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E-grāmata: Lakes of the Basin of Mexico: Dynamics of a Lacustrine System and the Evolution of a Civilization

  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Nov-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783031127335
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Lakes of the Basin of Mexico: Dynamics of a Lacustrine System and the Evolution of a CivilizationPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Nov-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783031127335
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This book is a review of research on the prehistoric and historic evolution of the Basin of Mexico’s lacustrine systems. Based on this review, the book presents a model of long and short-term natural lacustrine dynamics as the basis for understanding the processes of human adaptation and transformation of the aquatic ecosystems of the Basin of Mexico. Although only remains of the former lakes exist, the book stresses the importance of the knowledge of the former natural and cultural history of the lakes. In this sense, the book addresses the misconceptions and misinterpretations of the lakes that still exist in the literature and the media and that do not reflect the real nature of the lakes in the past.  Therefore, the book attempts to not only feed into the local knowledge of the lakes, but also contribute to the worldwide knowledge of lacustrine dynamics and human populations that lived in and around them. The book should be of interest to geographers, geologists, archaeologists, natural historians and environmental scientists, civil engineers, city planners and those involved in the management of natural resources.

Part I The Lakes: Approaches and Records of Their Past and Present
1 Basin of Mexico and Its Lakes: Approaches and Research Questions
3(22)
1.1 Denning a Regional Research Subject
3(3)
1.2 Scientific and Humanistic Approaches
6(10)
1.2.1 The Development of a Scientific Approach
6(2)
1.2.2 The Emerging Interest in the Past
8(1)
1.2.3 Archaeology, Anthropology, and Ethnohistory
9(1)
1.2.4 Hydrology and Hydraulics
10(1)
1.2.5 Geosciences and Civil Engineering
11(1)
1.2.6 Quaternary Geology and Geoarchaeology
12(1)
1.2.7 Paleoecology and Paleolimnology
13(1)
1.2.8 Cultural Ecology
13(1)
1.2.9 Environmental History
14(1)
1.2.10 Ecology and Conservation
15(1)
1.3 Persistent Views Regarding the Former Lakes
16(4)
1.3.1 Unfounded Paradigms
16(1)
1.3.2 The Configuration of the Former Lakes on Maps
17(2)
1.3.3 A View from the City Versus a View from the Lakes
19(1)
1.4 Thematic Research Questions
20(5)
1.4.1 The Evolution and Geographic Characteristics of the Prehistoric Lakes
21(1)
1.4.2 Long-and Short-Term Lacustrine Dynamics
21(1)
1.4.3 Lake Dynamics and Human Appropriation of Lacustrine Spaces
22(1)
1.4.4 The Origin and Evolution of Tenochtitlan and Its Hydraulic System
22(1)
1.4.5 The Lakes During the War of Conquest
23(1)
1.4.6 Spanish and Independent Mexican Attitudes Toward the Lakes
23(2)
2 Resources for Reconstructing the Ancient Lakes
25(24)
2.1 Diverse Sources of Information
25(1)
2.2 The Archaeological Record
25(13)
2.2.1 The Preceramic Period
25(3)
2.2.2 The Ceramic Period
28(2)
2.2.3 Recovery of the Archaeological Record
30(4)
2.2.4 Archaeology in the Urbanized Areas
34(2)
2.2.5 The Artifactual Record of Past Aquatic Lifeways
36(2)
2.3 The Historical and Ethnohistorical Record
38(6)
2.3.1 Codices and Representations of Lacustrine Geography
38(1)
2.3.2 Chronicles and Descriptions of Daily Life
39(1)
2.3.3 Written Documents and Cartographic Sketches
40(3)
2.3.4 Historical Landmarks and Historical Photography
43(1)
2.4 The Modem Environment and the Ethnographic Record
44(1)
2.4.1 Features in the Modem Landscape as Clues to the Past
