| Preface |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
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PART 1 KARST WATERS AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES: AN OVERVIEW |
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3 | (10) |
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1.1 The purpose of the book |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Characteristics of the karstic system |
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4 | (4) |
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1.3 Human impact on karst |
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8 | (4) |
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1.4 The layout of the book |
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12 | (1) |
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2 The Historical Perspective |
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13 | (18) |
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2.1 Overview of the history of karst hydrogeological studies |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2 Historical examples of human activities and karst environments |
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14 | (1) |
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2.2.2 The Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico |
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14 | (5) |
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19 | (5) |
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2.2.4 The ancient biblical world |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (4) |
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3 Introduction And Overview Of Human Impacts |
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31 | (6) |
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3.1 Overview of the impacts and their interaction |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (4) |
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PART 2 THE NATURE OF HUMAN IMPACTS ON KARST WATERS |
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4 Agriculturally Induced Impacts |
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37 | (44) |
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4.1 Introduction to the problems |
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37 | (1) |
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4.2 Deforestation, land clearance and agricultural intensification |
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38 | (5) |
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38 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Changes in amount and timing of recharge and discharge |
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39 | (3) |
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4.2.3 Changes in water quality |
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42 | (1) |
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4.3 Irrigation and land drainage |
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43 | (3) |
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4.3.1 Changes of soil water content |
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43 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Changes in amount and timing of recharge and discharge |
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43 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Changes in water quality and ease of entry of pollutants |
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46 | (1) |
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4.4 Agricultural pollutant sources |
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46 | (8) |
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4.4.1 Diffuse agricultural sources |
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46 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Point agricultural sources |
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49 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Related point sources |
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50 | (4) |
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4.5 Mobility Of Agricultural Pollutants In Karst Aquifers |
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54 | (8) |
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54 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Behaviour of particular contaminants |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (3) |
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4.5.4 Prediction of degree of attenuation using tracers |
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61 | (1) |
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4.6 Implications for groundwater protection planning |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (16) |
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4.7.1 Agricultural impact on karst water resources in China |
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63 | (3) |
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4.7.2 The impact of land clearance on karst groundwater: A case study from Buchan, Victoria, Australia |
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66 | (2) |
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4.7.3 Impacts of agricultural landuse and farm management changes on groundwater in the Burren karst, western Ireland |
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68 | (2) |
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4.7.4 Soil erosion and water pollution in an intensive vine cultivation area: The Entre-deux-Mers example (Gironde, France) |
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70 | (3) |
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4.7.5 Impacts of agriculture on water quality in the Big Spring basin, NE Iowa, USA |
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73 | (3) |
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4.7.6 Agricultural impacts on Cuban karstic aquifers |
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76 | (2) |
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4.7.7 Agricultural impacts on cave waters |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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5 Industrial And Urban Produced Impacts |
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81 | (106) |
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5.1 General problems due to human settlements in karst areas |
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81 | (2) |
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5.1.1 Direct and indirect impacts |
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81 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Special vulnerability |
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82 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Shallow and deep karst systems |
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82 | (1) |
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5.2 Effects of air pollution |
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83 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Acidic deposition and precipitation |
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83 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Sources of air pollution |
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84 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Effects of acidic deposition |
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86 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Interaction with soil and rocks |
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86 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Interaction with groundwater |
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87 | (1) |
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5.3 Sources of liquid pollution |
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88 | (20) |
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5.3.1 Waste water and sewer systems |
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88 | (8) |
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96 | (6) |
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102 | (6) |
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5.4 Solid waste and waste disposal |
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108 | (9) |
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5.4.1 Sources and disposal of waste |
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108 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Waste leachates and karst water interaction |
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110 | (4) |
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5.4.3 Siting landfills in karst areas |
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114 | (3) |
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5.5 Impacts from construction measures |
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117 | (7) |
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5.5.1 Urbanisation and construction |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (3) |
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5.5.3 Impoundments and reservoirs |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (12) |
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124 | (4) |
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5.6.2 Point and diffuse sources |
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128 | (5) |
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5.6.3 Historic and sightseeing sights |
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133 | (2) |
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5.6.4 Impact in the surroundings of karst springs |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (51) |
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5.7.1 Air pollution in the Lelic karst of Serbia |
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136 | (5) |
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5.7.2 Historical report on typhoid epidemics |
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141 | (5) |
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5.7.3 Aquifer contamination by domestic and industrial sewage water Central Kentucky |
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146 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Pollution by surface water: The Reka River |
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146 | (7) |
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5.7.5 Remediation of a contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbons |
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153 | (6) |
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5.7.6 Contamination of a karst aquifer by a sanitary landfill, SW Germany |
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159 | (9) |
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5.7.7 Impact of major tunnels: Excavation of the Mont d'Or railway tunnel |
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168 | (2) |
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5.7.8 Impact by man-induced infiltration of surface water on karst processes, examples from Russia |
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170 | (2) |
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5.7.9 Pamukkale travertine area |
