing a brief introduction, the book describes the models for AT service delivery, the design tools and principles of universal design, and various technology-transfer mechanisms, models, and principles. The text then explains the process for creating assistive device standards, followed by a review of seating biomechanics and soft tissue biomechanics. Subsequent chapters examine design and service delivery principles of wheelchairs and scooters, functional electrical stimulation and its applications, wheelchair-accessible transportation legislation, and the applications of robotics in medical rehabilitation. The book proceeds to discuss prosthetic and orthotic design and usage, visual and hearing impairment, Web-related AT, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technology. It concludes with an introduction to adaptive sports and recreation.

Incorporating the critical aspects of RE and AT, An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering focuses on the principles, modeling, standards, devices, and technologies of RE and AT. It presents a concise yet complete overview of RE to provide a solid foundation in the subject as well as to stimulate further study.

Recenzijas

"Finally, a text that allows engineers and graduate students from other healthcare professions understand and appreciate just how vast and exciting the contributions of rehabilitation engineering and assistive technology can be for people with disabilities. This text is perfect not only for engineering students but also for physical therapists and other professionals who want to know the science behind assistive technology. Understanding the language of rehabilitation and engineering is critical for the engineering student's introduction to the field of assistive technology or the rehabilitation professor who wants to better appreciate the science of a device that improves their patients' lives everyday. This text offers wonderfully straightforward insights into the very complex world of rehabilitation engineering. Dr. Cooper and associates have successfully written a text that offers engineers and rehabilitation professionals alike the blueprints for understanding the language, process, and science behind the product development associated with assistive technology. The rapidly emerging field of rehabilitation engineering will grow even faster now that Dr. Cooper and associates have provided the first text to offer the blueprints to product development and the science of assistive technology." -Robert Gailey, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, USA

Introduction
1(18)
Rory A. Cooper
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
1(1)
Introduction
1(5)
Participatory Action Design
6(2)
Policy, Human, Activity, Assistance, Technology, and Environment (PHAATE) Model
8(1)
Trends in AT Service Delivery
9(1)
Necessary Expansion of AT Clinical Service Worldwide
10(1)
Telerehabilitation
10(1)
Research and Development Funding
11(1)
The Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America
12(2)
The Future of Rehabilitation Engineering
14(1)
Study Questions
15(4)
Bibliography
15(4)
Clinical Practice of Rehabilitation Engineering
19(28)
Carmen Digiovine
Douglas A. Hobson
Rory A. Cooper
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
20(1)
Introduction
20(2)
Service Delivery Models
22(6)
Rehabilitation Technology Supplier
22(1)
Department within a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center
23(1)
Technology Service Delivery Center within a University Department
24(1)
State-Agency-Based Program
25(1)
Private Rehabilitation Engineering or Technology Firm
25(1)
Local Affiliate of a National Nonprofit Disability Organization
25(1)
Volunteer Groups
26(1)
Manufacturer
26(1)
Technology Service Delivery Center in the School Setting
27(1)
Specialized Rehabilitation Technology Supplier Environment
28(1)
Community-Based or Satellite Services
28(1)
Tools
28(2)
