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Introduction to Spintronics 2nd edition [Hardback]

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(Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA), (University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 636 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 2700 g, 11 Tables, black and white; 148 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Sep-2015
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1482255561
  • ISBN-13: 9781482255560
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Introduction to Spintronics 2nd editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 636 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 2700 g, 11 Tables, black and white; 148 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Sep-2015
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1482255561
  • ISBN-13: 9781482255560
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781482255560.html
Keywords:
Introduction to Spintronics provides an accessible, organized, and progressive presentation of the quantum mechanical concept of spin and the technology of using it to store, process, and communicate information. Fully updated and expanded to 18 chapters, this Second Edition:Reflects the explosion of study in spin-related physics, addressing seven important physical phenomena with spintronic device applicationsDiscusses the recently discovered field of spintronics without magnetism, which allows one to manipulate spin currents by purely electrical meansExplores lateral spin-orbit interaction and its many nuances, as well as the possibility to implement spin polarizers and analyzers using quantum point contactsIntroduces the concept of single-domain-nanomagnet-based computing, an ultra-energy-efficient approach to compute and store information using nanomagnets, offering a practical rendition of single-spin logic architecture ideas and an alternative to transistor-based computing hardwareFeatures many new drill problems, and includes a solution manual and figure slides with qualifying course adoptionStill the only known spintronics textbook written in English, Introduction to Spintronics, Second Edition is a must read for those interested in the science and technology of storing, processing, and communicating information via the spin degree of freedom of electrons.

Recenzijas

" a perfect, quantitative introduction to the field, with coverage of all important contemporary topics. Besides scientists and engineers working in the fields of spintronics, nanoelectronics, and quantum computing, this book will especially benefit undergraduate and beginning graduate students who have not been exposed to more rigorous training in quantum mechanics. For beginning students, the first five chapters cover the quantum mechanics of spin angular momentum, Dirac and Pauli equations, Bloch sphere, and density matrix. The rest of the book logically builds on this foundationthe authors take the reader by the hand and lead her/him through the detailed derivations from the basic expressions to the equations describing the physics of contemporary spintronic devices." Boris M. Vulovic, Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, and Senior Research Engineer, APIC Corporation, Culver City, California, USA

" provides a useful introduction to spintronics and nanomagnetism for beginning graduate students. The authors are well established in their field and naturally bring a technical perspective from being active in research." Avik Ghosh, University of Virginia

"The book gives a generous broad overview of spintronics. It sets off from the basic quantum mechanics needed and subsequently moves systematically to higher experts levels to make the reader comfortable with current ideas and relevant research literature in this dynamic field." Karl-Fredrik Berggren, Linköping University, Sweden

" provides sufficient knowledge and understanding in the field of spintronic devices for researchers and students in academics and industry. I am sure this book will provide a very good platform for further development of spintronics research and education. Saroj Prasad Dash, Chalmers University of Technology