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172 | (2) |
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5.7.10 The Plitvice lakes |
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174 | (4) |
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5.7.11 Human influence on the karst water of the Nerja cave (Malaga, Southern Spain) |
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178 | (6) |
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Francisco Carrasco-Cantos |
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5.7.12 Possible impacts of climate change on the karst of the Russian platform |
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184 | (3) |
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6 Extractive Industries Impact |
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187 | (38) |
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6.1 Overview of extractive industries impact |
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187 | (5) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Physical processes and impacts |
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187 | (5) |
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6.1.3 Chemical processes and impacts |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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6.2 Limestone quarrying: hydrogeological impacts, consequences, implications |
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192 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Hydrogeological aspects of stone extraction |
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192 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Potential impacts upon the unsaturated zone |
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194 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Potential impacts upon the saturated zone |
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195 | (3) |
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6.2.4 Predicting the impacts of sub-water table quarrying |
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198 | (2) |
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6.2.6 Potential impacts upon cessation of mineral working |
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200 | (1) |
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6.3 Rehabilitation of the Lune River Quarry, Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Australia |
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201 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Destruction by quarrying |
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201 | (1) |
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6.3.2 The rehabilitation plan |
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202 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Monitoring water quality |
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205 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Karst rehabilitation objectives |
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205 | (1) |
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6.4 The influence of mining on karst in the Mansfeld area, Germany |
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206 | (3) |
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206 | (1) |
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6.4.2 The effect of mining |
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207 | (2) |
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6.5 The influence of gold-mining activities on the water quality of dolomitic aquifers |
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209 | (6) |
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209 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Impact of mining on water quality East Rand |
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210 | (3) |
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6.5.3 Impact of exploitation on use of available water |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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6.6 Collapse and piping induced by human activity in the Olkusz lead-zinc exploitative district of the Silesian |
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215 | (2) |
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6.6.1 Hydrogeological conditions |
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215 | (1) |
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6.6.2 The influence of mining on collapse and piping processes |
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215 | (2) |
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6.7 Impacts on salt karst due to solution mining and to the petroleum industry Kansas and Texas, USA |
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217 | (8) |
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217 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Impacts from solution mining of salt: Kansas and Texas, USA |
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218 | (2) |
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6.7.3 Impacts from petroleum industry activity |
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220 | (5) |
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7 Karst Water Exploitation |
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225 | (34) |
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225 | (10) |
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7.1.1 Overview of exploitation methods |
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225 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Relationships between aquifers and exploitation methods |
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227 | (3) |
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7.1.3 Impacts of water exploitation |
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230 | (4) |
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7.1.4 Final considerations |
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234 | (1) |
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7.2 Overexploitation of karstic aquifers; the example of Sierra del Cid (Alicante, Spain) |
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235 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Geological and hydrogeologic situation |
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235 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Exploitation and piezometric evolution |
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235 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Physico-chemical characteristics of the water |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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7.3 A case study of catastrophic subsidence: The sinkhole of Doganella (central Italy) |
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240 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Location and land use |
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240 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Sinkhole site: geological, climatic and hydrological conditions |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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7.4 Impact of the sea on the Perilo abstraction site in Bakar Bay (Croatia) |
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244 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Location and problems |
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244 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Hydrogeological description |
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245 | (3) |
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7.4.3 Results of aquifer observations |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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7.5 Groundwater salinization in the Apulia Region (Southern Italy) |
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251 | (4) |
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7.5.1 General geological and hydrogeological features |
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251 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Fresh water - salt water equilibrium |
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252 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Groundwater temperature in relation to salt water intrusion |
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252 | (1) |
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7.5.4 Chemical parameters as tracers of relative age of intruding sea waters |
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253 | (2) |
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7.6 The impact of intensive withdrawal on the intensification of karst processes |
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255 | (4) |
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255 | (1) |
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7.6.2 The example of the Moscow region |
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256 | (3) |
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PART 3 IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS |
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8 Karst Water Exploitation |
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259 | (16) |
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8.1 The distinctive character of karst |
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259 | (3) |
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8.1.1 The karstic hydrological system |
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259 | (1) |
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8.1.2 The karst ecosystem |
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259 | (3) |
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8.2 The legislative response to the karst environment |
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262 | (10) |
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262 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Karst water protection in the USA |
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263 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Karst water protection in Europe |
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265 | (6) |
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8.2.4 Karst water protection elsewhere in the world |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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9 Conservation Of Karst Terrains And Karst Waters: The Future |
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275 | (6) |
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9.1 Risk assessment in karst terrains |
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275 | (1) |
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9.2 Restoration of karstic geo-ecosystem |
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276 | (2) |
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9.3 Future aspects of karst water management |
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278 | (3) |
| References |
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281 | (28) |
| Subject Index |
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309 | (8) |
| Location Index |
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317 | |
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