44(1)
2.4.2 The Ethnographic Record and Ethnoarchaeology
45(1)
2.5 GIScience, Virtual Realities, and Modeling
45(4)
2.5.1 GIS and Remotely Sensed Imagery
45(1)
2.5.2 Virtual Realities of the Past
46(1)
2.5.3 Modeling Past Environments and Their Processes
46(3)
3 Geographic Context and the Modern Environment
49(26)
3.1 General Physiographic Background
49(5)
3.1.1 Location and Major Landforms
49(2)
3.1.2 Topographic Characteristics of the Lacustrine Basins
51(3)
3.2 Climate
54(6)
3.2.1 General Climatic Patterns
54(2)
3.2.2 Temperatures
56(1)
3.2.3 Precipitation and Moisture Balance
57(2)
3.2.4 Wind Patterns
59(1)
3.3 Hydrology
60(4)
3.3.1 The Current Drainage System
60(2)
3.3.2 The Modem Hydrological Record and the Former Lake Basins
62(2)
3.4 Regional Ecosystems and Soils
64(4)
3.4.1 Vegetation Communities and Floristic Composition
64(2)
3.4.2 Fauna
66(1)
3.4.3 Soils and Landscapes
66(2)
3.5 Lacustrine Flora and Fauna
68(7)
3.5.1 Aquatic, Subaquatic, and Halophytic Vegetation
68(2)
3.5.2 Fish
70(2)
3.5.3 Amphibians and Reptiles
72(1)
3.5.4 Aquatic Avifauna
72(1)
3.5.5 Other Living Forms in the Aquatic Environments
73(2)
4 Geological Evolution of the Lacustrine Basins
75(22)
4.1 The Geological Record
75(10)
4.1.1 Stratigraphic Sequences
75(1)
4.1.2 Deep Cores
76(2)
4.1.3 Medium-Depth Cores
78(2)
4.1.4 Shallow-Depth Cores
80(1)
4.1.5 Subsurface Cores and Exposures
80(1)
4.1.6 Lithostratigraphic Chronologies
81(1)
4.1.7 Surface Geology and Tectonic Structures
82(1)
4.1.8 Geotechnical Records
83(2)
4.2 The Tectonic and Volcanic Background
85(4)
4.2.1 The Basin of Mexico in the Regional Tectonic Context
85(3)
4.2.2 Summarized Sequence of Geologic Events
88(1)
4.3 Formation and Integration of the Lacustrine Basins
89(4)
4.3.1 Tectonic Evolution Models and Biogeographic Patterns
89(2)
4.3.2 The Origin and Integration of the Pleistocene Endorheic Basins
91(2)
4.4 Geological Legacies in the Lacustrine Realm
93(4)
4.4.1 The Legacy of Deep Faulting
93(1)
4.4.2 The Volcanic Legacy
94(1)
4.4.3 Minerals in the Lacustrine Basins
95(2)
5 Recent Sediments and Landforms
97(26)
5.1 Sediments, Landforms, and Their Interpretation
97(2)
5.1.1 The Lacustrine Basins in the Quaternary
97(1)
5.1.2 Geomorphic Features in the Lacustrine Realm
98(1)
5.2 Sedimentation in the Lacustrine Basins
99(7)
5.2.1 Lacustrine and Palustrine Sediments
99(4)
5.2.2 Gaps and Disturbance of Lacustrine Stratigraphic Sequences
103(3)
5.3 Lakeshore and Transitional Environments
106(13)
5.3.1 Beach and Other Lakeshore Deposits
106(6)
5.3.2 Fluvial Environments and Their Stratigraphic Sequences
112(2)
5.3.3 Fluvio-lacustrine Deposits
114(5)
5.4 Pedogenesis and Soil Patterns in the Dry Lakebeds
119(4)
6 Lacustrine Change in the Late Quaternary
123(22)
6.1 Chronological Schemes
123(5)
6.1.1 Stratigraphic and Chronological Schemes in the Quaternary of the Basin of Mexico
123(1)
6.1.2 The Impact of Absolute Chronologies
124(1)
6.1.3 Tephrochronology
125(3)
6.2 Paleolimnological Research in the Basin of Mexico
128(6)
6.2.1 Research Localities
128(2)
6.2.2 Paleolimnological Research
130(1)
6.2.3 Multiproxy Paleolimnological Reconstructions
130(4)
6.3 Background for Paleoclimatic Change
134(11)
6.3.1 Correlation Across Paleoclimatic Records
134(3)
6.3.2 Glacial Chronologies and Lacustrine Changes
137(2)
6.3.3 Vegetation Changes Around the Lakes
139(1)
6.3.4 Paleosols and Paleoclimatic Change
140(1)
6.3.5 High-Resolution Records
140(5)
Part II The Lakes: Geography and Environmental Dynamics
7 A Geographic Sketch of the Historic Lakes
145(22)
7.1 Cartographic Representations of the Lakes
145(5)
7.1.1 The Former Lakes in Modem Maps
145(1)
7.1.2 Cartographic References for Reconstructing the Ancient Lakes
146(4)
7.2 An Ever-Changing Lacustrine Geography
150(7)
7.2.1 The Lakes and Their Changing Shorelines
150(1)
