|
|
xi | |
|
|
xiv | |
|
|
xvi | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xviii | |
|
|
1 | (14) |
|
1 Evidence-based health research |
|
|
3 | (12) |
|
Preliminary exercise and installing R |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
How to install the R program |
|
|
6 | (5) |
|
Answers to the formative numeracy exercise using R |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
|
15 | (88) |
|
2 Descriptive statistics part 1: levels of measurement and measures of central tendency |
|
|
17 | (7) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (4) |
|
Why is determining the level of measurement important? |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Are levels of measurement potentially misleading? |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
3 Descriptive statistics part 2: measures of dispersion |
|
|
24 | (23) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Sample and population mean |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Other kinds of distributions |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
32 | (11) |
|
|
43 | (3) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
4 Measures of association for categorical outcomes |
|
|
47 | (19) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
Calculating absolute risk |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
Number needed to treat (NNT) and number needed to harm (NNH) |
|
|
53 | (5) |
|
|
58 | (6) |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
5 Measures of association for continuous outcomes |
|
|
66 | (17) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Differences between two means |
|
|
67 | (15) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
6 Confounding, effect modification, mediation and causal inference |
|
|
83 | (20) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (5) |
|
Effect modifying variables |
|
|
89 | (6) |
|
|
95 | (3) |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (4) |
|
PART III Critical appraisal of existing research |
|
|
103 | (110) |
|
7 Literature reviewing and database searching |
|
|
105 | (26) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Narrative reviews of the literature |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Systematic reviews of the literature |
|
|
106 | (16) |
|
Social networking approaches to searching the literature |
|
|
122 | (4) |
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
8 Randomised controlled trials |
|
|
131 | (21) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
A cognitive behavioural intervention to reduce sexually transmitted infections among gay men: randomised trial |
|
|
134 | (8) |
|
Effect on smoking quit rate of telling patients their lung age: the Step2quit randomised controlled trial |
|
|
142 | (4) |
|
Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease: a randomised trial |
|
|
146 | (5) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (21) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
What are the essential features of a cohort study? |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960--98 |
|
|
154 | (6) |
|
Joint effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on mortality |
|
|
160 | (6) |
|
Institutional risk factors for norovirus outbreaks in Hong Kong elderly homes: a retrospective cohort study |
|
|
166 | (6) |
|
Cohorts do not need to represent populations: a note about internal and external validity of cohort studies |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (16) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
What are the essential features of a case-control study? |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Pet birds and risk of lung cancer in Sweden: a case-control study |
|
|
176 | (4) |
|
Association between maternal sleep practices and risk of late stillbirth: a case-control study |
|
|
180 | (5) |
|
Mobile phone use and brain tumors in children and adolescents: a multicentre case-control study |
|
|
185 | (3) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
11 Research ethics and data management |
|
|
189 | (24) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Practical example of an IRAS application |
|
|
191 | (15) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
PART IV Conducting new research |
|
|
213 | (62) |
|
12 Dissemination and publication |
|
|
215 | (18) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Types of published writing |
|
|
215 | (3) |
|
The structure of original research articles |
|
|
218 | (12) |
|
|
230 | (3) |
|
13 Linear regression for continuous outcomes |
|
|
233 | (27) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
The linear regression equation |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
The method of least squares |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
What do the regression coefficients mean? |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
The F-statistic and equivalence to ANOVA |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Standardising predictor variables |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Regression using centred age |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
Multiple linear regression |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Running a multiple regression in R |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
Hierarchical multiple regression |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Categorical predictor variables |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Adjusting for possible mediators to evaluate attenuation of an effect |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
Adding interaction terms to evaluate effect modification |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (5) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Outcome variables with a preponderance of zeros |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Non-normality in outcome variables |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
Standardised regression coefficients |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
14 Logistic regression for categorical outcomes |
|
|
260 | (15) |
|
Intended learning outcomes |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Why linear regression is not suitable for dichotomous outcomes |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
Introducing logistic regression |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Preparing for logistic regression |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
The logistic regression equation |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Recap: log odds, odds, probability |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Getting started with logistic regression |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Results from a simple logistic regression model |
|
|
266 | (5) |
|
Comparing the goodness of fit of two logistic regression models: loglikelihood test |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Identifying whether a variable significantly improves fit of the model: Wald test |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Obtaining predicted probabilities |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
Appendix 1 Critical values for the t-test |
|
275 | (1) |
Appendix 2 Critical values for the F-test |
|
276 | (1) |
Appendix 3 Table of z-values |
|
277 | (1) |
Appendix 4 T/u table for Mann Whitney U test |
|
278 | (1) |
Appendix 5 Critical values for the Wilcoxon test |
|
279 | (1) |
Appendix 6 Consent form |
|
280 | (1) |
Appendix 7 Statistical power |
|
281 | (1) |
Appendix 8 Validity and bias |
|
282 | (7) |
Glossary |
|
289 | (5) |
References |
|
294 | (6) |
Index |
|
300 | |