| Preface |
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iii | |
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Chapter 0 The Subject of Transport Phenomena |
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1 | (14) |
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§0.1 What are the Transport Phenomena? |
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1 | (1) |
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§0.2 Three Levels for the Study of Transport Phenomena |
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2 | (2) |
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§0.3 The Conservation Laws: A Molecular Collision Example |
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4 | (4) |
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§0.4 From Molecules to Continua |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (5) |
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Part I Momentum Transport |
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Chapter 1 Viscosity and the Mechanisms of Momentum Transport |
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15 | (26) |
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§1.1 Convective Momentum Flux Tensor |
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16 | (2) |
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§1.2 Molecular Momentum Flux Tensor---Newton's Law |
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18 | (8) |
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§1.3 Total Momentum Flux Tensor |
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26 | (1) |
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§1.4 Viscosity Data From Experiments |
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27 | (2) |
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§1.5 Viscosity Data and the Principle of Corresponding States |
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29 | (3) |
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§1.6° Viscosity of Gases and Kinetic Theory |
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32 | (4) |
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§1.7° Viscosity of Liquids |
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36 | (1) |
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§1.8° Viscosity of Suspensions |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Shell Momentum Balances and Velocity Distributions in Laminar Flow |
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41 | (39) |
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§2.1 Shell Momentum Balances; Boundary Conditions |
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42 | (1) |
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§2.2 Flow of a Falling Film |
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43 | (7) |
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§2.3 Flow Through a Circular Tube |
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50 | (7) |
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§2.4 Flow Through an Annulus |
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57 | (3) |
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§2.5 Flow of Two Adjacent Immiscible Fluids |
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60 | (2) |
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§2.6 Flow in a Cone-and-Plate Viscometer |
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62 | (3) |
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§2.7 Flow Around a Sphere |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (12) |
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Chapter 3 The Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems |
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80 | (45) |
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§3.1 The Equation of Continuity |
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82 | (2) |
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§3.2 The Equation of Motion |
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84 | (2) |
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§3.3 The Equation of Change for Mechanical Energy |
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86 | (4) |
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§3.4° The Equation of Change for Angular Momentum |
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90 | (1) |
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§3.5 The Equations of Change (Substantial Derivative Form) |
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90 | (2) |
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§3.6 Common Simplifications of the Equation of Motion |
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92 | (2) |
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§3.7 The Equations of Change and Solving Steady-State Problems with One Independent Variable |
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94 | (9) |
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§3.8° The Equations of Change and Solving Problems with Two Independent Variables |
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103 | (7) |
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110 | (15) |
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Chapter 4 Velocity Distributions in Turbulent Flow |
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125 | (21) |
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§4.1 Comparisons of Laminar and Turbulent Flows |
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126 | (3) |
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§4.2 Time-smoothed Equations of Change for Incompressible Fluids |
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129 | (3) |
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§4.3 The Time-Smoothed Velocity Profile Near a Wall |
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132 | (3) |
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§4.4 Empirical Expressions for the Turbulent Momentum Flux |
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135 | (2) |
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§4.5 Turbulent Flow in Ducts |
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137 | (3) |
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§4.6° Turbulent Flow in Jets |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Dimensional Analysis for Isothermal Systems |
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146 | (16) |
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§5.1 Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change for a Pure Isothermal Fluid |
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146 | (4) |
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§5.2 Transverse Flow Around a Circular Cylinder |
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150 | (3) |
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§5.3 Steady Flow in an Agitated Tank |
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153 | (3) |
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§5.4 Pressure Drop for Creeping Flow in a Packed Tube |
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156 | (1) |
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§5.5 The Buckingham pi Theorem |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems |
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162 | (23) |
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§6.1 Definition of Friction Factors |
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163 | (1) |
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§6.2 Friction Factors for Flow in Tubes |
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164 | (7) |
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§6.3 Friction Factors for Flow Around Spheres |
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171 | (4) |
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§6.4° Friction Factors for Packed Columns |
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175 | (4) |
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179 | (6) |
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Chapter 7 Macroscopic Balances for Isothermal Flow Systems |
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185 | (37) |
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§7.1 The Macroscopic Mass Balance |
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187 | (2) |
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§7.2 The Macroscopic Momentum Balance |
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189 | (2) |
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§7.3 The Macroscopic Angular Momentum Balance |