" amazingly comprehensive coverage most welcome to not only those planni

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Early History of Spin 1(16)
1.1 Spin
1(2)
1.2 Bohr planetary model and space quantization
3(1)
1.3 Birth of "spin"
4(2)
1.4 The Stern-Gerlach experiment
6(3)
1.5 Advent of spintronics
9(1)
1.6 Problems
10(4)
1.7 References
14(3)
2 Quantum Mechanics of Spin 17(28)
2.1 Pauli spin matrices
19(4)
2.1.1 Eigenvectors of the Pauli matrices: Spinors
22(1)
2.2 The Pauli equation and spinors
23(2)
2.3 More on the Pauli equation
25(1)
2.4 Extending the Pauli equation - the Dirac equation
26(4)
2.4.1 Connection to Einstein's relativistic equation
30(1)
2.5 Time-independent Dirac equation
30(4)
2.5.1 Non-relativistic approximation to the Dirac equation
31(1)
2.5.2 Relationship between the non-relativistic approximation to the Dirac equation and the Pauli equation
32(2)
2.6 Problems
34(3)
2.7 Appendix
37(7)
2.7.1 Working with spin operators
37(1)
2.7.2 Two useful theorems
38(2)
2.7.3 Applications of the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics to a few spin problems
40(3)
2.7.4 The Heisenberg principle for spin components
43(1)
2.8 References
44(1)
3 Bloch Sphere 45(20)
3.1 Spinor and "qubit"
45(2)
3.2 Bloch sphere concept
47(11)
3.2.1 Preliminaries
47(3)
3.2.2 Connection between the Bloch sphere concept and the classical interpretation of the spin of an electron
50(1)
3.2.3 Relationship with qubit
51(2)
3.2.4 Special spinors
53(1)
3.2.5 Spin flip matrix
54(1)
3.2.6 Excursions on the Bloch sphere: Pauli matrices revisited
54(4)
3.3 Problems
58(5)
3.4 References
63(2)
4 Evolution of a Spinor on the Bloch Sphere 65(26)
4.1 Spin-1/2 particle in a constant magnetic field: Larmor precession
65(4)
4.1.1 Rotation on the Bloch sphere
67(2)
4.2 Preparing to derive the Rabi formula
69(5)
4.3 Rabi formula
74(13)
4.3.1 Spin flip time
77(10)
4.4 Problems
87(2)
4.5 References
89(2)
5 The Density Matrix 91(40)
5.1 Density matrix concept: Case of a pure state
91(1)
5.2 Properties of the density matrix
92(4)
5.3 Pure versus mixed state
96(3)
5.4 Concept of the Bloch ball
99(2)
5.5 Time evolution of the density matrix: Case of mixed state
101(4)
5.6 Relaxation times T1 and T2 and the Bloch equations
105(13)
5.7 Problems
118(11)
5.8 References
129(2)
6 Spin-Orbit Interaction 131(16)
6.1 Microscopic or intrinsic spin-orbit interaction in an atom
132(3)
6.2 Macroscopic or extrinsic spin-orbit interaction
135(6)
6.2.1 Rashba interaction
136(3)
6.2.2 Dresselhaus interaction
139(2)
6.3 Problems
141(3)
6.4 References
144(3)
7 Magneto-Electric Subbands in Quantum Confined Structures in the Presence of Spin-Orbit Interaction 147(48)
7.1 Dispersion relations of spin resolved magneto-electric subbands and eigenspinors in a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin-orbit interaction
147(15)
7.1.1 Magnetic field in the plane of the 2-DEG
151(10)
7.1.2 Magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the 2-DEG
161(1)
7.2 Dispersion relations of spin resolved magneto-electric subbands and eigenspinors in a one-dimensional electron gas in the presence of spin-orbit interaction
162(15)
7.2.1 Magnetic field directed along the wire axis (x-axis)
162(3)
7.2.2 Spin components
165(5)
7.2.3 Magnetic field perpendicular to wire axis and along the electric field causing Rashba effect (i.e., along y-axis)
170(5)
7.2.4 Spin components
175(2)
7.3 Magnetic field perpendicular to the wire axis and the electric field causing the Rashba effect (i.e., along the z-axis)
177(3)
7.3.1 Spin components
179(1)
7.3.2 Special case
179(1)
7.4 Eigenenergies of spin resolved subbands and eigenspinors in a quantum dot in the presence of spin-orbit interaction
180(5)
7.5 Why are the dispersion relations important?
185(1)
7.6 Problems
186(6)
7.7 References
192(3)
8 Spin Relaxation 195(40)
8.1 Spin-independent spin-orbit magnetic field
197(3)
8.2 Spin relaxation mechanisms
200(12)
8.2.1 Elliott-Yafet mechanism
200(3)
8.2.2 D'yakonov Perel' mechanism
203(8)
8.2.3 Bir-Aronov-Pikus mechanism
211(1)
8.2.4 Hyperfine interactions with nuclear spins
212(1)
8.3 Spin relaxation in a quantum dot
212(8)
8.3.1 Longitudinal and transverse spin relaxation times in a quantum dot
215(5)
8.4 Problems
220(10)
8.5 References
230(5)
9 Some Spin Phenomena 235(42)
9.1 The Spin Hall effect
235(18)
9.1.1 The intrinsic Spin Hall effect
