| Introduction |
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Why Study Human Embryology? |
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2 | (1) |
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Periods of Human Embryology |
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3 | (2) |
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Period of Egg and Embryo: Summary of Main Events |
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5 | (1) |
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Phases of Human Embryology |
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5 | (4) |
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Body Axes: Understanding Embryonic Coordinates |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (3) |
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Chapter 1 Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week |
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14 | (29) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (4) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (5) |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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End of First Week: Initiating Implantation |
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37 | (6) |
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Chapter 2 Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting |
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43 | (14) |
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45 | (2) |
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Embryoblast Reorganizes into Epiblast and Hypoblast |
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47 | (1) |
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Development of Amniotic Cavity |
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47 | (1) |
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Development of Yolk Sac and Chorionic Cavity |
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48 | (3) |
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Uteroplacental Circulatory System Begins to Develop During Second Week |
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51 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes |
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57 | (25) |
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Overview of Gastrulation: Forming Three Primary Germ Layers and Body Axes |
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59 | (9) |
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Specifics of Gastrulation: Moving Cells to New Locations and Making Organ Rudiments That Undergo Inductive Interactions |
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68 | (9) |
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Formation of Neural Plate |
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77 | (3) |
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Primary Versus Secondary Body Development |
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80 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Fourth Week: Forming the Embryo |
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82 | (26) |
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Tube-Within-a-Tube Body Plan Arises Through Body Folding |
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83 | (4) |
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Neurulation: Establishing Neural Tube, Rudiment of Central Nervous System |
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87 | (8) |
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95 | (1) |
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Cranial-Caudal Regionalization of Neural Tube |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (9) |
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Somite Differentiation: Forming Dermamyotome and Sclerotome |
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105 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Principles and Mechanisms of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis |
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108 | (25) |
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Principles of Morphogenesis and Dysmorphogenesis |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (5) |
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Using Animal Models to Predict Human Risk |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (7) |
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122 | (9) |
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Embryonic Stem Cells and Cloning |
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131 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Fetal Development and the Fetus as a Patient |
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133 | (22) |
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During Fetal Period, Embryonic Organ Systems Mature and Fetus Grows |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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Development of Umbilical Cord |
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138 | (1) |
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Exchange of Substances Between Maternal and Fetal Blood in Placenta |
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138 | (5) |
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Intrauterine Growth Restriction |
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143 | (1) |
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Maternal Diabetes and Obesity |
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143 | (1) |
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Placenta Produces Several Important Hormones |
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143 | (1) |
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Production and Resorption of Amniotic Fluid |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Prenatal Diagnosis Assesses Health of Unborn |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (3) |
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Fetal Cord Blood and Stem Cells |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Development of the Skin and Its Derivatives |
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155 | (17) |
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Origin of Epidermis and Dermis of Skin |
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156 | (6) |
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Development of Skin Derivatives |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (4) |
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Development of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands |
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167 | (1) |
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Development of Mammary Glands |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Development of the Musculoskeletal System |
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172 | (25) |
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Tissue Origins and Differentiation of Musculoskeletal System |
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173 | (2) |
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Somites Differentiate into Sclerotome and Dermamyotome |
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175 | (3) |
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Resegmentation of Sclerotomes |
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178 | (7) |
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Myotomes Develop at Segmental Levels |
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185 | (2) |
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Long Bone and Joint Development |
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187 | (4) |
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Development of Limb Muscles |
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191 | (6) |
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Chapter 9 Development of the Central Nervous System |
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197 | (37) |
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Structural Divisions of Nervous System |
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200 | (1) |
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Functional Divisions of Nervous System |
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200 | (1) |
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Primary Brain Vesicles Subdivide to Form Secondary Brain Vesicles |
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200 | (2) |
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Formation of Brain Flexures |
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202 | (2) |
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Cytodifferentiation of Neural Tube |
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204 | (1) |
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Differentiation of Spinal Cord |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (27) |
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231 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Development of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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234 | (17) |
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Structural Divisions of Nervous System |
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236 | (1) |
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Functional Divisions of Nervous System |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (9) |
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Development of Cranial PNS |
