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E-grāmata: Kendall's Muscles: Testing and Function with Posture and Pain

Jordan Mccreary, Vincent M. Conroy, Quinn Alexopulos, Brian Murray

Formāts: 528 pages
Izdošanas datums: 23-Nov-2022
Izdevniecība: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781975159900

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Physiotherapy

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Formāts: 528 pages
Izdošanas datums: 23-Nov-2022
Izdevniecība: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781975159900

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Physiotherapy

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"Kendall's Muscles: Testing and Function, with Posture and Pain, 6th Edition, transforms this landmark Physical Therapy classic to prepare you for unparalleled clinical success in today's practice. Timeless coverage of manual muscle testing, evaluation, and treatment meets the latest evidence-based practices, engaging imagery, and dynamic digital resources to create a powerful resource you will reference for years to come. The extensively revised 6th Edition of this proven classic details normal and abnormal range of motion, developmental factors and environmental influences on posture, length tests and stretching exercises, entrapment and compression syndromes, scoliosis, and more, incorporating extensive updates and enhancements to help you develop clinical confidence and ensure safe, effective practice throughout your career. Expanded ergonomics and body mechanics content familiarizes you with the most current perspectives in these critical areas. Considerations for special populations alert you to specific approaches for pediatric and geriatric populations, as well as patients with comorbidities. Photographs and illustrations clarify the latest technologies and clinical advances in muscle testing in a clear, user-friendly format. Case studies enhanceyour clinical application capabilities with realistic patient scenarios. Classic Kendall boxes detail key assessment, process, and treatment content in the trademark Kendall approach for unparalleled understanding at a glance. Historical Notes enrich your understanding of important links between past and current practices. References and Suggested Readings point you to the most current research literature for further study. "--

Kendall’s Muscles: Testing and Function, with Posture and Pain, 6th Edition, transforms this landmark Physical Therapy classic to prepare you for unparalleled clinical success in today’s practice. Timeless coverage of manual muscle testing, evaluation, and treatment meets the latest evidence-based practices, engaging imagery, and dynamic digital resources to create a powerful resource you will reference for years to come.

The extensively revised 6th Edition of this proven classic details normal and abnormal range of motion, developmental factors and environmental influences on posture, length tests and stretching exercises, entrapment and compression syndromes, scoliosis, and more, incorporating extensive updates and enhancements to help you develop clinical confidence and ensure safe, effective practice throughout your career.

Kendall’s Muscles: Testing and Function, with Posture and Pain, 6th Edition, transforms this landmark Physical Therapy classic to prepare you for unparalleled clinical success in today’s practice. Timeless coverage of manual muscle testing, evaluation, and treatment meets the latest evidence-based practices, engaging imagery, and dynamic digital resources to create a powerful resource you will reference for years to come.

The extensively revised 6th Edition of this proven classic details normal and abnormal range of motion, developmental factors and environmental influences on posture, length tests and stretching exercises, entrapment and compression syndromes, scoliosis, and more, incorporating extensive updates and enhancements to help you develop clinical confidence and ensure safe, effective practice throughout your career.

Expanded ergonomics and body mechanics content familiarizes you with the most current perspectives in these critical areas.
Considerations for special populations alert you to specific approaches for pediatric and geriatric populations, as well as patients with comorbidities.
Photographs and illustrations clarify the latest technologies and clinical advances in muscle testing in a clear, user-friendly format.
Case studies enhance your clinical application capabilities with realistic patient scenarios.
Classic Kendall boxes detail key assessment, process, and treatment content in the trademark Kendall approach for unparalleled understanding at a glance.
Historical Notes enrich your understanding of important links between past and current practices.
References and Suggested Readings point you to the most relevant research literature for further study.

Dedication

Foreword to the Sixth Edition

vii

Kendall Family History

Preface

Acknowledgments

xiii

Chapter 1 Fundamental Concepts

(34)

Introduction

(4)

Manual Muscle Testing

(1)

Evidence-Based Objectivity and Reliability in Muscle Testing

(3)

Section I Body Systems

(9)

Positional Reference

(1)

Body Segments

(1)

Anatomical Position

(1)

Axes

(1)

Planes

(1)

Movements

(3)

Musculoskeletal System

(1)

Joints: Definitions and Classification

(1)

Gross Structure of Muscle

(1)

Types of Muscle Contraction

(1)

Nervous System

(1)

Spinal Nerves

(1)

Nerve Plexuses: Definitions

(1)

Segmental Distributions

(1)

Other Body Systems

(1)

Section II Manual Testing (Procedure, Objectivity, Grading)

(9)

Muscle Strength Tests

(1)

Kendall Classification for Muscles

(1)