241(12)
9.2 The Spin Galvanic effect
253(4)
9.3 The Spin Capacitor
257(5)
9.4 The Spin Transfer Torque
262(2)
9.5 The Spin Hanle effect
264(2)
9.6 The Spin Seebeck effect
266(2)
9.7 The Spin Peltier effect
268(1)
9.8 Problems
268(3)
9.9 References
271(6)
10 Exchange Interaction 277(24)
10.1 Identical particles and the Pauli exclusion principle
277(13)
10.1.1 The helium atom
278(9)
10.1.2 The Heitler-London model of the hydrogen molecule
287(3)
10.2 Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations
290(2)
10.3 The role of exchange in ferromagnetism
292(2)
10.3.1 The Bloch model of ferromagnetism
292(1)
10.3.2 The Heisenberg model of ferromagnetism
293(1)
10.4 The Heisenberg Hamiltonian
294(1)
10.5 Problems
295(4)
10.6 References
299(2)
11 Spin Transport in Solids 301(20)
11.1 The drift-diffusion model
301(8)
11.1.1 Derivation of the simplified steady-state spin driftdiffusion equation
305(4)
11.2 The semiclassical model
309(8)
11.2.1 Spin transport in a quantum wire: Monte Carlo simulation
310(1)
11.2.2 Monte Carlo simulation
311(1)
11.2.3 Specific examples: Temporal decay of spin polarization
312(1)
11.2.4 Specific examples: Spatial decay of spin polarization
313(1)
11.2.5 Upstream transport
313(4)
11.3 Concluding remarks
317(2)
11.4 Problems
319(1)
11.5 References
319(2)
12 Passive Spintronic Devices and Related Concepts 321(74)
12.1 Spin valve
321(2)
12.2 Spin injection efficiency
323(31)
12.2.1 Stoner-Wohlfarth model of a ferromagnet
324(4)
12.2.2 A simple two-resistor model to understand the spin valve
328(3)
12.2.3 More advanced treatment of the spin valve
331(7)
12.2.4 A transfer matrix model
338(15)
12.2.5 Application of the Jullike formula to extract the spin diffusion length in a paramagnet from spin valve experiments
353(1)
12.2.6 Spin valve experiments
354(1)
12.3 Hysteresis in spin valve magnetoresistance
354(6)
12.4 Giant magnetoresistance
360(6)
12.4.1 Applications of the spin valve and GMR effects
361(5)
12.5 Spin accumulation
366(5)
12.6 Spin injection across a ferromagnet/metal interface
371(5)
12.7 Spin injection in a spin valve
376(6)
12.8 Spin extraction at the interface between a ferromagnet and a semiconductor
382(4)
12.9 Problems
386(5)
12.10 References
391(4)
13 Active Devices Based on Spin and Charge 395(58)
13.1 Spin-based transistors
395(1)
13.2 Spin field effect transistors (SPINFET)
396(15)
13.2.1 Particle viewpoint
398(2)
13.2.2 Wave viewpoint
400(2)
13.2.3 Effect of scattering on the Datta-Das SPINFET
402(1)
13.2.4 Transfer characteristic of the Datta-Das transistor
403(2)
13.2.5 Sub-threshold slope
405(2)
13.2.6 Effect of non-idealities
407(3)
13.2.7 The quantum well SPINFET
410(1)
13.3 Analysis of the two-dimensional SPINFET
411(8)
13.3.1 SPINFET based on the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction
417(2)
13.4 Device performance of SPINFETs
419(6)
13.4.1 Comparison between MISFET and SPINFET
422(1)
13.4.2 Comparison between HEMT and SPINFET
423(2)
13.5 Power dissipation estimates
425(1)
13.6 Other types of SPINFETs
426(6)
13.6.1 Non-ballistic SPINFET
426(3)
13.6.2 Spin relaxation transistor
429(3)
13.7 Importance of spin injection efficiency
432(3)
13.8 Transconductance, gain, bandwidth, and isolation
435(3)
13.8.1 Silicon SPINFETs
437(1)
13.9 Spin Bipolar Junction Transistors (SBJT)
438(1)
13.10 GMR-based transistors
439(7)
13.10.1 All-metal spin transistor
440(1)
13.10.2 Spin valve transistor
440(6)
13.11 Concluding remarks
446(1)
13.12 Problems
447(2)
13.13 References
449(4)
14 All-Electric spintronics with Quantum Point Contacts 453(32)
14.1 Quantum point contacts
453(3)
14.2 Recent experimental results with QPCs and QDs
456(3)
14.3 Spin-orbit coupling
459(1)
14.4 Rashba spin-orbit coupling (RSOC)
460(2)
14.5 Lateral spin-orbit coupling (LSOC)
462(3)
14.6 Stern-Gerlach type spatial spin separation in a QPC structure
465(1)
14.7 Detection of spin polarization
466(2)
14.8 Observation of a 0.5 Go conductance plateau in asymmetrically biased QPCs with in-plane side gates
468(4)
14.9 Prospect for generation of spin-polarized current at higher temperatures
472(1)
14.10 Prospect for an all-electric SpinFET
473(2)
14.11 Conclusion
475(1)
14.12 Problems
475(5)
14.13 References
480(5)
15 Single Spin Processors 485(32)
15.1 Single spintronics
485(2)
15.1.1 Bit stability and fidelity
486(1)
15.2 Reading and writing single spin
