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E-grāmata: The Khoesan Languages

Edited by (University of Frankfurt, Germany)
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The Routledge Language Family series is aimed at undergraduates and postgraduates of linguistics and language, and those with an interest in historical linguistics, linguistic anthropology and language development.

According to a widely accepted hypothesis, the Khoesan languages represent the smallest of the four language phyla in Africa, geographically distributed mainly in Botswana and Namibia. Today, only 30 or so Khoesan languages may still exist, with about 300,000 native speakers. In other words, most Khoesan languages were already extinct before a sound scholarly interest in them could begin to develop.

Drawing together a distinguished group of international experts, with much of the material taken from data collected by the authors’ own field work, this volume presents descriptive, typological, historical-comparative and sociolinguistic material on Khoesan. The Khoesan Languages contains eight sections: an introduction, an overview of genetic relationships, a typological survey and profile of Khoesan, four chapters covering core linguistic areas of Khoesan phonetics and phonology, tonology, morphology and syntax, and a final chapter tackling major issues in Khoesan sociolinguistics, as well as discussions of language contact.

Comprehensive and scholarly, yet also lucid in its coverage of a broad range of languages, dialects and sub-groups, this unprecedented and original work represents the current state of Khoesan linguistics.

Editor's note vii
List of illustrations
ix
List of contributors
xii
Acknowledgements xiv
List of abbreviations
xv
1 Introduction
1(12)
Rainer Vossen
1 General background
1(4)
2 Typological characteristics
5(2)
3 The intended audience
7(1)
4 The contents
7(1)
5 Geographical coverage
8(5)
2 Genetic relationships: an overview of the evidence
13(12)
Henry Honken
1 Introduction
13(1)
2 Previous work in the field
14(1)
3 Agreements and disagreements
14(2)
4 South African Khoesan
16(3)
5 East African Khoesan
19(3)
6 For and against
22(3)
3 Typology
25(13)
Tom Guldemann
1 Introduction
25(1)
2 Morphosyntax
25(5)
3 Phonetics and phonology
30(6)
4 Toward a typological profile of Khoesan
36(2)
4 Phonetics and phonology
38(51)
1 Hadza
38(4)
Bonny Sands
2 Sandawe
42(3)
Edward D. Elderkin
3 South African Khoesan
45(44)
3.1 Northern Khoesan
45(6)
Amanda L. Miller
3.2 Central Khoesan
51(1)
3.2.1 Namibian Khoekhoe and !Gora
51(5)
Wilfrid H.G. Haacke
3.2.2 Hailom
56(2)
Thomas Widlok
3.2.3 Kxoe subgroup
58(2)
Rainer Vossen
3.2.4 Naro
60(4)
Hessel Visser
3.2.5 IGana subgroup
64(7)
Hirosi Nakagawa
3.2.6 Shua subgroup
71(2)
Rainer Vossen
3.2.7 Tshwa subgroup
73(2)
Rainer Vossen
3.3 Southern Khoesan (Tuu)
75(9)
Tom Gilldemann
3.4 Eastern Hoan
84(3)
Henry Honken
3.5 Kwadi
87(2)
Tom Gilldemann
5 Tonology
89(18)
1 Hadza
89(1)
Bonny Sands
2 Sandawe
90(2)
Edward D. Elderkin
3 South African Khoesan
92(15)
3.1 Northern Khoesan
92(4)
Amanda L. Miller
3.2 Central Khoesan
96(1)
3.2.1 Namibian Khoekhoe
96(1)
Wilfrid H.G. Haacke
3.2.2 Kxoe subgroup: Khwe, IAni
97(1)
Rainer Vossen
3.2.3 Naro
98(1)
Hessel Visser
3.2.4 IGana subgroup: IGui
99(4)
Hirosi Nakagawa
3.2.5 Shua subgroup: Cara, Deti
103(1)
Rainer Vossen
3.2.6 Tshwa subgroup
104(1)
Rainer Vossen
3.3 Southern Khoesan: !Xoo
104(1)
Amanda L. Miller
3.4 Eastern Hoan
105(2)
Henry Honken
6 Morphology
107(34)
1 Hadza
107(17)
Bonny Sands
2 Sandawe
124(17)
Edward D. Elderkin
3 South African Khoesan
141(124)
3.1 Northern Khoesan
141(1)
3.2 Central Khoesan
141(1)
3.2.1 Namibian Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara)
141(10)
Wilfrid H.G. Haacke
3.2.2 !Gora Wilfrid H.G. Haacke
151(6)
3.2.3 Hailom
157(8)
Thomas Widlok
3.2.4 Kxoe subgroup
165(14)
Rainer Vossen
Mathias Schladt
3.2.5 Naro
179(28)
Hessel Visser
3.2.6 IGana subgroup
207(8)
Rainer Vossen
3.2.7 Shua subgroup
215(13)
Rainer Vossen
3.2.8 Tshwa subgroup
228(6)
Rainer Vossen
3.3 Southern Khoesan (Tuu)
234(15)
Tom Guldemann
3.4 Eastern Hoan
249(12)
Henry Honken
3.5 Kwadi
261(4)
Tom Guldemann
7 Syntax
265(169)
1 Hadza
265(9)
Bonny Sands
2 Sandawe
274(19)
Edward D. Elderkin
3 South African Khoesan
293(141)
3.1 Northern Khoesan: !Xun
293(32)
Bernd Heine
Christa Konig
3.2 Central Khoesan
325(1)
3.2.1 Namibian Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara)
325(15)
Wilfrid H.C. Haacke
3.2.2 !Gora
340(7)
Wilfrid H.C. Haacke
3.2.3 Hailom
347(9)
Thomas Widlok
3.2.4 Kxoe subgroup: Khwe
356(23)
Christa Kilian-Hatz
3.2.5 Naro
379(15)
Hessel Visser
3.2.6 IGana subgroup: IGui
394(7)
Hirosi Nakagawa
3.2.7 Shua subgroup
401(6)
Rainer Vossen
3.2.8 Tshwa subgroup
407(1)
Rainer Vossen
3.3 Southern Khoesan (Tuu)
408(23)
Tom Guldemann
3.4 Eastern Hoan
431(1)
Henry Honken
3.5 Kwadi
431(3)
Tom Guldemann
8 Language contact and sociolinguistics
434(1)
1 The impact of Khoesan on southern Bantu
435(9)
J.A. Louw
2 Bantu-Khoesan language contacts in northern Botswana
444(2)
Gabriele Sommer
3 Traces of Bantu-Khoesan interaction in Manyo (Kavango Bantu, Namibia)
446(3)
Wilhelm J.G. Mohlig
4 South African Khoekhoe in contact with Dutch/Afrikaans
449(7)
Hans den Besten
5 Contact-induced change between Khoekhoe and Afrikaans
456(4)
Wilfrid H.G. Haacke
6 Namibian Jul'hoansi in contact with speakers of Afrikaans
460(1)
Amanda L. Miller
7 Hailom language contact
461(2)
Thomas Widlok
8 Khoesan-intemal contacts
463(2)
Tom Guldemann
9 The extinct Khoesan languages of Eastern Africa
465(14)
Christopher Ehret
10 The sociolinguistic situation of Khoesan languages today
479
Gabriele Sommer
Thomas Widlok
Bibliography 82
Index 47
Rainer Vossen is a University Professor and Executive Director of the Institute of African Studies at the University of Frankfurt upon Main, Germany.