Strength Testing Procedures

(1)

Terms Used in Description of Muscle Strength Tests

(4)

Range-of-Joint Motion and Muscle Length Testing

(1)

Measuring Joint Motion and Muscle Length

(1)

Correlation Between Joint Range and Muscle Length

(1)

Muscle Length Tests

(1)

Grading Muscle Strength

(1)

Grading Symbols

(3)

Key to Muscle Grading

(1)

Section III Nerve and Muscle Charts

(4)

Muscle Innervations, Spinal Nerves, and Muscle Charts

(1)

Peripheral Nerves

(1)

Spinal Segment

(1)

Sensory

(1)

Neck, Diaphragm, and Upper Extremity

(1)

Trunk and Lower Extremity

(3)

Section IV Clinical Findings

(3)

System Pathologies

(1)

Mechanical Causes of Pain

(1)

Nerve Compression and Tension

(1)

Nerve Impingement

(1)

Muscle Spasm

(1)

Adaptive Shortening

(1)

Stretch Weakness

(1)

Section V Treatment Fundamentals

(4)

Stability or Mobility

(1)

Role of Muscles in Supporting the Skeleton

(1)

Treatment Options

(2)

References

(1)

Chapter 2 Posture

(42)

Section I Fundamentals of Posture

(1)

Introduction

(6)

Posture and Pain

(1)

The Standard Posture

(1)

Head and Neck

(2)

Thoracic Spine

(1)

Upper Extremity

(1)

Pelvis and Lumbar Spine

(1)

Hips and Knee

(1)

Ankle

(1)

Feet

(1)

Section II Alignment

(11)

Ideal Alignment: Anterior View

(1)

Ideal Alignment: Sagittal View

(1)

Ideal Alignment: Posterior View

(1)

Shoulders and Scapulae

(1)

Sitting Posture

(1)

Types of Variable Postural Alignment

(1)

Lordotic Posture

(1)

Kyphotic-Lordotic Posture

(1)

Flat-Back Posture

(1)

Sway-Back Posture

(1)

Abdominal Muscles in Relation to Posture

(1)

Transversus Abdominis in Relation to Posture

(1)

External Oblique in Relation to Posture

(1)

Ideal Posture of Feet, Knees, and Legs

(1)

Ideal Posture of Feet and Knees

(1)

Common Posture of Knees and Legs

(1)

Section III Postural Examination

(4)

Procedure for Postural Examination

(1)

Equipment

(2)

Approach to Postural Assessment

(1)

Tests and Interpretations

(1)

Test for Flexibility and Muscle Length

(2)

Muscle Strength Tests

(1)

Interpretation of Findings

(1)

Section IV Clinical Findings

(13)

Handedness: Effect on Posture

(1)

Sagittal and Posterior Views

(1)

Shoulders and Scapulae

(3)

Faulty Alignment: Posterior View

(2)

Faulty Plumb Alignment: Sagittal View

(1)

Faulty Posture of Feet, Knees, and Legs

(1)

Faulty Posture of Feet and Knees

(1)

Faulty Posture of Knees and Legs

(4)

Radiographs of Legs in Good and Faulty Alignment

(2)

Section V Intervention

(7)

Faulty Posture: Analysis and Treatment

(2)

Faulty Leg, Knee, and Foot Positions: Analysis and Treatment

(1)

Acquired Postural Weakness

(1)

Corrective Exercises

(1)

Interventions for Abdominal Weakness

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Head And Face

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Section I Innervation

(3)

Cranial Nerves and Deep Facial Muscles

(1)

Cervical Nerves and Superficial Facial and Neck Muscles

(1)

Cranial Nerves and Muscles

(1)

Section II Facial and Eye Muscles

(8)

Facial and Eye Muscles

(2)

Facial and Eye Muscles Tests

(1)

Frontalis

(1)

Nasalis, Alar Portion

(1)

Corrugator Supercilii

(1)

Depressor Septi and Transverse Portion Nasalis

(1)

Procerus (Pyramidalis Nasi)

(1)

Risorius

(1)

Levator Anguli Oris

(1)

Zygomaticus Major

(1)

Levator Labii Superioris

(1)

Orbicularis Oris

(1)

Depressor Labii Inferioris and Platysma

(1)

Buccinator

(1)

Mentalis

(1)

Lateral Pterygoid

(1)

Depressor Anguli Oris

(1)

Temporalis, Masseter, and Pterygoideus Medialis

(1)

Suprahyoid Muscles

(1)

Infrahyoid Muscles

(1)

Orbicularis Oculi

(1)

Rectus Medialis Oculi and Rectus Lateralis Oculi

(1)

Levator Palpebrae Superioris et al.