487(1)
15.3 Single spin logic
488(17)
15.3.1 SSL NAND gate
488(1)
15.3.2 Input-dependent ground states of the NAND gate
489(9)
15.3.3 Ground state computing with spins
498(7)
15.4 Energy dissipation issues
505(4)
15.4.1 Energy dissipated in the gate during switching
505(4)
15.4.2 Energy dissipated in the clocking circuit
509(1)
15.5 Comparison between spin transistors and single-spin-processors
509(1)
15.6 Concluding remarks
510(1)
15.7 Problems
511(2)
15.8 References
513(4)
16 Quantum Computing with Spins 517(32)
16.1 Quantum inverter
517(5)
16.2 Can the NAND gate be switched without dissipating energy?
522(5)
16.3 Universal reversible gate: Toffoli-Fredkin gate
527(2)
16.3.1 Dynamics of the T-F gate
529(1)
16.4 A-matrix
529(1)
16.5 Quantum gates
530(2)
16.5.1 The strange nature of true quantum gates: The "square root of NOT" gate
530(2)
16.6 Qubits
532(2)
16.7 Superposition states
534(2)
16.8 Quantum parallelism
536(1)
16.9 Universal quantum gates
537(1)
16.9.1 Two-qubit universal quantum gates
538(1)
16.10 A 2-qubit "spintronic" universal quantum gate
538(4)
16.10.1 Silicon quantum computer based on nuclear spins
539(1)
16.10.2 Quantum dot-based spintronic model of universal quantum gate
540(2)
16.11 Conclusion
542(1)
16.12 Problems
543(2)
16.13 References
545(4)
17 Nanomagnetic Logic: Computing with Giant Classical Spins 549(28)
17.1 Nanomagnetic logic and Bennett clocking
553(8)
17.2 Why nanomagnetism?
561(8)
17.2.1 All-spin logic
562(4)
17.2.2 Magneto-elastic magneto-tunneling junction logic
566(3)
17.3 Problems
569(3)
17.4 References
572(5)
18 A Brief Quantum Mechanics Primer 577(50)
18.1 Blackbody radiation and quantization of electromagnetic energy
577(1)
18.1.1 Blackbody radiation
577(1)
18.2 Concept of the photon
578(3)
18.3 Wave-particle duality and the De Broglie wavelength
581(3)
18.4 Postulates of quantum mechanics
584(11)
18.4.1 Interpretation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
590(3)
18.4.2 Time evolution of expectation values: Ehrenfest theorem
593(2)
18.5 Some elements of semiconductor physics: Particular applications in nanostructures
595(14)
18.5.1 Density of states: Bulk (3-D) to quantum dot (0-D)
595(14)
18.6 Rayleigh-Ritz variational procedure
609(5)
18.7 The transfer matrix formalism
614(8)
18.7.1 Linearly independent solutions of the Schrodinger equa- tion
615(1)
18.7.2 Concept of Wronskian
616(1)
18.7.3 Concept of transfer matrix
617(1)
18.7.4 Cascading rule for transfer matrices
617(5)
18.8 Peierls' transformation
622(2)
18.9 Problem
624(1)
18.10 References
625(2)
Index 627
Supriyo Bandyopadhyay is Commonwealth Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University, where he directs the Quantum Device Laboratory. A Fellow of several scientific societies, Dr. Bandyopadhyay serves on the editorial boards of six international journals, and as the chair of the Technical Committee on Spintronics within the Nanotechnology Council of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He previously served as the chair of the Technical Committee on Compound Semiconductor Devices within the Electron Device Society of IEEE, as an IEEE distinguished lecturer, and as a vice president of the IEEE Nanotechnology Council. Widely published, he has given more than 100 invited/keynote talks at conferences, workshops, and colloquia across four continents, and received the Distinguished Scholarship Award (the highest award for scholarship awarded to one faculty member each year) from Virginia Commonwealth University.

Marc Cahay is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems at the University of Cincinnati. Widely published and highly decorated, Professor Cahay is a Fellow of the Academy of Teaching and Learning at the University of Cincinnati, a Fellow of several scientific societies, a member of numerous editorial boards, the education chair of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Nanotechnology Council, and a member of the IEEE Technical Committee on Spintronics, Nanomagnetism and Quantum Computing. He has served on the organizing committee of more than 30 international conferences, as an IEEE Nanotechnology Council and IEEE Electron Device Society distinguished lecturer, as a member of IEEE Technical Committee on Simulation and Modeling, and as the IEEE Nanotechnology Council vice-president of conference.