The Rehabilitation Engineer in the Clinical Setting
30(2)
The Clinical Rehabilitation Engineer vs. the Clinical Engineer
32(1)
Incorporating Engineering into the AT Service Delivery Process
32(1)
Principles of Service Delivery
32(2)
Service Delivery Process
34(6)
Referral and Intake
35(1)
Initial Evaluation
36(2)
Recommendation and Report
38(1)
Implementation
39(1)
Reimbursement
40(1)
Credentialing
40(1)
Evidence-Based Practice
41(1)
Summary
42(5)
Bibliography
42(5)
Universal Design
47(20)
Linda van Roosmalen
Hisaichi Ohnabe
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
48(1)
Introduction
48(1)
Background
48(2)
Orphan Technology
50(1)
Universal Design
50(9)
Origin of Universal Design
50(1)
The Seven Principles of Universal Design
50(1)
Principle One: Equitable Use
51(1)
Principle Two: Flexibility in Use
51(1)
Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use
51(2)
Principle Four: Perceptible Information
53(1)
Principle Five: Tolerance for Error
53(1)
Principle Six: Low Physical Effort
53(1)
Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach and Use
53(1)
Benefits of Universal Design
53(1)
Societal Benefits
53(1)
Personal Benefits
54(1)
Benefits to Industry
55(1)
Barriers to Implementing Universal Design
55(1)
The Universal Design Matrix
56(2)
Applying Universal Design
58(1)
Design and Human Abilities
59(1)
Persona
59(1)
Use of a Design Process
60(1)
Standards Related to Universal Design
60(2)
Examples of Universally Designed Products
62(2)
Living
63(1)
Packaging
63(1)
Transportation
64(1)
Summary
64(1)
Study Questions
65(2)
Bibliography
65(2)
Technology Transfer
67(10)
Rory A. Cooper
Jonathan Pearlman
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
67(1)
Introduction
68(1)
The Supply-Push Process
68(1)
The Demand-Pull Process
69(1)
Intellectual Property
69(1)
U.S. Federal Funding Assistance
70(1)
SBIR/STTR Program
70(1)
Small Business Loans or Grants
70(1)
Private Funding
71(1)
Charitable Assistance
71(1)
Foundation Funding
71(1)
Individual Investors
71(1)
Venture Capital
71(1)
Payment Model
72(1)
Manufacturing
72(1)
Distribution Models
73(1)
A Technology-Transfer Framework
74(1)
Summary
74(1)
Study Questions
75(2)
Bibliography
75(2)
Standards for Assistive Technology
77(24)
Douglas Hobson
Rory A. Cooper
Martin Ferguson-Pell
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
78(1)
Introduction
78(4)
Rationale for Industry Standards
78(1)
Historical Overview of U.S. Involvement in National and International Standards Development
79(1)
Voluntary vs. Regulatory Industry Standards
80(2)
Organization of National and International Industry Standards
82(10)
Brief Description of the Standards Development Process
82(1)
Anatomy of a Typical ISO Industry Standard
83(7)
Relationship between National and International Efforts
90(1)
Organization of Standards Development in the United States
90(1)
The User-Responsive Development Model
91(1)
Summary of Progress over the Past Several Decades
91(1)
Impact Benefits for Users, Clinicians, Industry, and Healthcare-Funding Agencies
91(1)
The Role and Contribution of Rehabilitation Engineering in Standards Development
92(2)
The Development and Validation of Test Methods
92(1)
Development of Test-Method Instrumentation and Equipment
92(1)
Organizing and Operating a Standards-Testing Facility
93(1)
Role and Contribution of Rehabilitation Engineering to Standards
93(1)
How to Get Involved
94(1)
Hidden Rationale for Participation in Industry Standards Development
94(2)
A Strange and Amazing Multidisciplinary Model
94(1)
The Magnitude of the Goal and Potential Impact of the Final Result
95(1)
Consolidation of Worldwide Knowledge
95(1)
Development of Collegial Networks
95(1)
Clinical/User Application of Industry Standards
96(1)
The Direct Rewards to Industry
96(1)
Future Opportunities
96(2)
Standards Development in Other Areas of Assistive Technology
96(1)
Sustaining Research and Development Resources
97(1)
Resolving Barriers to Clinical and User Application of Standards