(1)

Section III Muscles of Mastication, Tongue, and Pharynx

(3)

Muscles of Deglutition

(3)

Temporomandibular Joint Movements

(1)

Cranial Nerve Screening/Testing

(1)

Section IV Clinical Findings

(4)

Case Studies

(1)

Case 1 Bell's Palsy

(2)

Case 2 Bell's Palsy

(1)

Temporomandibular Disorders

(2)

Section V Intervention

(2)

Bell's Palsy

(1)

Temporomandibular Disorders

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 4 Neck and Back

(50)

Introduction

100

(1)

Section I Innervation

100

(3)

Neck

100

(1)

Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots

100

(1)

Spinal Nerve and Muscles of the Neck and Diaphragm

100

(1)

Cervical Plexus

100

(1)

Innervation to Muscles of the Back

101

(1)

Spinal Nerve and Muscles of the Trunk

101

(2)

Section II Intervertebral Joints and Motions

103

(7)

Definitions

103

(1)

Joints of the Vertebral Column

103

(1)

Movements of the Vertebral Column

103

(1)

Flexion

103

(1)

Extension

104

(1)

Hyperextension

105

(1)

Lateral Flexion

105

(1)

Rotation

105

(1)

Neck Range of Motion

105

(1)

Trunk Range of Motion

106

(1)

Flexion and Extension

106

(1)

Movements of the Spine and Pelvis

107

(1)

Pelvis

108

(2)

Section III Muscles and Muscle Tests

110

(24)

Neck Muscles

110

(1)

Origins and Insertions

110

(1)

Actions and Nerves

110

(2)

Anterior and Lateral Neck Muscles

112

(1)

Neck Extensors

113

(1)

Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles

113

(1)

Cervical Spine Extension and Flexion

114

(1)

Faulty Head and Neck Positions

115

(1)

Neck Muscle Tests

116

(1)

Anterior Neck Flexors

116

(1)

Error in Testing Neck Flexors

117

(1)

Anterolateral Neck Flexors

118

(1)

Posterolateral Neck Extensors

119

(1)

Upper Trapezius

120

(1)

Trunk Muscles

121

(1)

Trunk Muscles Attached to the Pelvis

121

(1)

Neck and Back Extensors

122

(2)

Back Extensors and Hip Extensors

124

(2)

Lateral Trunk Flexors and Hip Abductors

126

(1)

Back Muscle Tests

127

(1)

Forward-Bending Test for Length of Posterior Muscles

127

(2)

Back Extensors: Testing and Grading

129

(1)

Strong Back Extensors, Misdiagnosed

130

(1)

Quadratus Lumborum

131

(1)

Lateral Trunk Flexors: Testing and Grading

132

(1)

Oblique Trunk Flexors: Testing and Grading

133

(1)

Section IV Clinical Findings

134

(6)

Neck

134

(1)

Tightness of Posterior Neck Muscles

134

(1)

Upper Trapezius Strain

134

(1)

Cervical Nerve Root Compression

135

(1)

Back

135

(1)

The Low Back Enigma

135

(1)

Low Back Pain

135

(1)

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

136

(1)

Weak Anterior Abdominal Muscles

137

(1)

Tight One-Joint Hip Flexors (Chiefly Iliopsoas)

137

(1)

Tight Two-Joint Hip Flexors

137

(1)

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

138

(1)

Excessive Flexion (Hyperflexion)

138

(1)

Lifting

138

(2)

Section V Intervention

140

(9)

Neck

140

(1)

Tightness of Posterior Neck Muscles

140

(1)

Upper Trapezius Strain

141

(1)

Cervical Nerve Root Compression

141

(1)

Soft Tissue Mobilization of Neck Muscles

142

(1)

Exercises to Stretch Neck Muscles

143

(1)

Computer Ergonomics

144

(1)

Back

145

(1)

Weak Anterior Abdominal Muscles

145

(1)

Tight One-Joint Hip Flexors (Chiefly Iliopsoas)

145

(1)

Tight Low Back Muscles

145

(1)

Back Supports

145

(1)

Excessive Flexion (Hyperflexion)

146

(1)

Treatment for Back Weakness

146

(1)

References

147

(2)

Chapter 5 Trunk and Respiratory Muscles

149

(52)

Introduction

151

(1)

Section I Innervation

151

(2)

Spinal Nerve and Muscle Chart: Trunk

151

(1)

Trunk Muscles Attached to Pelvis

152

(1)

Section II Abdominal Muscles and Tests

153

(22)

Abdominal Muscles

153

(1)

Rectus Abdominis

153

(1)

Cross-Section of Rectus Abdominis and Its Sheath

153

(1)

External Oblique

154

(1)

Internal Oblique

155

(1)

