Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
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xv | |
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xvii | |
Conventions |
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xix | |
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1 | (14) |
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I PREHISTORY, 500 BC--1500 |
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2 A dive into the prehistory of the conceptual pair |
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15 | (13) |
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2.1 The Greek dialects between anecdotes and definitions |
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16 | (2) |
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2.2 Dialektos, a variety of interpretations |
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18 | (3) |
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2.3 Philology as stimulus |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (1) |
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3 The exception to the rule: Lingua and idioma in Roger Bacon's thought |
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28 | (19) |
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30 | (1) |
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3.2 Another first for Bacon? |
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31 | (4) |
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3.3 An outlook on different languages and their dialects: a central precondition |
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35 | (3) |
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3.4 Thomas Aquinas: a like-minded exegete? |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (5) |
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II THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPTUAL PAIR, 1500--50 |
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4 From dogs and hounds to languages and dialects: The conceptual pair in Conrad Gessner's work |
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47 | (15) |
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4.1 Exploring the linguistic world |
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49 | (3) |
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4.2 Conrad Gessner, certified cataloguer and compiler |
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52 | (3) |
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4.3 Adfontes! Gessner reads Clement of Alexandria |
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55 | (2) |
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4.4 The meanings of dialectus according to Gessner |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (1) |
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5 Lingua and dialectus: From synonymy to contrast |
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62 | (19) |
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5.1 Dialectus as a Latin word |
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62 | (2) |
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5.2 The key symptom: contrasting lingua to dialectus |
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64 | (3) |
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5.3 Developing the concept of common language |
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67 | (5) |
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5.4 Updating dialectus definitions |
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72 | (2) |
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5.5 The coining of a new phrase: `to differ only in dialect' |
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74 | (2) |
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5.6 An intricate conceptual web |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
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6 Hellenism, standardization, and info-lust: The genesis of the conceptual pair in context |
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81 | (14) |
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6.1 A major pivoting point: the rediscovery of the Greek dialects |
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81 | (3) |
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6.2 From ancient Greece to Western Europe: standardizing the vernaculars |
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84 | (3) |
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6.3 Knowledge revolution: information explosion and info-lust |
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87 | (1) |
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6.4 The countability of language |
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88 | (2) |
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6.5 A product of appropriation and subconscious adaptation |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (4) |
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III CONSOLIDATION BY ELABORATION, 1550--1650 |
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7 Space and nation: Greek definitions transformed |
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95 | (14) |
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7.1 The spatial conception of dialect |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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7.3 Regional language variation: a universal phenomenon? |
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99 | (2) |
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7.4 Nation or nations? The ethnic conception of the language/dialect distinction |
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101 | (4) |
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7.5 Towards a political interpretation of `nation'? |
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105 | (2) |
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7.6 Space and nation: diagnostic criteria? |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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8 Aristotle's legacy: Substance, accidents, and mutual intelligibility |
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109 | (16) |
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8.1 Extending the `to differ only in dialect' phrase |
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109 | (4) |
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8.2 Mithridates: polyglot or not? |
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113 | (1) |
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8.3 A question of gradation: devising different levels of dialects |
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114 | (3) |
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8.4 Mutual intelligibility: an early modern criterion |
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117 | (2) |
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8.5 Johannes Goropius Becanus and immediate mutual intelligibility |
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119 | (3) |
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8.6 The communicative reach of dialects versus languages |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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9 A subjective touch: Language beats dialect |
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125 | (11) |
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9.1 Analogical norm or anomalous deviation? |
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125 | (2) |
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9.2 From common to standard language |
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127 | (2) |
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9.3 Superior or inferior? |
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129 | (5) |
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134 | (2) |
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10 The conceptual pair and language history: Language generates dialects |
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136 | (11) |
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10.1 Language mothers and offshoot dialects |
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136 | (5) |
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10.2 An early critic of the language-historical interpretation |
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141 | (2) |
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10.3 A discursive strategy for historical classification |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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11 Consolidation by elaboration: Drawing the balance |
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147 | (12) |
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11.1 The seven main interpretations: a synthesis |
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147 | (4) |
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11.2 Emancipating the conceptual pair from the Greek heritage |
