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9 | (4) |
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11 | (2) |
Introduction |
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13 | (10) |
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Part 1 The Right of Minorities to Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion |
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23 | (74) |
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1 The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion |
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25 | (40) |
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1.1 International Instruments for the Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief |
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28 | (11) |
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1.1.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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30 | (2) |
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1.1.2 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
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32 | (5) |
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1.1.3 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
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37 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief 1981 |
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38 | (1) |
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1.2 The Scope of Freedom of Religion or Belief |
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39 | (22) |
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41 | (4) |
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1.2.2 The Right to Have a Religion |
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45 | (3) |
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1.2.3 The Right to Manifest Religion or Belief |
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48 | (4) |
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1.2.4 Freedom to Change Religion or Belief |
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52 | (7) |
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1.2.5 Non-derogable Right |
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59 | (2) |
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1.3 Intersection of Freedom of Religion or Belief with Freedom of Expression |
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61 | (4) |
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1.3.1 Freedom of Expression |
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62 | (1) |
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1.3.2 The Balance between Freedom of Religion or Belief and Freedom of Expression |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (28) |
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67 | (3) |
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2.2 The Rights of Religious Minorities in the UN System |
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70 | (7) |
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2.2.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
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70 | (3) |
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2.2.2 The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities |
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73 | (4) |
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2.3 Prohibition of Discrimination against Religious Minorities |
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77 | (6) |
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2.4 Integration of Religious Minorities |
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83 | (10) |
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93 | (4) |
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Part 2 Limits of Muslims' Freedom of Religion in the West |
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97 | (112) |
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1 Muslims in France and the United States |
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99 | (4) |
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99 | (3) |
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1.2 Muslims in the United States of America |
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102 | (1) |
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2 The Western Perception of Islam and Islamophobia |
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103 | (8) |
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3 Limits on Freedom of Religion of Muslims in the West |
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111 | (92) |
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3.1 Religious Symbols Controversy in France |
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112 | (31) |
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3.1.1 The Law on Religious Symbols in France |
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112 | (5) |
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3.1.2 Religious Symbols and The European Court of Human Rights |
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117 | (3) |
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3.1.3 Reasons for Banning the Headscarf |
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120 | (5) |
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3.1.4 Arguments Against Banning the Headscarf |
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125 | (16) |
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141 | (2) |
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3.2 The USA Counter Terrorism Measures and their Effect on Muslims |
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143 | (37) |
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3.2.1 Religious Profiling of Muslims in the Context of Countering Terrorism by the USA |
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145 | (4) |
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3.2.2 Anti-terror Measures and Religious Profiling |
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149 | (17) |
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3.2.3 Preventive Detentions and Religious Discrimination in Prison Setting |
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166 | (14) |
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3.3 Religious Vilification against Muslims in the West |
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180 | (23) |
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3.3.1 Religious Vilification' against Muslims and Freedom of Expression |
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188 | (1) |
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3.3.2 The Danish Cartoon Controversy |
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189 | (8) |
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3.3.3 Balance between Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion |
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197 | (6) |
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203 | (6) |
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Part 3 Limits of Freedom of Religion or Belief in Arab States |
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209 | (104) |
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1 Historical Background of the Arab States |
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211 | (18) |
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1.1 Diversity and Unity of the Arab State |
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212 | (2) |
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1.2 The Tension between the West and Muslims in Arab States |
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214 | (9) |
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1.2.1 Supporting the Authoritarian Regimes |
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217 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Foreign Policies of the United States of America in the Region |
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219 | (4) |
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1.3 Religious Demography and Legal Framework in Egypt and Saudi Arabia |
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223 | (6) |
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2 Freedom of Religion or Belief of Religious Minorities in Islam and the Refutation of the Misconceived Allegations Associated with this Right |
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229 | (80) |
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2.1 Difference between Islam and Islamic law (Shar'ia) |
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229 | (9) |
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2.1.1 Primary Sources of Shari'a |
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231 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Secondary Sources of Shari'a |
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234 | (4) |
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2.2 Islam and the Welfare of Humanity |
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238 | (3) |
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2.3 Islam is a Balance between Rights and Duties |
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241 | (5) |
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2.4 Problem areas with the Right to Freedom of Religion in Saudi Arabia and Egypt |
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246 | (63) |
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2.4.1 Apostasy: Definition and Parameter |
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246 | (22) |
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2.4.2 The rights of Religious Minorities in Egypt and Saudi Arabia |
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268 | (26) |
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2.4.3 Lack of Democracy in Saudi Arabia and Egypt |
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294 | (15) |
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309 | (4) |
Concluding Remarks Challenges to Freedom of Religion or Belief |
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313 | (10) |
Bibliography |
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323 | |