Transversus Abdominis

156

(3)

Abdominal Muscle Tests

159

(1)

Differentiating Actions of the Upper and Lower Abdominals

159

(2)

Analysis of Movements and Muscle Actions During Curled-Trunk Sit-Ups

161

(2)

Movements During Curled-Trunk Sit-Ups with Knees Extended

163

(1)

Movements During Curled-Trunk Sit-Ups with Hips and Knees Flexed

164

(1)

Abdominal and Hip Flexor Muscles During Curled-Trunk Sit-Ups

165

(1)

Zero Position of the Spine, Pelvis, and Hip Joints

165

(1)

Zero Position of the Spine and Pelvis and Flexion of the Hip Joints

165

(1)

Posterior Pelvic Tilt, Lumbar Spine Flexion, and Hip Joint Extension

165

(1)

Posterior Pelvic Tilt, Lumbar Spine Flexion, and Hip Joint Flexion

165

(1)

Spine Flexion Phase (Trunk-Curl) Completed

166

(1)

Hip Flexion Phase (Sit-Up) Initiated

166

(1)

Hip Flexion Phase (Sit-Up) Continued

167

(1)

Hip Flexion Phase (Sit-Up) Completed

167

(1)

Upper Abdominal Muscles: Testing and Grading

168

(1)

Analysis of the Trunk-Raising Movement

168

(1)

Test for Upper Abdominal Muscles

168

(2)

Lower Abdominal Muscles: Testing and Grading

170

(1)

Anterior Trunk Flexors: Lower Abdominal Muscle Test

170

(2)

Abdominal Muscle Weakness: Lower Extremity Lowering

172

(1)

Marked Abdominal Muscle Weakness: Testing and Grading

173

(1)

Temporary Use of the Hooklying (Knee-Bent) Position

173

(1)

Anterior Abdominal Muscles (Mainly Rectus Abdominis)

173

(1)

Oblique Abdominal Muscles

173

(1)

Lateral Trunk Muscles

174

(1)

Recording Grades of Abdominal Muscle Strength

174

(1)

Abdominal Muscle Imbalance and Umbilicus Deviations

174

(1)

Arm Movements in Testing Abdominal Muscles

175

(1)

Section III Muscles of Respiration and Tests

175

(8)

Primary Muscles of Respiration

176

(1)

Diaphragm

177

(1)

Intercostal Muscles

178

(1)

Abdominal Muscles

178

(1)

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

179

(1)

Scalenes

179

(1)

Sternocleidomastoid

179

(1)

Serratus Anterior

179

(1)

Pectoralis Major

179

(1)

Pectoralis Minor

179

(1)

Upper Trapezius

179

(1)

Latissimus Dorsi

180

(1)

Erector Spinae (Thoracic)

180

(1)

Iliocostalis Lumborum

180

(1)

Quadratus Lumborum

180

(1)

Other Accessory Muscles

180

(3)

Section IV Pelvis

183

(1)

Osteology

183

(1)

Muscles

183

(1)

Testing

183

(1)

Observation/Palpation

183

(1)

Manual Muscle Testing

183

(1)

Section V Clinical Findings

184

(3)

Abdominal Region

184

(1)

Abdominal Muscle Weakness: Trunk Raising

184

(1)

Abdominal and Hip Flexor Imbalance

185

(1)

Pelvic Region

186

(1)

Sacroiliac Strain

186

(1)

Sacroiliac Joint

186

(1)

Incontinence

186

(1)

Coccyalgia

186

(1)

Section VI Intervention

187

(14)

Sit-Up Exercises

187

(1)

Indications and Contraindications

188

(1)

Effect of Holding Feet Down During Trunk Raising Forward

189

(1)

Therapeutic Exercises: Trunk Curl

190

(1)

Abdominal Muscles During Leg Lowering

191

(1)

Definitions and Descriptions of Abdominal Muscles During Leg Lowering

191

(1)

Actions of the Abdominal Muscles

192

(1)

Therapeutic Exercises: Posterior Pelvic Tilt

193

(1)

Therapeutic Exercises: Trunk Rotation

194

(1)

External Oblique Strength Exercise

194

(1)

Treatment for Coccyalgia

194

(1)

Therapeutic Objectives for Muscles of Respiration

194

(1)

Abdominal Strengthening Exercises

195

(3)

Rationale for Sacroiliac Joint Treatment

198

(1)

Pelvic Floor Training

198

(1)

Exercise and Biofeedback

198

(1)

References

199

(2)

Chapter 6 Upper Extremity

201

(112)

Introduction

202

(1)

Section I Innervation

202

(10)

The Brachial Plexus

202

(4)

Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb

206

(1)