97(1)
Summary
98(1)
Study Questions
98(3)
Acknowledgements
99(1)
Bibliography
99(2)
Seating Biomechanics and Systems
101(16)
Mark Schmeler
Bengt Engstrom
Barbara Crane
Rosemarie Cooper
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
101(1)
Introduction
102(1)
Seating and Common Pathologies
103(1)
Seating Assessment
103(4)
Interventions: Seating Systems
107(5)
Seat Supports
108(1)
Back Supports
109(1)
Arm Supports
109(1)
Foot and Leg Supports
110(1)
Head Supports
110(1)
Tilt Frames and Reclining Backrests
111(1)
Standing Systems
112(1)
Seat Elevation Systems
113(1)
Summary
114(1)
Study Questions
114(3)
Bibliography
114(3)
Tissue Integrity Management
117(12)
David Brienza
Yihkuen Jan
Jeanne Zanca
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
117(1)
Introduction
118(1)
Pressure Ulcers
118(1)
Etiology
118(1)
Pressure Ulcer Staging System
118(3)
Risk Assessment
118(2)
Alternative Assessment Techniques and Confounding Factors
120(1)
Support-Surface Classification
121(4)
Elastic Foam
121(1)
Viscoelastic Foam
122(1)
Fluid-Filled Products
122(1)
Air-Fluidized Beds
123(1)
Low-Air-Loss Systems
124(1)
Alternating-Pressure Technology
125(1)
Summary
125(1)
Study Questions
126(3)
Bibliography
126(3)
Wheelchairs
129(28)
Alicia Koontz
Jonathan Pearlman
Brad Impink
Rory A. Cooper
Matthew Wilkinson
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
130(1)
Introduction
130(1)
Overview
130(1)
Manual Wheelchairs
130(5)
Brief History
130(1)
Manual Wheelchair User Profiles
131(1)
Basic Structural Components
132(3)
Wheelchair Propulsion
135(1)
Electric Power Wheelchairs
136(4)
Brief History
136(1)
Electric Power Wheelchair User Profiles
136(1)
Basic Structural Components
137(1)
Power and Drive Systems
138(1)
Control System
139(1)
Power-Assisted Wheelchairs
140(3)
PAS Control Algorithm
141(2)
Multifunctional Wheelchairs
143(2)
Wheelchair Standards
145(6)
Fatigue-Strength Tests
146(2)
Example
148(1)
Static-Strength Tests
149(1)
Static and Dynamic Stability
149(1)
Manual Wheelchair Performance
150(1)
Electric Power Wheelchair Performance
151(1)
Summary
151(1)
Study Questions
152(5)
Bibliography
153(4)
Functional Electrical Stimulation
157(30)
Songfeng Guo
Karl Brown
Emily Zipfel
Yusheng Yang
Jue Wang
Tong Zhang
Elizabeth Leister
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
158(1)
Introduction
158(1)
History of FES
158(2)
Clinical Considerations of FES
160(1)
Neuro Muscular Stimulation (NMS) of Atrophied Muscles
160(1)
NMS to Modify Patterns of Movement
160(1)
Foot Drop and Wrist Drop
160(1)
FES for SCI
161(1)
Electrodes
161(7)
Electrode--Electrolyte Interface
162(1)
Electrical Currents
163(1)
Tissue Impedance
164(1)
Transcutaneous Electrodes
164(2)
Subcutaneous and Percutaneous Electrodes
166(2)
Clinical Application of FES
168(4)
FES for Foot Drop
168(1)
FES for Walking
169(1)
FES for Upper Extremity Function
170(1)
FES for Exercise
171(1)
Spinal Cord Stimulation
172(6)
Overview
172(1)
Applications
172(1)
Anatomy and Physiology
173(1)
Mechanisms of SCS
174(1)
Neurophysiologic Mechanisms
174(2)
Pharmacological Mechanisms
176(1)
SCS Systems
176(1)
Ultralow-Power Electronics
177(1)
Leads and Electrodes
177(1)
Deep Brain Stimulation
178(3)
Anatomy and Physiology
178(1)
Mechanism of DBS
179(1)
DBS Systems
179(1)
Wearable Technology
179(2)
Summary
181(1)
Study Questions
181(6)
Bibliography
182(5)
Wheelchair Transportation Safety
187(24)
Patricia Karg
Gina Bertocci
Linda van Roosmalen
Douglas Hobson
Toru Furui
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
187(1)
Introduction
188(1)
Principles of Occupant Safety in Motor Vehicles
188(1)
Components of the Wheelchair Transportation System
189(1)
Wheelchair
189(1)
Wheelchair Securement
190(1)
Occupant Restraint
190(1)
Status of Wheelchair Design
190(1)
Securement Systems
191(8)
Four-Point Tiedown System
191(2)
Docking Systems
193(4)
Rear-Facing Wheelchair Passenger Space
197(2)
Other Securement Systems
199(1)
Occupant Restraints
199(2)
