Guide to using the book |
|
iv | |
Guide to the online resources |
|
vi | |
New to this edition |
|
vii | |
Preface |
|
viii | |
Publisher acknowledgements |
|
viii | |
|
|
xxi | |
|
|
xxix | |
|
|
1 | (50) |
|
|
3 | (26) |
|
1.1 The definition of land |
|
|
4 | (18) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (5) |
|
1.1.3 Corporeal hereditaments |
|
|
10 | (10) |
|
1.1.4 Incorporeal hereditaments |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
1.2 Objects lost and found in and on the land |
|
|
22 | (7) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Chapter 2 The structure of land law |
|
|
29 | (22) |
|
2.1 The historical context |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2.2 The earliest developments: tenures and estates |
|
|
31 | (4) |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.3 Common law and equity |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
2.3.1 The effect of equity on land law |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
2.4 Legal and equitable estates and interests |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
2.4.1 The doctrine of notice |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.5 The 1925 property legislation |
|
|
40 | (7) |
|
2.5.1 The two legal estates |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
2.5.3 Lifting equitable interests off the land: overreaching |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (4) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (140) |
|
Chapter 3 The freehold estate |
|
|
53 | (19) |
|
3.1 The fee simple absolute in possession |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
3.2 The creation of a legal freehold |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
3.3 Transfer of the legal freehold |
|
|
57 | (15) |
|
3.3.1 Negotiation and agreement |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Formation of the contract and exchange of contracts |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
3.3.3 Transfer or conveyance of the legal estate |
|
|
61 | (8) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (2) |
|
Chapter 4 Registration of title |
|
|
72 | (44) |
|
4.1 The principles of registration |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
4.2 The legislative framework |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
4.3 The register of title |
|
|
74 | (4) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
4.5 First registration of title |
|
|
78 | (15) |
|
4.5.1 Cautions against first registration |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
4.5.3 The effect of registration with absolute title |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
4.5.4 Interests protected by notice on the register |
|
|
83 | (3) |
|
4.5.5 Interests protected on the register by the entry of a restriction |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
4.5.6 Interests that override first registration |
|
|
87 | (6) |
|
4.6 Registrable dispositions |
|
|
93 | (10) |
|
4.6.1 The protection of those who are registered as a result of a registrable disposition |
|
|
96 | (4) |
|
4.6.2 Interests that override registered dispositions |
|
|
100 | (2) |
|
4.6.3 Electronic conveyancing (e-conveyancing) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
4.7 Alteration of the register |
|
|
103 | (13) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
4.7.2 Who can alter the register? |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
4.7.3 The grounds for altering the register |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
4.7.4 Restrictions on altering the register: rectification against a proprietor in possession |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (3) |
|
|
116 | (43) |
|
5.1 Frequently used terms |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
5.2 Leases in practice: some examples |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
5.3.1 Definition of a lease |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
|
121 | (3) |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
5.5 Essential characteristics of a lease |
|
|
124 | (8) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
5.5.3 Exclusive possession |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (7) |
|
5.6.1 The landlord's covenants |
|
|
133 | (3) |
|
5.6.2 The tenant's covenants |
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
5.7 Assignment and the running of covenants |
|
|
139 | (5) |
|
5.7.1 Step 1: Laura and Tilly |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
5.7.2 Step 2: Laura assigns the reversion to Leo |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
5.7.3 Step 3: Tilly assigns her lease to Trevor |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
5.7.4 After Step 2: assignment of the reversion |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
5.7.5 After Step 3: assignment of the tenancy |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
5.8 Putting it all together |
|
|
144 | (8) |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
|
156 | (3) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
Chapter 6 Adverse possession |
|
|
159 | (32) |
|
6.1 Reasons for allowing adverse possession |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
6.2 Arguments against allowing adverse possession |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
6.3 A new statutory regime for adverse possession of registered land |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
6.4 The main statutory provisions |
|
|
162 | (3) |
|
6.4.1 The Limitation Act 1980 |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
6.4.2 The Land Registration Act 1925 |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
6.4.3 The Land Registration Act 2002 |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
6.4.4 The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
6.5 What does a squatter need to show to make a claim to the land? |
|
|
165 | (9) |
|
6.5.1 Discontinuance or dispossession |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (8) |
|
6.6 Offence of squatting in a residential building |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
6.7.1 Successful action for possession within limitation period |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
6.7.2 Regaining physical possession |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
6.7.3 Acknowledgement of the paper owner's title by the squatter |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
