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E-grāmata: Introduction to Remote Sensing

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  • Formāts: 352 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Apr-2007
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040064801
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Introduction to Remote SensingPalielināt
  • Formāts: 352 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Apr-2007
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040064801
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Addressing the need for updated information in remote sensing, Introduction to Remote Sensing, Second Edition provides a full and authoritative introduction for scientists who need to know the scope, potential, and limitations in the field. The authors discuss the physical principles of common remote sensing systems and examine the processing, interpretation, and applications of data. This new edition features updated and expanded material, including greater coverage of applications from across earth, environmental, atmospheric, and oceanographic sciences. Illustrated with remotely sensed color images from satellites and aircraft, it also outlines data acquisition and analysis.

New to this edition:

· Details of satellite systems launched since the first edition

· Sections on airborne lidar for land surveys and airborne gamma ray spectroscopy

· A section on interferometric synthetic aperture radar

· Expanded discussions of filtering of images

· Updates to a number of recent applications, particularly some that make use of global datasets

Suitable for students and professionals with some background in the physical sciences, this book comprehensively surveys the basic principles behind remote sensing physics, techniques, and technology.
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Remote Sensing 1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Aircraft Versus Satellites
7
1.3 Weather Satellites
10
1.4 Observations of the Earth's Surface
11
1.5 Communications and Data Collection Systems
12
1.5.1 Communications Systems
12
1.5.2 Data Collection Systems
14
Chapter 2 Sensors and Instruments 21
2.1 Introduction
21
2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
22
2.3 Visible and Near-Infrared Sensors
29
2.4 Thermal-Infrared Sensors
35
2.5 Microwave Sensors
38
2.6 Sonic Sensors
44
2.6.1 Sound Navigation and Ranging
44
2.6.2 Echo Sounding
45
2.6.3 Side Scan Sonar
46
Chapter 3 Satellite Systems 49
3.1 Introduction
49
3.2 Meteorological Remote Sensing Satellites
50
3.2.1 Polar-Orbiting Meteorological Satellites
50
3.2.2 Geostationary Meteorological Satellites
59
3.3 Nonmeteorological Remote Sensing Satellites
64
3.3.1 Landsat
64
3.3.2 SPOT
67
3.3.3 Resurs-F and Resurs-O
68
3.3.4 IRS
68
3.3.5 Pioneering Oceanographic Satellites
69
3.3.6 ERS
70
3.3.7 TOPEX /Poseidon
71
3.3.8 Other Systems
71
3.4 Resolution
73
3.4.1 Spectral Resolution
74
3.4.2 Spatial Resolution
74
3.4.3 Frequency of Coverage
75
Chapter 4 Data Reception, Archiving, and Distribution 77
4.1 Introduction
77
4.2 Data Reception from the TIROS-N/NOAA Series of Satellites
78
4.3 Data Reception from Other Remote Sensing Satellites
82
4.4 Archiving and Distribution
83
Chapter 5 Lasers and Airborne Remote Sensing Systems 89
5.1 Introduction
89
5.2 Early Airborne Lidar Systems
89
5.3 Lidar Bathymetry
91
5.4 Lidar for Land Surveys
96
5.4.1 Positioning and Direct Georeferencing of Laser Data
96
5.4.2 Applications of Airborne Lidar Scanning
98
5.5 Laser Fluorosensing
101
5.6 Airborne Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
108
Chapter 6 Ground Wave and Sky Wave Radar Techniques 113