Anterior View

206

(1)

Posterior View

207

(1)

Dermatomes and Cutaneous Nerve Distributions

208

(1)

Nerves

209

(1)

Motor and Sensory

209

(3)

Section II Hand, Wrist, Forearm, and Elbow Strength and Extensibility Tests

212

(36)

Adductor Pollicis

214

(1)

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

215

(1)

Opponens Pollicis

216

(1)

Flexor Pollicis Longus

217

(1)

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

218

(1)

Extensor Pollicis Longus

219

(1)

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

220

(1)

Abductor Pollicis Longus

221

(1)

Opponens Digiti Minimi

222

(1)

Abductor Digiti Minimi

223

(1)

Flexor Digiti Minimi

224

(1)

Dorsal Interossei

225

(1)

Palmar Interossei

226

(1)

Lumbricales

227

(1)

Lumbricals and Interossei

228

(1)

Palmaris Longus

229

(1)

Palmaris Brevis

229

(1)

Extensor Indicis and Digiti Minimi

230

(1)

Extensor Indicis

230

(1)

Extensor Digiti Minimi

230

(1)

Extensor Digitorum

231

(1)

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

232

(1)

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

233

(1)

Flexor Carpi Radialis

234

(1)

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

235

(1)

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis

236

(1)

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

236

(1)

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

236

(1)

Test of Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis

236

(1)

Test of Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

237

(1)

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

237

(1)

Pronator Teres and Quadratus

238

(1)

Pronator Teres

238

(1)

Pronator Quadratus

238

(1)

Test for Pronators Teres and Quadratus

239

(1)

Test for Pronators Quadratus

239

(1)

Supinator and Biceps

240

(1)

Supinator

240

(1)

Test for Supinator and Biceps

241

(1)

Biceps Brachii and Brachialis

242

(1)

Biceps Brachii

242

(1)

Brachialis

242

(1)

Test for Biceps Brachii and Brachialis

242

(1)

Brachioradialis

243

(1)

Elbow Flexors

244

(1)

Triceps Brachii and Anconeus

245

(1)

Triceps Brachii

245

(1)

Anconeus

245

(1)

Triceps Brachii and Anconeus

245

(2)

Range of Motion: Thumb and Digits

247

(1)

Strength Testing of Thumb and Digits

247

(1)

Section III Shoulder and Scapula Strength Tests

248

(36)

Movements of the Shoulder Girdle (Complex)

248

(1)

Joints

248

(1)

Glenohumeral Joint

248

(1)

Sternoclavicular Joint and Scapula

249

(1)

Sternoclavicular Joint

249

(1)

Scapula

249

(3)

Muscle Length Tests

252

(1)

Length of Humeral and Scapular Muscles

252

(1)

Test for Length of Pectoralis Minor

253

(1)

Test for Tightness of Muscles That Depress the Coracoid Process Anteriorly

253

(1)

Test for Length of Pectoralis Major

254

(1)

Tests for Length of Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Rhomboids

255

(1)

Tests for Length of Shoulder Medial Rotators

256

(1)

Test of Length of Shoulder Lateral Rotators

256

(3)

Muscle Strength Tests

259

(1)

Coracobrachialis

259

(1)

Supraspinatus

260

(2)

Deltoid

262

(1)

Anterior Deltoid

263

(1)

Posterior Deltoid

263

(1)

Anterior Deltoid

264

(1)

Posterior Deltoid

264

(1)

Pectoralis Major, Clavicular Portion

265

(1)

Pectoralis Major, Sternocostal Portion

266

(1)

Pectoralis Minor

267

(1)

Shoulder External Rotators

268

(2)

Shoulder Internal Rotators (Group Test)

270

(1)

Teres Major

271

(1)

Subscapularis

271

(1)

Latissimus Dorsi

272

(2)

Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae, and Trapezius

274

(2)

Alternate Rhomboid

276

(2)

Middle Trapezius

278

(1)

Lower Trapezius

279

(1)

Modified Trapezius

279

(1)

Upper Trapezius

280

(1)

Serratus Anterior

281

(1)

Preferred Test for Serratus Anterior

282

(1)

Standing Test for Serratus Anterior

283

(1)

Section IV Clinical Findings

284

(21)

Shortness of Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

284

(1)

Nerve Entrapments

285

(2)

Impairments Involving Trapezius and Serratus Anterior

287

(1)

Impairment of Right Trapezius and Serratus Anterior

287

(1)

Impairment of Right Trapezius with Normal Serratus

287

(3)

Painful Conditions of the Upper Back

290

(1)

Weakness of Upper Back

291

(1)

Short Rhomboids

291

(1)

Middle and Lower Trapezius Strain

291

(1)