6.7.4 Payment of rent by the squatter |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
6.7.5 The grant of a licence |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
6.7.6 Letter threatening action |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
6.7.7 Fraud, concealment, or mistake |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
6.8 The effect of adverse possession |
|
|
177 | (8) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (6) |
|
6.9 How do I know which law applies? |
|
|
185 | (6) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
PART 3 SOLE AND JOINT OWNERS OF LAND |
|
|
191 | (124) |
|
Chapter 7 The sole owner of land |
|
|
193 | (25) |
|
7.1 Who is an `owner' of land and what can they do with it? |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
7.2 The sole owner: three possibilities |
|
|
195 | (5) |
|
7.2.1 Sole legal and sole equitable owner |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Sole legal owner, holding the equitable title on trust for someone else |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
7.2.3 Sole legal owner, holding for themself and (an)other equitable owner(s) |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
7.3 Protection for equitable owners and purchasers |
|
|
200 | (18) |
|
7.3.1 Protection primarily for the purchaser: overreaching |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
7.3.2 Protection for the equitable owner: restriction |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
7.3.3 Protection of beneficiaries under a trust of land: overriding interests |
|
|
203 | (11) |
|
7.3.4 Overreaching tops overriding |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
Chapter 8 Joint owners of land (co-ownership) |
|
|
218 | (27) |
|
8.1 Types of co-ownership |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
8.2 Legal and equitable ownership |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (3) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
8.5 Which is which? Identifying a joint tenancy or a tenancy in common |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
8.5.1 Express declaration |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
8.5.2 General presumption |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (11) |
|
|
230 | (9) |
|
8.7 Impact on the land register |
|
|
239 | (6) |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Chapter 9 Trusts and the family home |
|
|
245 | (32) |
|
9.1 Acquiring an equitable interest |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
9.1.1 Joint registered owner cases |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
9.1.2 Sole legal owner cases |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
9.3 Resulting and constructive trusts in context |
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
9.3.2 Bank seeking possession |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
251 | (4) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
9.4.2 Contribution to purchase price |
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
9.4.3 Other kinds of contribution |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
9.4.4 Rebutting the presumption |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
255 | (16) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
9.5.2 Lloyds Bank plc v. Rosset |
|
|
256 | (6) |
|
|
262 | (9) |
|
9.6 And finally, back to Mrs Burns |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
9.7 Law Commission---proposals for reform |
|
|
272 | (5) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 Proprietary estoppel |
|
|
277 | (18) |
|
10.1 The two-stage process |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
10.2 Stage 1: the estoppel |
|
|
278 | (6) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
10.2.5 Timing of the equity |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
10.4 Key cases in the doctrine of proprietary estoppel |
|
|
285 | (6) |
|
10.5 Significance of the differences between constructive trusts and proprietary estoppel |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (3) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Chapter 11 Trusts of land |
|
|
295 | (20) |
|
11.1 The Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
11.2 The need for the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (6) |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
11.3.2 Rights of the beneficiaries |
|
|
299 | (4) |
|
|
303 | (6) |
|
11.4.1 Factors that the court must consider |
|
|
304 | (5) |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
11.6 The old law: prior to the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
11.6.1 The Settled Land Act 1925 |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
|
315 | (130) |
|
Chapter 12 Easements and profits |
|
|
317 | (46) |
|
12.1 Why are easements and profits important? |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
12.2 What is an easement? |
|
|
319 | (9) |
|
12.2.1 There must be a dominant and a servient tenement |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 An easement must accommodate the dominant tenement |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
12.2.3 The dominant and servient owners must be different persons |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
12.2.4 The right must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
12.2.5 There must be certainty of description |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
12.2.6 The right must be of a type generally recognized by the law as an easement |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
12.2.7 A comparison of easements with other rights |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
12.3 Common types of easement |
|
|
328 | (6) |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
12.4 Acquisition of easements |
|
|
334 | (20) |
|
12.4.1 Grant and reservation of easements |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
12.4.2 Express grant or reservation |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
12.4.3 Implied grant or reservation |
|
|
337 | (9) |
|
|
346 | (8) |
|
12.5 Registration of easements |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
12.6 Remedies for infringement of an easement |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
12.7 Extinguishment of easements |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
12.8 The Access to Neighbouring Land Act 1992 |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