Regulations and Standards
201(4)
Regulations
201(1)
Voluntary Standards
202(3)
Summary
205(1)
Study Questions
206(5)
Bibliography
206(5)
Rehabilitation Robotics
211(28)
Dan Ding
Richard Simpson
Yoky Matsuoka
Edmund LoPresti
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
212(1)
Introduction
212(1)
Intelligent Mobility Aids
213(8)
Smart Power Wheelchairs
213(1)
Smart Wheeled Walkers
214(1)
Form Factors
214(1)
Input Methods
215(1)
Sensors
216(1)
Control Software
217(1)
Operating Modes
218(1)
Internal Mapping and Landmarks
219(1)
Future Mobility Aid Research
219(1)
Summary of Robotic Mobility Aids
220(1)
Robotic Manipulation Aids
221(5)
Control Interface
221(2)
Control Modes
223(1)
Integrated Control
224(1)
Clinical Studies
224(1)
Safety
225(1)
Summary of Robotic Manipulation Aids
225(1)
Therapeutic Robots
226(6)
Therapeutic Robots for Upper-Limb Movements
226(4)
Therapeutic Robots for Low-Limb Movements
230(1)
Comparison between Conventional and Robotic Therapy
231(1)
Challenges ahead for Therapeutic Robots
231(1)
Study Questions
232(7)
Bibliography
233(6)
Major Limb Prosthetic Devices
239(22)
Diane M. Collins
Brad Dicianno
Amol Karmarkar
Paul F. Pasquina
Rick Relich
Annmarie Kelleher
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
240(1)
Introduction
240(2)
Anatomy and Classification
242(1)
Clinical Management
242(2)
Postsurgical Management
243(1)
Prosthetic Prescription and Fabrication
244(1)
Components of the Upper Limb Prosthesis
245(6)
Sockets and Liners
245(1)
Suspension
245(3)
Control Systems
248(1)
Shoulder Components
248(1)
Elbow Components
249(1)
Wrist Components
249(1)
Terminal Devices
250(1)
Cosmetic Prostheses
251(1)
Components of the Lower Limb Prosthesis
251(6)
Sockets and Liners
252(1)
Suspension
253(1)
Hip and Pelvic Components
253(1)
Upper Pylon
253(1)
Knee Joints
253(1)
Electromechanical Knees
254(1)
Lower Pylons
254(1)
Ankles and Feet
255(2)
Rejection of Upper and Lower Limb Prostheses
257(1)
International Standards
258(1)
Summary
258(1)
Study Questions
258(3)
Bibliography
259(2)
Orthotic Devices
261(26)
Michael Dvorznak
Kevin Fitzpatrick
Amol Karmarkar
Annmarie Kelleher
Thane McCann
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
262(1)
Introduction
262(1)
Classification
263(1)
Function
263(1)
Biomechanical Principles
263(2)
Three-Point Pressure System
263(1)
Leverage
264(1)
Ground Reaction Force
264(1)
Axial Forces
264(1)
Pressure
264(1)
Shear Stress
264(1)
Creep
265(1)
Design Considerations
265(1)
Materials Selection
265(1)
Spinal Orthoses
265(6)
Cervical and Cervical Thoracic Orthoses
266(2)
Thoracolumbosacral and Lumbosacral Orthoses
268(1)
Cervicothoracolumbosacral Orthosis
269(2)
Lower Extremity Orthoses
271(8)
Foot Orthoses (FOs)
271(1)
Common Indications for Foot Orthoses
272(1)
Ankle--Foot Orthoses
273(2)
Common Indications for AFOs
275(1)
Knee Orthoses
276(2)
Knee--Ankle--Foot Orthoses
278(1)
Hip--Knee--Ankle--Foot Orthoses and Reciprocating Gait Orthoses
279(1)
Upper Extremity Orthoses
279(4)
Finger Orthoses
280(1)
Hand Orthoses
280(1)
Wrist--Hand Orthoses
280(1)
Elbow Orthoses
281(1)
Shoulder Orthoses
281(1)
Shoulder--Elbow--Wrist--Hand Orthoses
282(1)
Advances in Upper Extremity Orthoses
283(1)
Summary
283(1)
Study Questions
283(4)
Bibliography
284(3)
Aids for People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired
287(28)
John Brabyn
Katherine D. Seelman
Sailesh Panchang
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
288(1)
Target Population
289(1)
Dimensions of Visual Impairment and Their Impact on Task Performance
290(2)
Definitions of Visual Acuity
290(1)
Nature of Different Visual Impairments
290(1)
Impact on Task Performance
290(1)
Disability Rating Scales and the International Classification of Function (ICF)
291(1)
Visual Function Assessment
292(1)
Conceptual Framework for Rehabilitation
292(1)
Enhancement vs. Substitution
292(1)
General vs. Task-Specific Solutions
293(1)
Historical Overview of Technology for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons
