| Preface and Acknowledgments |
|
xxi | |
| About the Editor |
|
xxiii | |
| About the Authors |
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xxv | |
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xxxvii | |
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Chapter One Introduction and Overview |
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1 | (24) |
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Purpose and Plan of the Book |
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2 | (1) |
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Energy Use and Efficiency |
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3 | (5) |
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3 | (3) |
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Improving Energy Efficiency |
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6 | (1) |
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Impediments to Energy Efficiency |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (6) |
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Patterns of Energy Sources |
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8 | (3) |
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Impediments to Growth in Renewables |
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11 | (3) |
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Legal Techniques to Improve Efficiency and Increase Renewables |
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14 | (4) |
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Techniques for Both Efficiency and Renewables |
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14 | (2) |
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Techniques for Efficiency and Conservation |
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16 | (1) |
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Techniques for Renewables |
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17 | (1) |
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Role of Efficiency and Renewables in Combating Climate Change |
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18 | (7) |
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PART I Laws Governing Efficiency, Renewables, and Siting |
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Chapter Two Federal Energy Efficiency and Conservation Laws |
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25 | (32) |
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Laws and Policies That Affect Energy Efficiency and Conservation |
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27 | (12) |
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27 | (3) |
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Conservation and Efficiency Laws and Policies for Specific Economic Sectors |
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30 | (8) |
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Laws and Policies Fostering Energy Inefficiency and Energy Consumption |
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38 | (1) |
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Proposed Climate Change and Energy Conservation Legislation |
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39 | (4) |
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Cap-and-Trade Legislation |
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39 | (2) |
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Supplemental Energy Efficiency Measures |
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41 | (2) |
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International and Comparative Law Perspective |
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43 | (1) |
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Energy Efficiency and the Convention on Climate Change |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (10) |
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Chapter Three State and Municipal Energy Efficiency Laws |
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57 | (20) |
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57 | (1) |
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Energy Efficiency Tax Incentives |
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58 | (3) |
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Personal Energy Efficiency Tax Incentives |
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59 | (1) |
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Corporate Energy Efficiency Tax Incentives |
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59 | (1) |
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Energy Efficiency-Based Sales Taxes |
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60 | (1) |
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Energy Efficiency-Based Property Taxes |
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60 | (1) |
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Rebates for Purchasing Energy-Efficient Appliances |
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61 | (1) |
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Utility Cost and Revenue Recovery for Energy Efficiency Expenditures |
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62 | (1) |
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Shareholder Incentives for Electric Utilities to Pursue Energy Efficiency |
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63 | (1) |
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Energy Efficiency Resource Standards |
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64 | (1) |
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Energy-Efficient Building Codes |
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65 | (2) |
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Energy Audit Requirements |
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67 | (1) |
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State Appliance Efficiency Standards |
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67 | (4) |
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State Appliance Efficiency Regulations and Preemption |
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68 | (1) |
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Current State Efforts to Set Appliance Efficiency Standards |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (6) |
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Chapter Four Renewables Mandates and Goals |
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77 | (18) |
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77 | (1) |
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Renewable Portfolio Standards |
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77 | (10) |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (4) |
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Current State of Renewable Energy Credits and Certificates and Related Markets |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (6) |
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Chapter Five Facility Siting and Permitting |
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95 | (22) |
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95 | (1) |
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The National Environmental Policy Act and State Environmental Review Laws |
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95 | (2) |
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Specific Environmental Issues |
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97 | (4) |
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97 | (1) |
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Protected Species and Wildlife Impacts |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Cultural and Historic Impacts |
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100 | (1) |
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Public Participation Issues |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Federal Preemption of Siting and Permitting |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Local Zoning and Building Codes |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (12) |
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PART II Financing, Pricing, and Taxation |
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Chapter Six Government Purchasing of Efficient Products and Renewable Energy |
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117 | (28) |
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Basic Principles of Government Procurement |
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117 | (8) |
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Primary Procurement Statutes and Regulations |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Types of Contracts and Associated Contract Risks |
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120 | (1) |
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Federal Supply Schedule Contracts |
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121 | (1) |
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Terminations for Convenience |
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122 | (1) |