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191 | (2) |
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§7.4 The Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance |
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193 | (3) |
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§7.5 Estimation of the Viscous Loss |
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196 | (3) |
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§7.6 Use of the Macroscopic Balances for Solving Problems |
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199 | (12) |
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§7.7° Derivation of the Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (8) |
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Chapter 8 Non-Newtonian Liquids |
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222 | (31) |
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§8.1 "Phunny Phluid Phlow Phenomena" |
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223 | (5) |
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§8.2 Rheometry and Material Functions |
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228 | (4) |
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§8.3 Non-Newtonian Viscosity and the Generalized Newtonian Models |
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232 | (7) |
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§8.4 Elasticity and the Linear Viscoelastic Models |
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239 | (2) |
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§8.5 Objectivity and the Nonlinear Viscoelastic Models |
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241 | (3) |
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§8.6 A Molecular Theory and a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (8) |
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Chapter 9 Thermal Conductivity and the Mechanisms of Energy Transport |
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253 | (26) |
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§9.1 Convective Energy-Flux Vector |
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254 | (1) |
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§9.2 Conductive Heat-Flux Vector---Fourier's Law |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (1) |
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§9.4 Total Energy-Flux Vector |
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259 | (2) |
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§9.5 Thermal Conductivity Data from Experiments |
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261 | (1) |
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§9.6 Thermal Conductivity and the Principle of Corresponding States |
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262 | (4) |
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§9.7° Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Kinetic Theory |
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266 | (4) |
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§9.8° Thermal Conductivity of Liquids |
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270 | (2) |
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§9.9° Thermal Conductivity of Solids |
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272 | (1) |
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§9.10° Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composite Solids |
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273 | (1) |
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§9.11 Concluding Comments |
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274 | (5) |
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Chapter 10 Shell Energy Balances and Temperature Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flow |
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279 | (49) |
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§10.1 Shell Energy Balances; Boundary Conditions |
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280 | (1) |
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§10.2 Heat Conduction in a Steam Pipe |
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281 | (4) |
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§10.3 Heat Conduction Through Composite Walls |
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285 | (4) |
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§10.4 Heat Conduction with Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity |
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289 | (1) |
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§10.5 Heat Conduction in a Cooling Fin |
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290 | (4) |
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§10.6 Energy Transport with Energy Production: Electrical Energy Conversion in a Wire |
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294 | (3) |
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§10.7 Energy Transport with Energy Production: Chemical Energy Conversion in a Reactor |
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297 | (3) |
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§10.8 Energy Transport with Energy Production: Mechanical Energy Conversion by Viscous Dissipation |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (6) |
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309 | (3) |
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§10.11 Concluding Comments |
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312 | (16) |
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Chapter 11 The Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems |
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328 | (39) |
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§11.1 The Energy Equation |
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329 | (2) |
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§11.2 Special Forms of the Energy Equation |
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331 | (2) |
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§11.3 The Boussinesq Equation of Motion for Forced and Free Convection |
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333 | (1) |
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§11.4 The Equations of Change and Solving Steady-State Problems with One Independent Variable |
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334 | (12) |
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§11.5° The Equations of Change and Solving Problems with Two Independent Variables |
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346 | (8) |
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§11.6 Concluding Comments |
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354 | (13) |
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Chapter 12 Temperature Distributions in Turbulent Flow |
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367 | (11) |
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§12.1 Time-Smoothed Equations of Change for Incompressible Nonisothermal Flow |
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367 | (2) |
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§12.2 The Time-Smoothed Temperature Profile Near a Wall |
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369 | (1) |
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§12.3 Empirical Expressions for the Turbulent Heat Flux |
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370 | (2) |
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§12.4° Temperature Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Tubes |
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372 | (3) |
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§12.5° Temperature Distribution for Turbulent Flow in Jets |
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375 | (1) |
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§12.6 Concluding Comments |
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376 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Dimensional Analysis in Nonisothermal Systems |
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378 | (16) |
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§13.1 Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems |
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378 | (5) |
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§13.2 Temperature Distribution About a Long Cylinder |
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383 | (1) |