Middle and Upper Back Pain due to Osteoporosis

292

(1)

Scheuermann's Disease

293

(1)

Painful Conditions of the Upper Extremity

293

(1)

Guyon's Tunnel Syndrome

293

(1)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

293

(1)

Pronator Syndrome

294

(1)

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

294

(1)

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

294

(1)

Coracoid Pressure Syndrome

294

(1)

Teres Syndrome (Quadrilateral Space Syndrome)

295

(1)

Tight Shoulder External Rotators

296

(1)

Cervical Rib

296

(1)

Use of Charts for Differential Diagnosis

296

(1)

Case 1 Radial Nerve Lesion

297

(1)

Neck, Diaphragm, and Upper Extremity

297

(1)

Case 2 Radial, Median, and Ulnar Nerve Lesion

298

(1)

Neck, Diaphragm, and Upper Extremity

298

(2)

Case 3 Probable C5 Lesion

300

(1)

Neck, Diaphragm, and Upper Extremity

300

(1)

Case 4 Lateral and Medial Cord Lesion

301

(1)

Neck, Diaphragm, and Upper Extremity

301

(1)

Case 5 Partial Brachial Plexus Lesion

302

(1)

Neck, Diaphragm, and Upper Extremity

302

(1)

Sensory and Reflex Tests

303

(1)

Manual Muscle Test

303

(1)

Case 6 Stretch Weakness Superimposed on a Peripheral Nerve Injury

304

(1)

Cumulative Trauma (Overuse) Injuries

304

(1)

Section V Intervention

305

(8)

General Corrective Exercise Principles

305

(1)

Nerve Entrapments

306

(1)

Stretch of Pectoralis Minor

306

(1)

Teres Syndrome

307

(1)

Pain from Shoulder Subluxation

307

(1)

Assisted Stretch of Shoulder External Rotators

308

(1)

Postural Correction of Cervical Rib Presentation

308

(1)

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

308

(1)

Coracoid Pressure Syndrome

309

(1)

Cumulative Trauma (Overuse) Injuries

309

(1)

References

309

(4)

Chapter 7 Lower Extremity

313

(106)

Introduction

315

(1)

Section I Innervation

315

(9)

Lumbar Plexus

315

(1)

Sacral Plexus

315

(3)

Spinal Nerve and Muscle Chart

318

(1)

Lower Extremity

318

(1)

Spinal Nerve and Motor Point Chart

319

(1)

Lower Extremity Muscles Chart

320

(2)

Nerves to Muscles: Motor and Sensory or Motor

322

(1)

Cutaneous Nerves of the Lower Limb

323

(1)

Section II Foot and Ankle Strength and Extensibility Tests

324

(19)

Joint Movements

324

(1)

Interphalangeal Joints of Toes

324

(1)

Metatarsophalangeal Joints

324

(1)

Subtalar Joint and Transverse Tarsal Joints

324

(1)

Movements of Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

325

(1)

Tests for Length of Ankle Plantar Flexors

325

(1)

One-Joint Plantar Flexors

325

(1)

Two-Joint Plantar Flexors

326

(1)

Abductor Hallucis and Adductor Hallucis

326

(1)

Abductor Hallucis

326

(1)

Adductor Hallucis

327

(1)

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

328

(1)

Flexor Hallucis Longus

329

(1)

Extensor Hallucis Longus and Brevis

330

(1)

Extensor Hallucis Longus

330

(1)

Extensor Hallucis Brevis (Medial Slip of Extensor Digitorum Brevis)

330

(1)

Lumbricals and Interossei

331

(1)

Lumbricals (Four)

331

(1)

Plantar Interossei (Three)

331

(1)

Dorsal Interossei (Four)

332

(1)

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

333

(1)

Flexor Digitorum Longus and Quadratus Plantae

334

(1)

Flexor Digitorum Longus

334

(1)

Quadratus Plantae (Flexor Accessorius)

334

(1)

Extensor Digitorum Longus and Brevis and Fibularis Tertius

335

(1)

Extensor Digitorum Longus

335

(1)

Extensor Digitorum Brevis/Extensor Hallucis Brevis

335

(1)

Fibularis Tertius

336

(1)

Extensor Digitorum Longus and Brevis

336

(1)

Tibialis Anterior

337

(1)

Tibialis Posterior

338

(1)

Fibularis Longus and Brevis

339

(1)

Fibularis Longus

339

(1)

Fibularis Brevis

339

(1)

Ankle Plantar Flexors

340

(1)

Soleus

340

(2)

Gastrocnemius and Plantaris

342

(1)

Gastrocnemius

342

(1)

Plantaris

342

(1)

Ankle Plantar Flexors

342

(1)