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Long-Term Contracts for Facilities and Infrastructure |
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122 | (2) |
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Policy Tools for Implementing Preferences for Energy-Efficient Products |
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124 | (1) |
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Federal Efforts to Promote Use and Purchase of Energy-Efficient Products |
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125 | (3) |
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Federal Procurement Policy for Energy-Efficient Products |
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125 | (1) |
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The Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Implementing Regulations |
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126 | (1) |
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Executive Order 13514 and Procurement |
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126 | (1) |
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FEMP-Designated and Energy Star Products |
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127 | (1) |
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Federal Compliance with Energy-Efficient Procurement Laws and Regulations |
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128 | (1) |
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Federal Building Energy Management and Greening Federal Buildings |
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128 | (3) |
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Section 109 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 |
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128 | (1) |
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Federal Leadership in High Performance and Sustainable Buildings Memorandum |
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129 | (1) |
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DOE Regulations for New Federal Building Construction |
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129 | (1) |
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Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 |
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130 | (1) |
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The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act |
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130 | (1) |
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Executive Order 13514 and Federal Buildings |
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130 | (1) |
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Federal Efforts to Decrease Energy Consumption and Increase Renewable Energy Use |
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131 | (5) |
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Efforts to Decrease Energy Consumption |
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131 | (2) |
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Efforts to Increase Renewable Energy Use |
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133 | (1) |
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Financing Mechanisms Available to Achieve Federal Energy Goals |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Energy Savings Performance Contracts |
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134 | (1) |
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Utility Energy Services Contracts |
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135 | (1) |
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Management of the Federal Fleet |
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136 | (1) |
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Alternative Fuel Vehicles |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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DOD Efforts to Reduce Vehicle Energy Consumption |
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136 | (1) |
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Greening the Federal Supply Chain |
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137 | (1) |
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A Brief Word about State and Local Governments |
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138 | (7) |
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145 | (24) |
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145 | (1) |
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Federal Business Tax Incentives for Renewable Energy |
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146 | (3) |
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Electricity Production Tax Credits---I.R.C. § 45 |
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147 | (2) |
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Investment Tax Credits---I.R.C. § 48 |
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149 | (1) |
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Federal Tax Incentives for Energy Conservation |
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149 | (2) |
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Credit for Advanced Energy Property---I.R.C. § 48C |
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150 | (1) |
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Energy Efficient Appliance Credit---I.R.C. § 45M |
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150 | (1) |
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Energy Efficient Home Credit---I.R.C. § 45L |
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151 | (1) |
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Energy Research Credit---I.R.C. § 41 |
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151 | (1) |
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Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Deduction---I.R.C. § 179D |
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151 | (1) |
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Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds---I.R.C. § 54D |
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151 | (1) |
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Federal Tax Incentives for Consumers |
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151 | (3) |
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Nonbusiness Energy Property Credit---I.R.C. § 25C |
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152 | (1) |
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Residential Energy Efficiency Property Credit---I.R.C. § 25D |
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152 | (1) |
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Alternative Motor Vehicle Credit---I.R.C. § 30B |
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152 | (1) |
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Plug-In Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit---I.R.C. § 30D |
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153 | (1) |
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Electric Drive Low-Speed Vehicle Credit---I.R.C. § 30 |
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154 | (1) |
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Federal Tax Incentives for Alternative Fuels---I.R.C. §§ 40, 40A, 6426, 6427(e) |
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154 | (1) |
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State and Local Incentive Programs |
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154 | (6) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Local Property Tax Incentives |
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156 | (1) |
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Sales and Use Tax Incentives |
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156 | (1) |
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Tax-Exempt Utility Incentives |
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156 | (1) |
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Vehicle Purchase Incentives |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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The Case of Oregon's BETC/RETC |
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158 | (2) |
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The Other Side of the Coin: Excise Tax on Wind Energy Development |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (9) |
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Chapter Eight Government Nontax Incentives for Clean Energy |
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169 | (48) |
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Federal Incentive Programs |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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Financial Assistance for Clean Energy |
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169 | (1) |
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U.S. Department of Energy Cooperative Agreements |
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170 | (1) |