7.2.2 Connected or Disconnected Lakes?
151(2)
7.2.3 Lagos or Lagunas?
153(2)
7.2.4 Shifting Names and Shifting Lakes
155(2)
7.3 A Geography of the Historic Lakes
157(10)
7.3.1 The Lacustrine Complex
157(2)
7.3.2 The Northern Lakes: Zumpango and Xaltocan
159(3)
7.3.3 Lake Texcoco
162(2)
7.3.4 The Southern Lakes: Chalco and Xochimilco
164(2)
7.3.5 Recapping on the Geographic Nature of the Former Lakes
166(1)
8 Models of Lacustrine Dynamics and Environments
167(28)
8.1 Conceptual Framework and Methodological Approaches
167(2)
8.1.1 Characterization of the Basin of Mexico's Lacustrine Systems
167(1)
8.1.2 Approaches to Reconstructing the Dynamics of Vanished Lakes
168(1)
8.2 Shallow Lacustrine Systems
169(13)
8.2.1 General Characteristics of Shallow Lakes
169(4)
8.2.2 Wind, Currents, and Waves: A Model
173(2)
8.2.3 Effects of Storms and Seiches
175(1)
8.2.4 Fluvio-Lacustrine Environments: Deltaic Systems
176(6)
8.3 Natural Features in the Lacustrine Realm
182(3)
8.3.1 Islands, Shoals, and Tulares
182(1)
8.3.2 Mudflats, Saltflats, Marshes, and Swamps
183(1)
8.3.3 Inlets (Esteros)
183(2)
8.3.4 Springs
185(1)
8.4 Ecological Expression of Depositional Environments
185(4)
8.4.1 Geomorphological and Ecological Diversity Across the Former Lake Basins
185(2)
8.4.2 Low-Gradient Littoral Environments
187(1)
8.4.3 High-Gradient Littoral Environments
188(1)
8.4.4 Mid-Lake Environments
188(1)
8.5 Dynamics of the Basin's Lacustrine Complex
189(6)
8.5.1 Physico-Geographical Factors
189(1)
8.5.2 Seasonal, Interannual, Decadal, and Centennial Lacustrine Dynamics
190(5)
9 Cultural Features in the Lacustrine Realm
195(28)
9.1 Cultural Features: Environmental Context and Basic Structures
195(2)
9.1.1 The Lacustrine Context of Human-Made Features
195(1)
9.1.2 The Palisaded Enclosure as a Basic Construction Feature
196(1)
9.2 Tlateles, Platforms, and Complex Insular Settlements
197(9)
9.2.1 The Concept of Tlatel in the Lacustrine Context of the Basin of Mexico
197(1)
9.2.2 From Tlatel and Platform to Insular Complexes
198(1)
9.2.3 Tlateles and Salt-Production
199(1)
9.2.4 Archaeological Examples of Tlateles
199(7)
9.3 Chinampas
206(8)
9.3.1 Definition and Description
206(4)
9.3.2 Types of Chinampas
210(2)
9.3.3 Chinampa Fields in the Context of Other Features
212(2)
9.4 Canals and Embarcaderos
214(1)
9.4.1 Canals and Their Purposes
214(1)
9.4.2 Embarcaderos (Dockings)
215(1)
9.5 Dikes, Dams, and Causeways
215(4)
9.5.1 Features and Functions
215(4)
9.5.2 Features Associated with Dikes and Causeways
219(1)
9.6 Tools, Human Power, and Construction Materials
219(4)
9.6.1 Tools and Human Power
219(1)
9.6.2 Lacustrine Raw Materials
220(1)
9.6.3 Non-lacustrine Materials
221(2)
10 Models of Lacustrine Features and Settlement Development
223(28)
10.1 A Classification of Cultural Lacustrine Features
223(5)
10.1.1 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
223(1)