Section III Knee and Hip Strength and Flexibility Tests

343

(20)

Joint Movements

343

(1)

Movements of Knee Joint

343

(1)

Movements of Hip Joint

344

(1)

Hip Adduction: Range of Motion

345

(1)

Joint Measurement Chart

346

(1)

Tests for Length of Hip Flexor Muscles

347

(1)

Correct Test for Length of Hip Flexor Muscles

348

(1)

Error in Testing

348

(1)

Normal Length of Hip Flexors

349

(1)

Shortness of Both One-Joint and Two-Joint Hip Flexors

349

(1)

Normal Length of One-Joint and Shortness of Two-Joint Hip Flexors

350

(1)

Shortness of One-Joint and No Shortness of Two-Joint Hip Flexors

350

(1)

Excessive Hip Flexor Length

351

(1)

Shortness of Sartorius

351

(1)

Shortness of Tensor Fasciae Latae During Hip Flexor Length Testing

351

(1)

Problems Associated with Hamstring Length Testing

352

(1)

Tests for Length of Hamstring Muscles

352

(1)

Straight-Leg Raising

352

(1)

Sit and Reach (Forward Bending)

353

(1)

Hip Flexion at 90° with Passive or Active Knee Extension in Supine

353

(1)

Effect of Hip Flexor Shortness on Hamstring Length Tests

354

(1)

Errors in Testing Hamstring Length

355

(1)

Error in Testing

355

(1)

No Standardization of Low Back and Pelvis

355

(1)

The Ober and Modified Ober Test

356

(1)

Ober Test

357

(1)

Modified Ober Test

357

(1)

Bilateral Tightness of Tensor Fasciae Latae: Positive Ober Test

358

(1)

Bilateral Tightness of Tensor Fasciae Latae: Modified Ober Test (Knee Extended)

358

(1)

Errors in Testing for Tightness of Tensor Fasciae Latae and Iliotibial Band

358

(1)

Modified Ober Test: Trunk Prone

359

(1)

Leg-Length Measurements

360

(1)

Hip Flexor Length Testing

361

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

362

(1)

Section IV Muscle Strength Tests

363

(21)

Chart for Analysis of Muscle Imbalance: Lower Extremity

363

(1)

Popliteus

364

(1)

Medial Hamstrings: Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus

365

(1)

Semitendinosus

365

(1)

Semimembranosus

365

(1)

Lateral Hamstrings: Biceps Femoris

366

(1)

Biceps Femoris

366

(1)

Hamstrings and Gracilis

367

(1)

Quadriceps Femoris

368

(3)

Iliopsoas and Psoas Minor

371

(1)

Psoas Major

371

(1)

Iliacus

371

(1)

Iliopsoas

371

(1)

Iliopsoas (with Emphasis on Psoas Major)

371

(1)

Psoas Minor

372

(1)

Sartorius

372

(1)

Error in Testing Sartorius

373

(1)

Tensor Fasciae Latae

373

(1)

Hip Adductors

374

(1)

Pectineus

374

(1)

Adductor Magnus

374

(1)

Gracilis

374

(1)

Adductor Brevis

375

(1)

Adductor Longus

375

(1)

Hip Adductors

375

(1)

Mechanical Axis of Femur and Rotation Action of Adductors

376

(1)

Medial Rotators of Hip Joint

377

(1)

Lateral Rotators of Hip Joint

378

(1)

Piriformis

378

(1)

Quadratus Femoris

378

(1)

Obturator Internus

378

(1)

Obturator Externus

378

(1)

Gemellus Superior

378

(1)

Gemellus Inferior

378

(1)

Lateral Rotators of Hip Joint

379

(1)

Gluteus Minimus

380

(1)

Gluteus Medius

381

(1)

Gluteus Maximus

382

(1)

Modified Test for Gluteus Maximus

383

(1)

Section V Clinical Findings

384

(12)

Deformities of Foot and Ankle

384

(1)

Foot Problems

384

(1)

Faulty and Painful Foot Conditions and Treatment Indications

384

(1)

Pronation without Flatness of the Longitudinal Arch

385

(1)

Pronation with Flatness of the Longitudinal Arch

385

(1)

Supinated Foot

385

(1)

Hammer Toes

385

(1)

Metatarsal Arch Strain

385

(1)

Hallux Valgus

385

(1)

In-Toeing Position of the Foot

386

(1)

Out-Toeing Position of the Feet

386

(1)

Shoes

386

(1)

Knee Problems

387

(1)

Genu Varum (Bowlegs)

387

(1)

Knee Hyperextension

387

(1)

Genu Valgum (Knock-Knees)

387

(1)

Knee Flexion

387

(1)