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DOE Technology Investment Agreements |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Rights to Intellectual Property Under Federal Incentive Programs |
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173 | (1) |
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Incentive Programs for the Development and Commercialization of Renewable Energy Technologies |
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174 | (8) |
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Technology-Specific DOE Incentive Programs |
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174 | (4) |
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Power Marketing Incentive Programs for Transmission |
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178 | (1) |
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DOE National Laboratory Assistance and Partnerships |
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179 | (1) |
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U.S. Department of Agriculture Financial Assistance Programs for Renewable Energy Generation |
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180 | (1) |
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Bureau of Land Management Incentives |
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181 | (1) |
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Incentive Programs for the Development and Commercialization of Renewable Transportation Fuels |
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182 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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DOE Vehicle Technology Program Office |
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183 | (1) |
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DOE/USDA Biomass Research and Development Initiative |
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183 | (1) |
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USD A Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels |
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183 | (1) |
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Energy Efficiency Financial Incentive Programs |
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184 | (4) |
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DOE Weatherization Assistance Program |
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184 | (1) |
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DOE's State Energy Program |
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184 | (1) |
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DOE's Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Program |
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185 | (1) |
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Energy Efficiency Programs for American Energy-Intensive Industries |
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186 | (1) |
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DOE's Building Efficiency Technology Program |
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186 | (1) |
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Federal Energy Savings Performance Contracting |
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186 | (1) |
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Federal Housing Authority Energy Efficient Mortgage Program |
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187 | (1) |
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Federal Loan Guarantee Programs for Clean Energy Projects |
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188 | (3) |
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Title XVII Loan Guarantee Program---New and Innovative Clean Energy Technology Projects |
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188 | (1) |
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Recovery Act Loan Guarantee Program |
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189 | (1) |
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Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program |
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190 | (1) |
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Department of Agriculture Loan Guarantee Programs for Biofuels |
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190 | (1) |
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Other Federal Financial Incentives for the Development of Clean Energy Technologies |
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191 | (4) |
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Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs) |
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191 | (3) |
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Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds |
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194 | (1) |
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Carbon Credits And State Incentive Programs |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (21) |
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196 | (1) |
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Clean Energy Funds and System Benefit Charges |
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197 | (1) |
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Incentives Directly from Utilities |
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198 | (19) |
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Chapter Nine Sale of Electricity |
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217 | (24) |
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Introduction: The Pricing of Electricity and a Look at the Future |
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217 | (11) |
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Decoupling Consumption and Reward |
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219 | (3) |
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Energy Efficiency, Demand-Side Management, and Response |
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222 | (3) |
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Time-Sensitive Pricing for Electricity |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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Renewable Power and the New Grid |
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228 | (13) |
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Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariffs |
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228 | (4) |
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Net Metering of Renewable Energy |
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232 | (1) |
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Power Purchase Agreements |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (7) |
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Chapter Ten Financing Structures and Transactions |
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241 | (22) |
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241 | (5) |
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Early or "Seed" Stage Investments |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Early Private Investment Structures |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Intellectual Property Transactions |
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246 | (1) |
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Growth-Phase Equity and Venture Capital Investment |
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247 | (4) |
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Structure of Venture Capital Investments |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Initial Public Offerings---Business and Administrative Matters |
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251 | (1) |
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Initial Public Offerings---Legal Issues |
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252 | (1) |
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Subsequent Public Offerings |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Project Finance Structures |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (6) |
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PART III Energy Use Sectors |
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Chapter Eleven Conservation of Energy in Agriculture and Forestry |
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263 | (14) |
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2008 Farm Bill and On-Farm Energy Audits |
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263 | (4) |
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Recent History and Future Options for Energy Reduction in Farming |
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263 | (1) |
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USDA Rural Energy for America Program |
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264 | (1) |
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Farm Energy Efficiency Audit Standards |
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265 | (1) |
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Energy Conservation Efforts in Forestry |