12.9 The Party Walls etc. Act 1996 |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (4) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
Chapter 13 Covenants in freehold land |
|
|
363 | (47) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (3) |
|
13.3 The original parties to the covenant |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
13.3.1 Law of Property Act 1925, s. 56(1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
13.3.2 The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
13.4 The common law rules for passing of the benefit and burden of a covenant |
|
|
371 | (5) |
|
13.4.1 The passing of the benefit at common law |
|
|
371 | (5) |
|
13.4.2 The passing of the burden at common law |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
13.5 The equitable rules for the passing of the benefit and the burden |
|
|
376 | (18) |
|
13.5.1 The passing of the benefit in equity |
|
|
378 | (12) |
|
13.5.2 The passing of the burden of restrictive covenants in equity |
|
|
390 | (4) |
|
13.5.3 When should the common law rules for the passing of the benefit be used and when should the equitable rules be used? |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (5) |
|
13.6.1 Granting a leasehold estate |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
13.6.2 Leasehold enfranchisement |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
13.6.4 Estate rentcharges |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
13.6.5 Doctrine of mutual benefit and burden |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
13.6.6 Chains of indemnity covenants |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
13.6.7 Covenants entered into by successors in title |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
13.6.8 The easement of fencing |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
13.7.1 Remedies for breach of covenant |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
13.8 Modification and discharge of covenants |
|
|
402 | (4) |
|
13.9 Proposals for reform |
|
|
406 | (4) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
|
410 | (35) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
413 | (24) |
|
14.3.1 Creating a legal mortgage |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
14.3.2 Rights of the mortgagor |
|
|
414 | (4) |
|
14.3.3 Rights and remedies of the mortgagee |
|
|
418 | (14) |
|
|
432 | (5) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
14.4.1 Remedies of the equitable mortgagee |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
14.5 Priority of mortgages |
|
|
438 | (7) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
PART 5 THE BIGGER PICTURE |
|
|
445 | (38) |
|
Chapter 15 Completing the puzzle |
|
|
447 | (17) |
|
15.1 The register of title |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
15.2 The property register: the description of the land |
|
|
449 | (4) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
15.2.2 Corporeal hereditaments: the extent of land |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
15.2.3 Incorporeal hereditaments: the right of way |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
15.3 The proprietorship register |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
15.4 The charges register |
|
|
455 | (5) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
15.4.3 The registered charge |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
15.5 Interests that are not shown on the register |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
15.6 Drawing it all together |
|
|
461 | (3) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Chapter 16 Exam technique and the perils of question spotting |
|
|
464 | (19) |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
16.1.1 How to begin the revision process |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
16.1.2 Look at what you already have |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
16.1.3 Look at what you need |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
16.1.4 Distilling your notes |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
16.3.1 The extent of land |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
16.3.2 Whether objects form part of land |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
16.3.3 Objects lost and found on land |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
16.4 The structure of land law |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
16.4.1 Common law and equity |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
16.4.2 The policy of the 1925 property legislation |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
16.5.1 The fee simple absolute |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
16.6.1 Essays on registration |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
16.7.1 Essential requirements of a lease |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
16.7.2 Distinguishing between leases and licences |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
16.7.3 Reforms to leasehold law |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
16.7.4 Leasehold covenants |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
16.8.1 Essay questions: critical analysis of the law |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
16.8.2 Problem questions on adverse possession |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
16.9 Co-ownership and the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 |
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
16.9.2 The equitable title |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
16.9.3 The statutory framework |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
16.10 Easements and profits |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
16.10.2 Problem questions |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
16.11 Covenants in freehold land |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
16.12.1 Read the question: who are you advising? |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
16.12.2 What kind of mortgage is it? |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
16.12.3 Look at the mortgage agreement itself and its implications for the mortgagor |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
16.12.4 Has the mortgagor fallen behind with their repayments? |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
483 | (6) |
Index |
|
489 | |