10.1.2 Feature Typology by Setting and Type of Construction
224(4)
10.2 Types of Features: Models and Examples
228(15)
10.2.1 Tlateles Based on Geomorphic Setting
228(4)
10.2.2 Tlateles and Platforms Based on Construction Type
232(2)
10.2.3 Canals
234(3)
10.2.4 Embarcaderos
237(1)
10.2.5 Types of Chinampas by Setting
237(3)
10.2.6 Types of Chinampas by Construction
240(1)
10.2.7 Dikes, Causeways, and Bordos
241(2)
10.3 Processes of Lacustrine Appropriation and Control
243(8)
10.3.1 Complexes of Cultural Features in the Lakes of the Basin of Mexico
243(1)
10.3.2 Processes of Cultural Development and Control of Freshwater Lakes
243(3)
10.3.3 Processes of Cultural Development and Control of Saline Lakes
246(1)
10.3.4 Water Compartments in the Agricultural Development of Saline and Brackish Lakes
247(4)
Part III Lacustrine Systems in the Evolution of Civilization
11 From the Upper Pleistocene to the Agricultural Beginnings
251(20)
11.1 The Lakes Through the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene
251(4)
11.1.1 The Lakes Before the Appearance of Humans in the Basin
251(1)
11.1.2 From MIS 6 to MIS 2
252(1)
11.1.3 The Last Glacial Maximum
252(1)
11.1.4 The Deglaciation and the Younger Dryas
253(1)
11.1.5 Early and Middle Holocene Environments
254(1)
11.2 Lakes, Megafauna, and Early Humans in the Basin
255(8)
11.2.1 Megafaunal Sites
255(3)
11.2.2 Pleistocene Human Occupations in the Basin of Mexico
258(1)
11.2.3 Preceramic Human Remains and Sites
259(2)
11.2.4 Rock Promontories and Early Humans in the Lacustrine Realm
261(2)
11.3 Preceramic Societies Around the Lakes
263(8)
11.3.1 Archaeological Findings and Their Chronology
263(5)
11.3.2 Environmental Change and the Path to Sedentarism and Agriculture
268(3)
12 The Lakes During the Agricultural Era
271(22)
12.1 Climatic Changes, Lake Levels, and Settlements
271(3)
12.1.1 Millennial and Centennial Climatic Changes
271(2)
12.1.2 Trends in Atmospheric Moisture and Lake-Level Fluctuations
273(1)
12.2 Volcanism and Ecological Change
274(5)
12.2.1 Volcanic Events and Population in the Holocene
274(1)
12.2.2 The Xitle Eruption and Its Impact on Cuicuilco's Surrounding Landscape
275(4)
12.3 The Formative Period
279(5)
12.3.1 The Lakes and the Earliest Agricultural Villages
279(1)
12.3.2 Lacustrine Settlements Through the Formative Period
279(3)
12.3.3 The Terminal Formative-Classic Transition Viewed from the Lakes
282(2)
12.4 The Classic and Postclassic Periods
284(4)
12.4.1 The Lacustrine Geography of the Basin of Mexico During the Classic Period
284(1)
12.4.2 The Lakes During the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic Periods
285(2)
12.4.3 Lacustrine Settlement Expansion During the Middle and Late Postclassic Periods
287(1)
12.5 Patterns of Long-Term Appropriation of Lacustrine Environments
288(5)
12.5.1 Settlement Patterns Across the Lacustrine Realm
288(2)
12.5.2 The Late Postclassic Appropriation of Lacustrine Spaces
290(3)