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265 | (1) |
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Energy-Reduction Initiatives in Food Manufacturing That Impact the Farm |
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266 | (1) |
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Legal Aspects of On-Farm Energy Production |
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267 | (3) |
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Solar Power (Photovoltaic) |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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On-Farm Energy Production: Anaerobic Digesters |
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270 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Reducing Embedded Energy Costs in Inputs and Equipment |
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272 | (5) |
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Chapter Twelve Appliances, Lighting, Computers, Data Centers, and Computer Servers |
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277 | (24) |
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The Framework for the Federal Appliance Efficiency Program |
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277 | (1) |
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History of the Federal Appliance Efficiency Program |
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278 | (3) |
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DOE Appliance Efficiency Rulemaking |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (2) |
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Computers, Monitors, Data Centers, and Computer Servers |
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290 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Data Centers and Computer Servers |
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291 | (1) |
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State Involvement in Appliance Energy Efficiency |
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292 | (1) |
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Full-Fuel-Cycle Measurements |
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292 | (1) |
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International Involvement in Appliance Efficiency |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (7) |
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Chapter Thirteen Buildings |
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301 | (24) |
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301 | (1) |
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Government Efforts to Improve Energy Efficiency in Buildings |
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301 | (7) |
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Federal Efforts to Promote Building Energy Efficiency |
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302 | (3) |
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Selected State Efforts to Promote Building Energy Efficiency |
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305 | (2) |
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Selected Municipal Efforts to Increase Building Energy Efficiency |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (2) |
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Federal Actions: The Energy Policy Act of 1992/IECC |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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Voluntary and Consensus-Based Building Energy and Green Building Rating Standards |
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310 | (4) |
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) |
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310 | (2) |
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EPA's Energy Star Program |
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312 | (1) |
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Other Green Building Rating Systems |
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313 | (1) |
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Building Retrofitting and Weatherization |
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314 | (1) |
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Governmental and Nonprofit Initiatives to Promote Retrofitting and Weatherization |
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314 | (1) |
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LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance |
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315 | (1) |
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Building Energy Audits and Disclosure |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (9) |
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316 | (1) |
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Prominent Green Leasing Standards |
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317 | (1) |
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The Split Incentive Problem |
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317 | (8) |
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Chapter Fourteen Motor Vehicles and Transportation |
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325 | (20) |
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Regulation of Fuel Economy and Emissions: CAFE Standards and the Clean Air Act |
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325 | (8) |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (4) |
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Technological Advancements in Fuel Economy |
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333 | (4) |
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Improvements to Gasoline Combustion Engines |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Vehicle Operation and Maintenance |
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336 | (1) |
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Other Initiatives to Reduce Gasoline Demand |
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337 | (8) |
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337 | (1) |
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Efforts to Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled |
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338 | (7) |
|
Chapter Fifteen Distributed Generation |
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345 | (16) |
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|
Introduction to Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
Federal Regulation of Cogeneration and CHP Facilities |
|
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347 | (4) |
|
Historical Background of Federal Regulation |
|
|
347 | (1) |
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Scope of FERC Jurisdiction |
|
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348 | (3) |
|
State Regulation of Cogeneration and CHP Facilities |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
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Types and Methods of Interconnection |
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353 | (2) |
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Relationship with the Local Utility---Standby Tariffs and Net Metering |
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|
355 | (6) |
|
PART IV Renewable Energy Sources |
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361 | (30) |
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Wind Energy and Wind Power |
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|
361 | (5) |
|
The Distribution of Wind Energy |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Wind Power Technology: Wind Turbines and Wind Farms |
|
|
362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
|
Prospects for Continued Growth of Wind Power in the United States |
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
Wind Farm Siting: Environmental, Social, and Safety Issues |
|
|
366 | (7) |
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366 | (1) |
|
Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
|
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
|
Comparative Wildlife Impacts |
|
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369 | (1) |
|
Noise, Visual, Aesthetic, and Economic Issues |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
Aviation and Maritime Safety Concerns |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Wind on and in Federal, State, and Tribal Lands and Waters |
|
|
373 | (5) |
|
Wind Farms on Federal, State, and Tribal Lands |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Overview of Litigation and Administrative Proceedings |
|
|
378 | (13) |
|
Takings of Protected Species |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
The Prolonged Dispute over the Cape Wind Project |
|
|
381 | (10) |
|
|
|
391 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
|
|
393 | (8) |
|
Tax Incentives Available for Solar Project Investments |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Renewable Portfolio Standards |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Renewable Energy Certificates |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