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247 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 Development of the Respiratory System and Body Cavities |
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251 | (16) |
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Development of Lungs and Respiratory Tree |
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252 | (8) |
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Partitioning of Coelom and Formation of Diaphragm |
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260 | (7) |
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Chapter 12 Development of the Heart |
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267 | (37) |
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Establishing Cardiac Lineage |
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269 | (2) |
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Formation of Primary Heart Tube |
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271 | (5) |
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276 | (3) |
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Formation of Primitive Blood Vessels Associated with the Endocardial Tube |
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279 | (1) |
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Coordinated Remodeling of Heart Tube and Primitive 'Vasculature Produces Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (12) |
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Development of Pacemaker and Conduction System |
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295 | (1) |
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Development of Epicardium and Coronary Vasculature |
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296 | (8) |
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Chapter 13 Development of the Vasculature |
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304 | (37) |
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Formation of Blood and Vasculature Begins Early in Third Week |
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306 | (3) |
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Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (2) |
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Development of Aortic Arch Arteries |
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314 | (6) |
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Dorsal Aorta Develops Ventral, Lateral, and Posterolateral Branches |
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320 | (7) |
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Primitive Embryonic Venous System Is Divided into Vitelline, Umbilical, and Cardinal Systems |
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327 | (7) |
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Development of Lymphatic System |
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334 | (1) |
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Dramatic Changes Occur in Circulatory System at Birth |
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334 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
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341 | (34) |
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343 | (1) |
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Dorsal Mesentery Initially Suspends Abdominal Gut Tube |
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343 | (2) |
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Three Regions of Primitive Gut |
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345 | (4) |
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Development of Abdominal Foregut |
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349 | (7) |
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356 | (1) |
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Ventral Mesentery Derivatives |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (7) |
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Cytodifferentiation of Gut Endodermal Epithelium |
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364 | (3) |
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Development of Outer Intestinal Wall and Its Innervation |
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367 | (4) |
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371 | (4) |
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Chapter 15 Development of the Urinary System |
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375 | (19) |
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Three Nephric Systems Arise During Development |
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376 | (10) |
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386 | (1) |
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Contributions of Hindgut Endoderm to Urinary Tract |
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387 | (2) |
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Development of Suprarenal Gland |
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389 | (5) |
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Chapter 16 Development of the Reproductive System |
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394 | (35) |
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Reproductive System Arises with Urinary System |
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396 | (1) |
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In Presence of Y Chromosome, Male Development Occurs |
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396 | (12) |
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In Absence of Y Chromosome, Female Development Occurs |
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408 | (7) |
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Development of External Genitalia |
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415 | (3) |
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Suspension of Mesonephric-Gonadal Complex Within |
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418 | (1) |
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Development of the Inguinal Canals |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (2) |
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Ovaries Become Suspended in Broad Ligament of Uterus and Are Held High in Abdominal Cavity by Cranial Suspensory Ligaments |
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423 | (6) |
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Chapter 17 Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face |
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429 | (44) |
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431 | (9) |
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Development of Pharyngeal Arches |
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440 | (9) |
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449 | (4) |
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Development of Nasal and Oral Cavities |
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453 | (4) |
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457 | (1) |
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Fate of Pharyngeal Clefts |
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458 | (1) |
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Pharyngeal Arches Give Rise to Tongue |
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458 | (3) |
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Development of Thyroid Gland |
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461 | (1) |
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Development of Pharyngeal Pouches |
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462 | (2) |
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Development of Salivary Glands |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (7) |
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Chapter 18 Development of the Ears |
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473 | (15) |
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Ear Consists of Three Individual Components |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (10) |
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Development of Middle Ear |
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485 | (1) |
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Development of External Ear |
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485 | (3) |
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488 | (1) |
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Eye Originates from Several Embryonic Tissue Layers |
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489 | (1) |
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Development of Optic Cup and Lens |
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490 | (8) |
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498 | (3) |
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Chapter 20 Development of the Limbs |
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501 | (24) |
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions Control Limb Outgrowth |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (13) |
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Tissue Origins of Limb Structures |
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519 | (1) |
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Differentiation of Limb Bones |
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519 | (1) |
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Innervation of Developing Limb |
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519 | (6) |
| Figure Credits |
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525 | |
