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E-grāmata: Ion Chromatography: Instrumentation, Techniques and Applications

Volume editor (Formerly, Professor, Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA), Volume editor (Formerly Dionex), Series edited by (President, Ahuja Consulting for Water Quality, Calabash, NC, USA), Volume editor (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA)
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Ion Chromatography: Instrumentation, Techniques and Applications, Volume 11 in the series Separation Science and Technology, provides a modern overview of all aspects of ion chromatography instrumentation and chemistry techniques, including the historical backdrop of some of the key developments. Most existing books on ion chromatography are focused on single column ion chromatography (rarely used today) or applications, or are outdated. This book covers the broad range of technologies in use and explains the advantages of each, helping both experienced and new practitioners to choose the method they need.

The four editors of this book have all played a key role in the success of ion chromatography at Dionex Corporation, the undisputed leader in ion chromatography for more than 40 years, and are in a unique position to describe both the technology and its applications. Ion chromatography is the technique of choice for analyzing ionic or ionizable compounds in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals and food. In addition it is very useful for monitoring cationic or anionic impurities in drinking water.

  • Covers the broad range of technologies currently used in ion chromatography, with an explanation of not only how the technology works, but also which commonly used approaches represent the best options
  • Provides a solid introduction for new practitioners to improve background knowledge on troubleshooting skills
  • Serves as a comprehensive overview of all approaches in ion chromatography, describing the advantages of various newer technology options over older methodologies still in wide use
Dedication v
Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Foreword xv
1 The invention and early development of ion chromatography
Hamish Small
The resin-clumping problem
4(1)
1971-Breakthrough
5(2)
A new route to low capacity anion exchangers
7(1)
1972-73 expansion and acceptance
8(1)
Colloidal form anion exchangers
9(1)
The carbonate eluent system
10(1)
Patenting and licensing
11(1)
Dow research post-1975
12(1)
Intangibles
13(1)
References
13(28)
2 Stationary phases and suppressors in ion chromatography, 1975-2000
Christopher Pohl
Conclusion
41(1)
References
41(2)
3 Stationary phases in ion chromatography
Christopher Pohl
Introduction
43(2)
Columns for separation of suppressor compatible cations
45(19)
Columns for separation of suppressor compatible anions
64(56)
Columns for separation of carbohydrates
120(13)
Mixed-mode columns
133(3)
Columns for separation of amino acids
136(3)
Columns for separation of transition metals
139(3)
Ion exclusion and lon-exclusion phases
142(4)
Mobile phase ion chromatography (MPIC) and MPIC phases
146(8)
Column cleanup and regeneration
154(2)
References
156(1)
4 Suppressors in ion chromatography
Kannan Srinivasan
Introduction
157(2)
Flat membrane chemical suppressor
159(4)
Flat membrane electrolytic suppressor
163(5)
Suppressor practical use recommendations
168(1)
Suppressor form and continuous suppression
169(2)
Retention in the suppressor
171(1)
Dynamic suppression capacity
171(1)
Need for hydration
171(1)
Suppressor selection
172(1)
Suppressor installation
172(1)
Chemical suppressor operation
173(1)
Electrolytic suppressor operation
173(1)
Role of the sample matrix
173(1)
Conclusions
174(1)
References
174(3)
5 Electrolytic eluent generators and their applications in ion chromatography
Yan Liu
Nebojsa Avdalovic
Introduction
177(1)
Earlier studies of electrochemistry involving ion-exchange membranes and resins
177(3)
Large-capacity electrolytic base and acid eluent generators
180(4)
Electrolytic salt eluent generators
184(3)
Higher pressure electrolytic eluent generators
187(2)
Capillary-scale electrolytic base and acid generators
189(1)
Continuously regenerated trap columns (CR-TC)
189(1)
RFIC systems and their applications
190(6)
A practical guide for successful use of eluent generator cartridges in RFIC systems
196(4)
Conclusions
200(1)
References
201(2)
6 Electrolysis-based accessories in ion chromatography
Kannan Srinivasan
Introduction
203(6)
CR-TC practical use recommendations
209(1)
Salt converter cation suppressor
210(3)
Salt converter practical use recommendations
213(1)
Electrolytic regenerant concentrator (ERC) for carbonate removal device (CRD)
214(2)
Electrolysis-based buffer generators
216(2)
References
218(1)
7 Eluent regeneration and ion reflux devices and their applications in ion chromatography
Yan Liu
Introduction
219(1)
Ion chromatography systems with eluent regeneration
220(4)
Ion chromatography systems with ion reflux
224(7)
Conclusions
231(1)
References
232(1)