293(1)
General-Purpose Assistive Technology Solutions
294(3)
Medical or Surgical Approaches to Restoring Function
294(1)
Cortical Implants
294(1)
Retinal Implants
295(1)
Optic Nerve Stimulation
296(1)
Auditory and Tactile Information Display
296(1)
Computer Vision
296(1)
Head-Mounted Displays and Image Enhancement for Low Vision
296(1)
Environmental Adaptations and Universal Design
297(1)
Task-Specific Assistive Technologies
297(3)
Blind Mobility Aids
297(1)
Orientation and Navigation Aids
298(1)
Remotely Readable Infrared Signage
298(1)
GPS Technology
299(1)
Computer Vision
299(1)
Audible Pedestrian Signals
299(1)
The Future
300(1)
Travel with Low Vision
300(1)
Technology for Reading, Writing, and Graphics Access
301(4)
Braille
301(1)
Books on Tape and Digital Formats
301(1)
Braille Note Takers
302(1)
Optical-to-Tactile and Optical-to-Auditory Conversions
302(1)
Reading Machines
302(1)
Access to Graphics and Maps
303(1)
Graphics Access and Production
303(1)
Maps
303(1)
Low-Vision Reading Problems and Solutions
304(1)
Computer and Internet Access
305(1)
Computer Output and Input
305(1)
Portable Computing Devices
305(1)
Internet and Web Access
306(1)
Communication Technology
306(2)
Visually Impaired Access to Telephones and Cell Phones
306(1)
Communication and Telecommunication with Dual Sensory Loss
307(1)
Television Access
307(1)
Vocational and Daily Living Aids
308(1)
Vocational Instruments
308(1)
Low-Vision Aids for Vocational and Daily Living Tasks
308(1)
Access to Consumer Appliances
309(1)
Industrial and Service Delivery Context
309(2)
Costs and Benefits
309(1)
Blindness and Low-Vision Assistive Technology Delivery System
310(1)
Study Questions
311(4)
Bibliography
311(4)
Maximizing Participation for People with Hearing Loss
315(24)
Elaine Mormer
Amanda Ortmann
Catherine Palmer
Katherine D. Seelman
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
316(1)
Introduction
316(1)
Populations and Definitions
316(1)
Types of Hearing Impairment
317(2)
Impact on Task Performance and Participation
318(1)
Function and Participation
318(1)
Hearing Function Assessment
318(1)
Hearing Assistance Technology Solutions
319(4)
Historical Overview
322(1)
Medical or Surgical Approaches to Restoring Function
323(2)
Surgically Implanted Devices
324(1)
Nonsurgical Hearing Aids
325(1)
Assistive Listening Solutions
325(3)
Alerting Solutions
327(1)
Visual Substitutions to Auditory Activities
328(1)
Environmental Adaptations and Universal Design
329(3)
Task-Specific Solutions
330(1)
Personal Listening Situations
330(1)
Group Listening Situations
331(1)
Telephone Solutions
331(1)
Vocational, Daily Living, and Communication Aids
332(3)
Healthcare
332(1)
Business Settings
333(1)
Large-Group Listening
333(1)
Sports and Recreation
333(1)
Industry and Service Delivery
334(1)
Challenges for the Future
335(1)
Study Questions
335(4)
Bibliography
336(3)
Telecommunications, Computers, and Web Accessibility
339(16)
Katherine D. Seelman
Stephanie Hackett
Bambang Parmanto
Richard Simpson
Sailesh Panchang
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
340(1)
Introduction
340(1)
Background and History
340(1)
Conceptual Model: Telecommunications, Computers, and the Internet
341(2)
Need and Target Populations
342(1)
Technology Solutions
343(6)
Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools
343(1)
Accessibility Measurements
343(1)
Transcoding and Remediation
344(1)
Computer Access
344(1)
Keyboard-Only Control
345(1)
Text Entry
345(1)
Physical Keyboards
345(1)
Virtual Keyboards
346(1)
Voice Recognition
346(1)
Switch Access
347(1)
Scanning
347(1)
Morse Code
348(1)
International and Regional
348(1)
Research and Future Development
349(1)
Study Questions
350(5)
Bibliography
350(5)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication Technology
355(30)
Katya J. Hill
Bruce Baker
Barry A. Romich
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
356(1)
Introduction
356(2)
What Is AAC?