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151 | (5) |
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156 | (3) |
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12 The conceptual pair in transition: The case of Georg Stiernhielm |
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159 | (12) |
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12.1 Georg Stiernhielm, a Swedish all-round scholar |
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159 | (4) |
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12.2 The conceptual pair according to Stiernhielm |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (5) |
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IV SYSTEMATIZATION AND RATIONALIZATION, 1650--1800 |
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13 Putting the conceptual pair on the scholarly agenda: The orientalist Albert Schultens |
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171 | (12) |
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13.1 Schultens's definitions of dialect |
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174 | (2) |
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13.2 Language, dialect, and degenerate offshoot |
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176 | (2) |
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13.3 Classes of linguistic variation |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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14 Lexicostatistics avant la lettre: The historian Johann Christoph Gatterer and the conceptual pair |
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183 | (10) |
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184 | (2) |
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14.2 Characteristic words: Gatterer and basic vocabulary |
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186 | (1) |
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14.3 Determining the degree of linguistic kinship: Gatterer's lexicostatistic framework |
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187 | (3) |
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14.4 The historian Gatterer and the grammarian Adelung |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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15 Classes of variation: How do languages and dialects differ? |
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193 | (11) |
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15.1 Casting off John the Grammarian's yoke |
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193 | (2) |
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15.2 From scattered comments to systematization |
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195 | (5) |
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15.3 Two eighteenth-century outsiders in the quest for linguistic criteria |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (2) |
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16 Between systematization and rationalization: The conceptual pair through the Enlightenment lens |
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204 | (15) |
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16.1 Towards a dialectological tradition? |
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204 | (7) |
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16.2 The first sceptical voices |
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211 | (5) |
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216 | (3) |
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V FROM SILENT ADOPTION TO OUTSPOKEN ABANDONMENT, AFTER 1800 |
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17 From Jones to Gabelentz: Silent adoption and renewed suspicion |
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219 | (12) |
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17.1 The beginnings of modern linguistics |
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220 | (1) |
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17.2 Two pioneering dialectologists: Johann Andreas Schmeller and Albert Giese |
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221 | (4) |
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17.3 Questioning the conceptual pair: August Schleicher and William Dwight Whitney |
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225 | (3) |
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17.4 The late nineteenth century: between continued usage and increasing scepticism |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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18 Schuchardt the iconoclast |
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231 | (13) |
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231 | (2) |
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18.2 A pioneering outsider |
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233 | (2) |
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18.3 Breaking down the walls between languages and dialects |
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235 | (3) |
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18.4 Linguists, shibbolethists |
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238 | (2) |
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18.5 Useless abstractions? |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (2) |
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19 From Saussure to 1954: Structuralism and the language/dialect distinction |
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244 | (12) |
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245 | (2) |
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19.2 Towards a structural dialectology: Uriel Weinreich's diasystem |
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247 | (4) |
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19.3 Redefining the conceptual pair: Martinet and Polak |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (2) |
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20 Mutual intelligibility: The number one criterion? |
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256 | (7) |
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20.1 A criterion making career |
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258 | (1) |
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20.2 Measuring linguistic distance |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (2) |
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21 Between two extremes: Generative and sociolinguistic interpretations |
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263 | (12) |
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21.1 Generative grammar: no country for old dialects? |
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263 | (3) |
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21.2 Variables over systems |
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266 | (2) |
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21.3 Destructive dismissal |
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268 | (2) |
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21.4 Supplementing the conceptual pair |
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270 | (3) |
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21.5 By way of conclusion: a quest for alternatives |
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273 | (2) |
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22 A gentle goodbye? Dialect stripped for parts |
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275 | (9) |
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22.1 Farewell to the conceptual pair? |
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278 | (2) |
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22.2 The language/dialect distinction after 1900: the story of a love-hate relationship |
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280 | (4) |
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23 Language, dialect, and the general public---or how not to popularize knowledge |
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284 | (12) |
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23.1 The conceptual pair popularized |
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284 | (4) |
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23.2 The Weinreich witticism in context: the nation-state, language policy, and mass education |
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288 | (1) |
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23.3 Political activations of the conceptual pair |
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289 | (4) |
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293 | (3) |
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24 Language and dialect between past and future: Terminological success, conceptual failure? |
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296 | (7) |
References |
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303 | (30) |
Index |
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333 | |