6.1 Introduction
113
6.2 The Radar Equation
115
6.3 Ground Wave Systems
118
6.4 Sky Wave Systems
120
Chapter 7 Active Microwave Instruments 129
7.1 Introduction
129
7.2 The Altimeter
129
7.3 The Scatterometer
138
7.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar
145
7.5 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
154
Chapter 8 Atmospheric Corrections to Passive Satellite Remote Sensing Data 159
8.1 Introduction
159
8.2 Radiative Transfer Theory
160
8.3 Physical Processes Involved in Atmospheric Correction
162
8.3.1 Emitted Radiation
165
8.3.1.1 Surface Radiance: L, (kappa), T,
165
8.3.1.2 Upwelling Atmospheric Radiance: L2(kappa), T,
166
8.3.1.3 Downwelling Atmospheric Radiance: L,(kappa), T3
167
8.3.1.4 Space Component: L,(kappa), T4
167
8.3.1.5 Total Radiance: L*(kappa), Tb
167
8.3.1.6 Calculation of Sea-Surface Temperature
168
8.3.2 Reflected Radiation
168
8.3.3 Atmospheric Transmission
171
8.3.3.1 Scattering by Air Molecules
172
8.3.3.2 Absorption by Gases
173
8.3.3.3 Scattering by Aerosol Particles
174
8.4 Thermal-Infrared Scanners and Passive Microwave Scanners
175
8.4.1 The Radiative Transfer Equation
175
8.4.2 Thermal-Infrared Scanner Data
178
8.4.3 Passive Microwave Scanner Data
188
8.5 Visible Wavelength Scanners
191
8.5.1 Calibration of the Data
191
8.5.2 Atmospheric Corrections to the Satellite-Received Radiance
195
8.5.3 Algorithms for the Extraction of Marine Parameters from Water-Leaving Radiance
202
Chapter 9 Image Processing 205
9.1 Introduction
205
9.2 Digital Image Displays
205
9.3 Image Processing Systems
208
9.4 Density Slicing
209
9.5 Image Processing Programs
210
9.6 Image Enhancement
211
9.6.1 Contrast Enhancement
211
9.6.2 Edge Enhancement
215
9.6.3 Image Smoothing
219
9.7 Multispectral Images
221
9.8 Principal Components
225
9.9 Fourier Transforms
229
Chapter 10 Applications of Remotely Sensed Data 241
10.1 Introduction
241
10.2 Applications to the Atmosphere
241
10.2.1 Weather Satellites in Forecasting and Nowcasting
241
10.2.2 Weather Radars in Forecasting
243
10.2.3 Determination of Temperature Changes with Height from Satellites
246
10.2.4 Measurements of Wind Speed
248
10.2.4.1 Tropospheric Estimations from Cloud Motion
248
10.2.4.2 Microwave Estimations of Surface Wind Shear
250
10.2.4.3 Sky Wave Radar
251
10.2.5 Hurricane Prediction and Tracking
253
10.2.6 Satellite Climatology
255
10.2.6.1 Cloud Climatology
256
10.2.6.2 Global Temperature
259
10.2.6.3 Global Moisture
261
10.2.6.4 Global Ozone
262
10.2.6.5 Summary
267
10.3 Applications to the Geosphere
267
10.3.1 Geological Information from Electromagnetic Radiation
267
10.3.2 Geological Information from the Thermal Spectrum
269
10.3.2.1 Thermal Mapping
269
10.3.2.2 Engineering Geology
269
10.3.2.3 Geothermal and Volcano Studies
271
10.3.2.4 Detecting Underground and Surface Coal Fires
273
10.3.3 Geological Information from Radar Data
274
10.3.4 Geological Information from Potential Field Data
275
10.3.5 Geological Information from Sonars
276
10.4 Applications to the Biosphere
277
10.4.1 Agriculture
279
10.4.2 Forestry
281
10.4.3 Spatial Information Systems: Land Use and Land Cover Mapping
285
10.5 Applications to the Hydrosphere
287
10.5.1 Hydrology
287
10.5.2 Oceanography and Marine Resources
288
10.5.2.1 Satellite Views of Upwelling
289
10.5.2.2 Sea-Surface Temperatures
291
10.5.2.3 Monitoring Pollution
293
10.6 Applications to the Cryosphere
296
10.7 Postscript
300
References 303
Bibliography 313
Appendix 317
Index 327


University of Dundee, Scotland University of Dundee, Scotland
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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