Medial Rotation of Hip and Pronation of Feet

388

(1)

Habitual Positions that Predispose to Bilateral Adaptive Shortening

388

(1)

Normal Hamstring Length

389

(1)

Excessive Hamstring Length

389

(1)

Shortness of Hamstrings

390

(1)

Hamstring Length: Apparently Short, Actually Normal

390

(1)

Hamstring Length: Apparently Normal, Actually Excessive

390

(1)

Short Hamstrings

391

(1)

Apparent Hamstring Length Greater than Actual Length

391

(1)

Gluteus Medius Weakness

392

(1)

Trendelenburg Sign and Hip Abductor Weakness

393

(1)

Apparent Leg-Length Discrepancy Caused by Muscle Imbalance

394

(1)

Leg Pain

395

(1)

Tight Tensor Fasciae Latae and lliotibial Band

395

(1)

Section VI Intervention

396

(23)

Treatment of Muscle Length Problems

396

(1)

Treatment of Foot Problems

396

(1)

Hallux Valgus

396

(1)

Hammer Toes

396

(1)

Treatment of Pronation without Flatness of the Longitudinal Arch

396

(1)

Treatment of Pronation with Flatness of the Longitudinal Arch

396

(1)

Corrective Foot Exercises for Pronated Feet

397

(1)

Treatment of Supinated Foot

397

(1)

Metatarsal Arch Strain

397

(1)

In-Toeing Position of the Foot

397

(1)

Out-Toeing Position of the Feet

398

(1)

Shoes and Shoe Corrections

399

(1)

Shoes

399

(1)

Genu Varum

399

(1)

Knee Hyperextension

400

(1)

Genu Valgum

400

(1)

Hip Flexor Stretching

400

(1)

Hamstring Stretching

401

(1)

Straight-Leg Raising

401

(1)

Knee Extension in Sitting Position

402

(1)

Positions to Avoid

402

(1)

Medial Rotation of Hip and Pronation of Feet

402

(1)

Apparent Leg-Length Discrepancy Caused by Muscle Imbalance

402

(1)

Tensor Fasciae Latae Stretching

403

(1)

Stretched Tensor Fasciae Latae and Iliotibial Band

404

(1)

Abductor Exercises

405

(1)

Protruded Intervertebral Disk

406

(1)

Piriformis Muscle and Its Relation to Sciatic Pain

407

(1)

Sciatica

408

(1)

Neuromuscular Problems

408

(1)

Case 1 Fibular Nerve Injury

409

(1)

Trunk and Lower Extremity

409

(1)

Case 2 Lesion Involving Lumbosacral Nerves

410

(1)

Diagnostic Chart for Nerve Lesions: Trunk and Lower Extremity

410

(2)

Case 3 Possible L5 Lesion

412

(1)

Trunk and Lower Extremity

412

(1)

Case 4 Guillain-Barre Syndrome 1

413

(1)

Case 5 Guillain Barre Syndrome 2

414

(1)

Case 6 Polio

415

(1)

Corrective Exercises: Lower Extremity

416

(2)

References

418

(1)

APPENDICES

419

(44)

Appendix A Posture of Children

419

(1)

Introduction

420

(11)

Factors Influencing Children's Posture

420

(1)

Nutritional Factors

420

(1)

Defects, Diseases, and Disabilities

420

(1)

Environmental Factors

420

(1)

Developmental Factors

421

(2)

Good and Faulty Posture of Children

423

(1)

Feet

423

(1)

Knees

423

(1)

Neck and Trunk

424

(1)

Normal Flexibility According to Age Level

425

(1)

Flexibility Tests: Charts

426

(1)

Flexibility Test 1 Touching Fingertips to Toes

426

(1)

Flexibility Test 2 Touching Forehead to Knees

427

(1)

Problems with Physical Fitness Tests

428

(1)

Knee-Bent Sit-Ups with Feet Held Down

428

(1)

Push-Ups

429

(1)

Sit-and-Reach

429

(1)

References

429

(2)

Appendix B Considerations for Specialty Diagnoses/Populations

431

(18)

Scoliosis

432

(1)

Scoliosis Resulting from Neuromuscular Disease

433

(1)

Postural Examination

434

(3)

Functional Scoliosis

437

(1)

Exercises and Supports

438

(2)

Early Intervention

440

(1)

Corrective Exercises: Posture

440

(2)

Polio

442

(1)

Factors Influencing Treatment

442

(1)

Polio and Postpolio Muscle Tests

443

(1)

Late Complications of Polio: Postpolio Syndrome

443

(4)

Late Complications of Polio

447

(1)

References

447

(1)

E-grāmata: Kendall's Muscles: Testing and Function with Posture and Pain

DRM restrictions

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