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§13.3 Free Convection in a Horizontal Fluid Layer; Formation of Benard Cells |
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384 | (2) |
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§13.4 Surface Temperature of an Electrical Heating Coil |
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386 | (1) |
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§13.5 The Buckingham pi Theorem |
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387 | (3) |
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§13.6 Concluding Comments |
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390 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Interphase Transport in Nonisothermal Systems |
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394 | (35) |
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§14.1 Definitions of Heat-Transfer Coefficients |
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395 | (5) |
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§14.2 Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection Through Tubes and Slits Obtained from Solutions of the Equations of Change |
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400 | (4) |
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§14.3 Empirical Correlations for Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection in Tubes |
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404 | (6) |
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§14.4 Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection Around Submerged Objects |
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410 | (2) |
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§14.5 Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Forced Convection Through Packed Beds |
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412 | (2) |
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§14.6° Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Free and Mixed Convection for Submerged Objects |
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414 | (6) |
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§14.7° Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Condensation of Pure Vapors on Solid Surfaces |
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420 | (4) |
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§14.8 Concluding Comments |
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424 | (5) |
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Chapter 15 Macroscopic Balances for Nonisothermal Systems |
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429 | (33) |
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§15.1 The Macroscopic Energy Balance |
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430 | (1) |
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§15.2 The Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance |
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431 | (2) |
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§15.3 Use of the Macrosopic Balances to Solve Steady-State Problems with Flat Velocity Profiles |
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433 | (4) |
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§15.4 The ii-Forms of the Macroscopic Balances |
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437 | (4) |
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§15.5° Use of the Macroscopic Balances to Solve Unsteady-State Problems and Problems with Non-Flat Velocity Profiles |
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441 | (10) |
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§15.6 Concluding Comments |
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451 | (11) |
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Chapter 16 Energy Transport by Radiation |
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462 | (27) |
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§16.1 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation |
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463 | (2) |
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§16.2 Absorption and Emission at Solid Surfaces |
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465 | (3) |
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§16.3 Planck's Distribution Law, Wien's Displacement Law, and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law |
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468 | (3) |
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§16.4 Direct Radiation Between Black Bodies in Vacuo at Different Temperatures |
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471 | (5) |
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§16.5° Radiation Between Nonblack Bodies at Different Temperatures |
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476 | (4) |
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§16.6° Radiant-Energy Transport in Absorbing Media |
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480 | (2) |
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§16.7 Concluding Comments |
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482 | (7) |
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Chapter 17 Diffusivity and the Mechanisms of Mass Transport |
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489 | (30) |
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§17.1 Species Concentrations |
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490 | (1) |
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§17.2 Convective Mass and Molar Flux Vectors |
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491 | (2) |
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§17.3 Diffusive Mass and Molar Flux Vectors---Fick's Law |
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493 | (7) |
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§17.4 Total Mass and Molar Flux Vectors |
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500 | (1) |
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§17.5 Diffusivity Data from Experiments |
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501 | (3) |
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§17.6 Diffusivity and the Principle of Corresponding States |
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504 | (4) |
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§17.7° Diffusivity of Gases and Kinetic Theory |
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508 | (4) |
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§17.8° Diffusivity of Liquids |
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512 | (3) |
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§17.9 Concluding Comments |
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515 | (4) |
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Chapter 18 Shell Mass Balances and Concentration Distributions in Solids and in Laminar Flow |
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519 | (44) |
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§18.1 Shell Mass Balances; Boundary Conditions |
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522 | (1) |
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§18.2 Diffusion of Gases Through Solids |
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522 | (2) |
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§18.3 Diffusion Away from a Slightly Soluble Sphere |
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524 | (1) |
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§18.4 Diffusion with a Homogeneous Chemical Reaction |
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525 | (4) |
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§18.5 Diffusion with a Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction |
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529 | (4) |
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§18.6 Diffusion Through a Stagnant Gas Film |
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533 | (6) |
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§18.7 Diffusion of Gases in a Two-Bulb Experiment |
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539 | (2) |
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§18.8 Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film (Gas Absorption) |
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541 | (4) |
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§18.9 Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film (Solid Dissolution) |
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545 | (2) |
