What is left of the historic Middle East upheavals of 1979 (Afghanistan, Iran) and 2011 (the Arab Spring)? How does 9/11 fit into the equation of Islamic resistance? Is al-Qaeda's long term project still on track? What are the chances that ISIS can prevail in Iraq and Syria? Are they and likeminded jihadists' dupes of imperialism or legitimate resistance movements? The imperial strategy of manipulating Muslims to promote imperial ends is at least two centuries old. Emerging most notably in the British use of Arabs to fracture the Ottoman Empire, it led to the creation of 'Islamic states' (Saudi Arabia and Pakistan) allied with the West; ongoing cooperation between western security forces and Islamists opposed to the atheism of socialist regimes; and the financing and training of jihadists. But the largely nonviolent 1979 Iranian revolution, inspired by antipathy towards the neo- colonial regime and a deep religious faith, was carried out in the name of Islam and had echoes in the Sunni world. That same year, it prompted Saudi rebels to occupy the Kaaba in a desperate attempt to spark revolution, Syrian Islamists to rise against their secular dictator Hafez al-Assad in 1980, and future al-Qaeda leader Ayman Zawahiri to conspire to assassinate Egyptian president Sadat in 1981. But these uprisings were crushed, and the Sunni world remained mired in its neo-colonial purgatory, defeated by empire's machinations and falling prey to Saudi instigations against Shia anti-imperialists. Sunni jihadists' refusal to see through and foil the empire's strategies to co-opt their efforts doomed al-Qaeda and the Taliban's battle with the empire from the start, and dooms the project to resist empire in post-war Afghanistan and Iraq today. Part I addresses the colonial legacy, the meaning of jihad, and the parallel movements among Sunni and Shia to confront imperialism Part II considers the main figures among the neo-Wahhabi" movement: Azzam, Bin Laden, and Zawahiri. The justification of indiscriminate violence is questioned, as is their legacy. It then turns to the movements to re-establish the Caliphate, the Colour Revolutions and the Arab Spring, and the experience of key Muslim-majority countries in the past two decades (Turkey, Afghanistan, Iraq, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran). Walberg then sums up the state of the ummah in the 21st century and prospects for future Islamic resistance to imperialism.