357(1)
Who Uses AAC?
357(1)
Comprehensive AAC Assessment
358(2)
Language Issues
360(3)
What Is ``Language?''
360(1)
Methods of Utterance Generation
361(1)
Preprogrammed Utterances
361(1)
Word-by-Word Generation
362(1)
Applying Methods of Utterance Generation
362(1)
Vocabulary Categories
363(1)
Core Vocabulary
363(1)
Fringe Vocabulary
364(1)
AAC Language Representation Methods
364(6)
Single-Meaning or Univocal Pictures
365(1)
Alphabet-Based Methods
366(3)
Semantic Compaction™ or Multimeaning Pictures
369(1)
Multiple Methods
369(1)
Summary
370(1)
Technology and Device Features
370(5)
AAC Display Technology
370(1)
AAC Selection Methods
371(1)
AAC Device Outputs
372(1)
Speech/Auditory Output
372(1)
Visual Outputs
373(1)
Electronic Outputs
374(1)
Other Technology Considerations
374(1)
Human Factors and AAC
375(1)
Ease of Use at First Encounter
375(1)
Learning Time
375(1)
Automaticity
376(1)
Speed Factors
376(1)
Design Trade-Offs
376(1)
Performance Measurement
376(3)
Language Activity Monitoring
377(1)
Communication Rate
377(1)
Selection Rate
378(1)
Rate Index
378(1)
Computer Access
379(1)
Summary
379(1)
Study Questions
380(5)
Bibliography
381(4)
Adaptive Sports and Recreation Technology
385(28)
Mary E. Buning
Ian M. Rice
Rory A. Cooper
Shirley G. Fitzgerald
Learning Objectives of This
Chapter
386(1)
Introduction
386(1)
The Contribution of Adaptive Sports and Recreation
387(1)
The History of Adaptive Sports and Recreation
387(1)
Indoor Recreation and Sports
388(6)
Basketball
388(3)
Wheelchair Rugby
391(1)
Tennis
392(1)
Archery and Marksmanship
393(1)
Swimming
394(1)
Summer Recreation and Sports
394(8)
Athletics
395(1)
Wheelchair Racing
395(2)
Running Prosthesis
397(1)
Off-Road Wheelchairs
397(1)
Cycling
397(1)
Golf
398(1)
Waterskiing
399(1)
Camping
400(1)
Hunting and Fishing
400(1)
Paddle Sports
401(1)
Sailing
401(1)
Scuba Diving
402(1)
Winter Recreation and Sports
402(3)
Skiing
402(2)
Sledge Hockey
404(1)
Issues in the Development of Adaptive Recreation Technologies
405(4)
Development of Adaptive Instruction and Certification
406(1)
Development of Sport Organizations
406(1)
International Paralympic Committee
407(1)
International Olympic Committee
407(1)
The United States Olympic Committee
407(1)
The United States Paralympics
407(1)
Developing New Adaptive Recreation Technologies
408(1)
Market Size and Risks
409(1)
Summary and Conclusion
409(1)
Study Questions
410(3)
Bibliography
411(2)
Selected Terms and Definitions 413(14)
Abbreviations 427(2)
Index 429


Rory A Cooper, Hisaichi Ohnabe, Douglas A. Hobson
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97814200124912e.html
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