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§18.10 Diffusion and Chemical Reaction Inside a Porous Catalyst |
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547 | (4) |
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§18.11 Concluding Comments |
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551 | (12) |
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Chapter 19 The Equations of Change for Binary Mixtures |
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563 | (31) |
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§19.1 The Equations of Continuity for a Binary Mixture |
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563 | (5) |
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§19.2 Summary of the Binary Mixture Conservation Laws |
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568 | (3) |
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§19.3 Summary of the Binary Mixture Molecular Fluxes |
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571 | (3) |
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§19.4 The Equations of Change and Solving Steady-State Diffusion Problems |
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574 | (6) |
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§19.5 The Equations of Change and Solving Unsteady-State Diffusion Problems |
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580 | (5) |
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§19.6 Concluding Comments |
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585 | (9) |
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Chapter 20 Concentration Distributions in Turbulent Flow |
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594 | (11) |
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§20.1 Concentration Fluctuations and the Time-Smoothed Concentration |
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595 | (1) |
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§20.2 Time-Smoothing of the Equation of Continuity of Species A |
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595 | (1) |
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§20.3 Semiempirical Expressions for the Turbulent Mass Flux |
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596 | (1) |
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§20.4° Enhancement of Mass Transfer by a First-Order Reaction in Turbulent Flow |
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597 | (4) |
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§20.5 Concluding Comments |
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601 | (4) |
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Chapter 21 Dimensional Analysis for Flowing Mixtures |
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605 | (11) |
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§21.1 Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change of a Binary Mixture |
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605 | (2) |
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§21.2 Concentration Distribution About a Long Cylinder |
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607 | (1) |
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§21.3 Fog Formation During Dehumidification |
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608 | (2) |
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§21.4 Blending of Miscible Fluids |
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610 | (2) |
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§21.5 The Buckingham pi Theorem |
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612 | (2) |
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§21.6 Concluding Comments |
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614 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Interphase Transport in Nonisothermal Mixtures |
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616 | (23) |
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§22.1 Definition of Mass- and Heat-Transfer Coefficients in One Phase |
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617 | (3) |
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§22.2 Analytical Expressions for Mass-Transfer Coefficients |
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620 | (4) |
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§22.3 Empirical Correlations for Binary Mass- and Heat-Transfer Coefficients in One Phase |
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624 | (9) |
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§22.4 Definition of Mass-Transfer Coefficients in Two Phases |
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633 | (3) |
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§22.5 Concluding Comments |
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636 | (3) |
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Chapter 23 Macroscopic Balances for Multicomponent Systems |
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639 | (31) |
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§23.1 The Macroscopic Mass Balances |
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640 | (8) |
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§23.2° The Macroscopic Momentum and Angular Momentum Balances |
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648 | (1) |
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§23.3 The Macroscopic Energy Balance |
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648 | (1) |
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§23.4 The Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance |
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649 | (1) |
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§23.5 Use of the Macroscopic Balances to Solve Steady-State Problems |
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649 | (13) |
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§23.6° Use of the Macroscopic Balances to Solve Unsteady-State Problems |
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662 | (4) |
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§23.7 Concluding Comments |
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666 | (4) |
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Chapter 24 Other Mechanisms for Mass Transport |
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670 | (17) |
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§24.1° Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics |
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670 | (3) |
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§24.2° Concentration Diffusion and Driving Forces |
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673 | (2) |
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§24.3° Thermal Diffusion and the Clusius-Dickel Column |
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675 | (1) |
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§24.4° Pressure Diffusion and the Ultracentrifuge |
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676 | (1) |
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§24.5° Ion Fluxes and the Nernst-Planck Equation |
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677 | (1) |
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§24.6° Multicomponent Systems; The Maxwell-Stefan Equations |
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678 | (3) |
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§24.7° Concluding Comments |
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681 | (6) |
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685 | (2) |
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Appendix A Vector and Tensor Notation |
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687 | (33) |
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Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change |
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720 | (9) |
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Appendix C Mathematical Topics |
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729 | (8) |
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Appendix D Tables for Prediction of Transport Properties |
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737 | (4) |
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Appendix E Constants and Conversion Factors |
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741 | (5) |
| Notation |
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746 | (7) |
| Author Index |
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753 | (6) |
| Subject Index |
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759 | |