8 A practical guide for carbohydrate determinations by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD)
Jeffrey Rohrer
Introduction
233(1)
Liquid chromatography system for HPAE-PAD
234(1)
Eluents for HPAE-PAD
235(1)
Water
235(1)
Sodium hydroxide
236(1)
Sodium acetate
236(1)
Installation of eluents
237(1)
Eluent generation for hydroxide eluents
237(1)
Other eluents
237(1)
Column choice, installation, and care
238(1)
Electrochemical detector and cell
239(1)
Additional autosampler considerations
240(1)
Sample considerations
241(1)
Other considerations
241(1)
Common HPAE-PAD applications
242(1)
Monosaccharide analysis of glycoproteins
242(2)
Sialic acid analysis of glycoproteins
244(4)
Carbohydrate analysis of biofuel-related samples
248(2)
Glycoprotein asparagine-linked oligosaccharide profiling
250(4)
HPAE-PAD analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides coupled to mass spectrometry
254(1)
Summary
255(1)
Acknowledgment
255(1)
References
255(4)
9 Multidimensional techniques in ion chromatography
Kannan Srinivasan
Introduction
259(7)
Multidimensional approach practical use recommendations
266(1)
References
267(2)
10 A practical guide for amino acid determinations by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection
Jeffrey Rohrer
Nebojsa Avdalovic
Introduction
269(1)
Liquid chromatography system for AAA-Direct
270(1)
Eluents for AAA-Direct
271(1)
Column installation and care
272(2)
Installation of the electrochemical cell
274(2)
Applications
276(8)
Additional recommendations
284(1)
References
285(2)
11 Ion chromatography methods that use electrochemical detection
Jeffrey Rohrer
Nebojsa Avdalovic
Introduction
287(1)
Ion chromatography system for electrochemical detection methods
287(1)
Eluents for IC with electrochemical detection methods
288(1)
Column installation and care
288(1)
The electrochemical cell
289(1)
Applications
290(10)
Acknowledgments
300(1)
References
300(3)
12 Capillary ion chromatography
Nehojsa Avdalovic
Yan Liu
Introduction
303(2)
Capillary ion chromatography system design
305(3)
Operation of capillary RFIC systems
308(3)
Capillary electrolytic eluent generators and continuously regenerated trap columns
311(1)
Capillary ion chromatography columns
312(1)
Capillary electrolytic suppressors
312(3)
Capillary IC applications
315(4)
A practical guide for successful use of capillary ion chromatography
319(3)
Conclusion
322(1)
References
322(1)
Index 323
Satinder Ahuja is a leading expert on water quality improvement. He earned his PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. He worked for Novartis Corp. in various leadership positions for over 25 years and taught as an adjunct professor at Pace University for over 10 years. As president of Ahuja Consulting, he advises on water quality issues relating to chemicals and pharmaceuticals. A member of the executive committee of the Rivers of the World Foundation (ROW), Dr. Ahuja has organized numerous global symposia on improving water quality, including presentations for the American Chemical Society and UNESCO. Dr. Ahuja has published numerous papers and more than 25 books. His latest books are Contaminants in Our Water (ACS, 2020); Evaluating Water Quality to Prevent Future Disasters (Elsevier, 2019); Advances in Water Purification Techniques (Elsevier, 2019); and Chemistry and Water (Elsevier, 2017). Christopher has 40 years of experience with ion exchange chromatography and has worked for Dionex, the industry leader in this field, for more than 35 years where he has been actively involved in ion chromatography research and development. He holds more than 80 US patents with numerous foreign equivalents, most of which are related to the field of ion chromatography. He is author or co-author of more than 120 published articles and eight chapters. Nebojsa worked for Dionex Corporation as a Vice President of R&D and Chief Science Officer from 1990 to 2005. Before that he was Director of the Molecular Structure Products Division of SmithKline Beckman organization. He joined SKB organization from academia. He served as a professor at the Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia from 1975 to 1985. He graduated from Medical School and then obtained a Ph.D. in physiology and biochemistry. His primary activity was in molecular biology and chemical carcinogenesis while working in academia. After joining industry he worked mostly in analytical chemistry and biochemistry, and he published more than 100 papers in peer reviewed Journals and holds more than 40 US issued patents. Kannan holds a BS and an MS in Chemistry from University of Mumbai, India and a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry from American University. Kannan has over 25 years of experience working with chemistry and separation sciences. His expertise is in the field of chromatography and associated detection methodologies, electrically driven processes, water purification and related monitoring technologies, and extraction and multi-dimensional separations. He has over 40 U.S. patents issued and many of his inventions are currently used in IC instruments and consumables.