13 Late Aztec Settlement, Hydraulic Management, and Environment ...
293(26)
13.1 Prevailing Views and Questions About Tenochtitlan
293(5)
13.1.1 The Environmental Significance of Tenochtitlan
293(1)
13.1.2 Historical Sources
294(1)
13.1.3 The Ethnohistory and Archaeology of Tenochtitlan and Its Surroundings
294(1)
13.1.4 Research Questions
295(3)
13.2 The Original Landscape of Tenochtitlan
298(6)
13.2.1 The Elusive "Primitive" Islands
298(2)
13.2.2 Historical Sources and Archaeological Records
300(2)
13.2.3 The Original Landscape of Tenochtitlan Through Toponyms
302(1)
13.2.4 The Stratigraphy Below the City
302(1)
13.2.5 Geophysical and Geotechnical Research Studies
303(1)
13.3 Hydraulic Technology, Floods, Navigation, and Agriculture
304(8)
13.3.1 Water Flows Across the City and Its Surroundings
304(1)
13.3.2 The Dikes of Nezahualcoyotl and Ahuitzotl
305(3)
13.3.3 Infrastructure in the Shadow of Large Dikes and Causeways
308(1)
13.3.4 The Chinampa Systems in the Western Part of Lake Texcoco
309(2)
13.3.5 The Lacustrine Landscape Beyond Tenochtitlan
311(1)
13.4 The Development of Tenochtitlan as an Environmental Dynamic Process
312(7)
13.4.1 A Dynamic Environmental Model
312(1)
13.4.2 Long-Term Changes in the Evolution of the City
313(3)
13.4.3 Seasonal Hydraulic Dynamics in the Context of Long-Term Lake-Level Changes
316(3)
14 The Lakes After 1519: War, Floods, and Drainage
319(18)
14.1 The Lacustrine Landscapes of the War of Conquest
319(8)
14.1.1 The Strategic Importance of Insular Settlements
319(1)
14.1.2 A Battlefield Geography (1519--1521)
320(2)
14.1.3 Lacustrine Dynamics and Features in the Chronicles of the Conquest
322(2)
14.1.4 The Brigantines and the Naval Battle of Lake Texcoco
324(3)
14.2 Dynamic Lakes, Floods, and Drainage
327(5)
14.2.1 A Non-Lacustrine Society Settles on the Lake
327(3)
14.2.2 The Colonial Desague Projects
330(1)
14.2.3 The Desague After Independence
331(1)
14.3 The Desiccation of the Lakes in Retrospect
332(5)
14.3.1 The Prediction and Realization of an Ecological Disaster
332(2)
14.3.2 Water Management or Drainage? A History of Adaptive Decisions
334(3)
15 Lacustrine Systems and Societies in the Basin of Mexico
337(14)
15.1 The Lakes of the Basin of Mexico
337(4)
15.1.1 The Overall Picture of the Lacustrine Realm
337(1)
15.1.2 Lake Texcoco
338(1)
15.1.3 Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco
339(1)
15.1.4 Lakes Xaltocan and Zumpango
339(1)
15.1.5 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of the Lakes
340(1)
15.2 The Development of a Lacustrine Culture and Technology
341(5)
15.2.1 Lacustrine Subsistence
341(1)
15.2.2 The Development of Wetland Agriculture
342(1)
15.2.3 Lakes as Marginal Land and the Postclassic Demographic Phenomenon
342(1)
15.2.4 Environmental and Technological Thresholds
343(2)
15.2.5 The Origin and Development of Tenochtitlan
345(1)
15.3 Prospects for Research on the Lakes of the Basin of Mexico
346(5)
Glossary 351(4)
References 355(24)
Index 379
 Dr. Carlos E. Cordova is professor of geography at Oklahoma State University. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1997. He has taken undertaken fieldwork in the Middle East, Ukraine, Russia, USA, Mexico and Southern Africa. His main research areas are Geoarchaeology, Geomorphology and Biogeography, and focuses on the reconstruction of prehistoric and historic landscapes and environments.
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Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97830311273356e.html
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