Commerce Clause Implications |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
State Subsidies and Incentives |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
U.S. Department of Energy's Loan Guarantees |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Clean Renewable Energy Bonds |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
Interconnection and Net Metering |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (5) |
|
Distributed Generation versus Utility Scale Generation |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Environmental Due Diligence |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Building Codes, Zoning Restrictions, and Site Approvals |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Effect of Solar Installations on Water Resources |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Construction and Installation |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Power Purchase Agreements |
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Allocation of Environmental Attributes |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Operations and Maintenance |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (10) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Commercial Risks to Investor |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (2) |
|
Partnership "Flip" Structure |
|
|
416 | (7) |
|
Chapter Eighteen Geothermal Resources |
|
|
423 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Generation of Electricity |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Cooling Geothermal Resources |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Enhanced Geothermal Systems |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
The Definition and Regulatory Classification of Geothermal Resources |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Water Rights in Relation to Geothermal Resources |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Ownership Presumptions and Title Issues |
|
|
429 | (3) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Split Estates and Private Reservations |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Other Property Interests and Royalties |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Relative Rights of Surface and Geothermal Resource Owners |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Pooling, Unitization, and Participation Agreements |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Federal Geothermal Leases and Site Permitting |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Private and State Leases and Permitting Regimes |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Application of Federal and State Energy Laws to Geothermal Projects |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jurisdiction |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Renewable Portfolio Standards and Tax Incentives |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Common Environmental Issues |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Depletion of Water Resources |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Site Conflicts---Species Habitat and Cultural Resources |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Litigation: Representative Cases |
|
|
439 | (6) |
|
Ownership Issues: The Rosette Cases |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
NEPA and NHPA: Pit River Tribe v. U.S. Forest Service |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Interior Board of Land Appeal Decisions |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (5) |
|
Chapter Nineteen Biofuels |
|
|
445 | (34) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
The Process of Producing Biofuels |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Calculating GHG Emissions from Biofuels |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Federal Incentives and Subsidies |
|
|
449 | (3) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Examples of Federal Legislation Promoting Biofuels |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
Flexible Fuel Vehicles and Fleet Acquisition Requirements |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (7) |
|
The Beginnings of the Renewable Fuels Program |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Implementing the Renewable Fuel Standard Program |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and the Creation of RFS2 |
|
|
456 | (4) |
|
Low Carbon Fuel Standards |
|
|
460 | (4) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Attempts at a Federal Standard |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
State-Implemented Standards |
|
|
461 | (3) |
|
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Violations of Environmental Laws |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (12) |
|
Chapter Twenty Hydropower |
|
|
479 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Hydropower's Contribution to Clean, Renewable Energy Development |
|
|
479 | (3) |
|
Regulation of Nonfederal Hydropower Projects |
|
|
482 | (11) |
|
Regulatory Jurisdiction over Nonfederal Hydropower Projects Under the Federal Power Act |
|
|
482 | (4) |
|
State Regulation of Hydropower Projects |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Licensing and Environmental Requirements |
|
|
487 | (5) |
|
License Compliance, Enforcement, and Reopeners |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Federal Hydropower Facilities |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
Current and Emerging Issues |
|
|
495 | (14) |
|
Chapter Twenty-One Tides, Waves, and Ocean Currents |
|
|
509 | (22) |
|
|
|
The Potential of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (6) |
|
Department of Interior Leasing Authority on the Outer Continental Shelf |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
FERC Licensing of Hydrokinetic Projects on the Outer Continental Shelf |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
FERC Licensing of Hydrokinetic Projects in State Waters |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
NOAA Jurisdiction over Ocean Thermal Energy Projects |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
Federal Ocean Energy Planning Process |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
State Proprietary and Regulatory Authority |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
|
|
516 | (6) |
|
Environmental Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act |
|
|
516 | (6) |
|
Other Regulatory Requirements |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Other Environmental Statutes and Findings |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Financing Hydrokinetic Projects |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (7) |
|
Chapter Twenty-Two Energy Transmission and Storage |
|
|
531 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction: Why Transmission Matters to Clean Energy |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
The Context from Which Renewable Energy Sources See Transmission |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
The Context from Which the Transmission Industry Sees Renewables |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
America's Electricity Transmission System: Jurisdiction, Challenges, and Potentials |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (4) |
|
Brief History of Transmission Regulation and Its Tensions |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
FERC's Authority over Transmission |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Siting Transmission Projects |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Recent Issues in Federal Authority over Transmission |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
The Diversity of State Regulation |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Regional Transmission Organizations |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
Regional Transmission Jurisdiction |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Jurisdictional Tension Between States and RTOs |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
Interconnection Standards |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Renewable Energy on Transmission Needs |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Power Variability and Intermittency |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Demand Response and Eliminating the Need for New Transmission |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Transmission Capacity on Renewable Energy |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
Centralized and Distributed Power Storage |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Special Storage Considerations |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (3) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Smart Grid |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Benefits of the Smart Grid |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
How Smart Is the Smart Grid? |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Where Should We Go from Here? |
|
|
552 | (7) |
|
Transmission and Renewables: FERC Initiatives Leading the Way |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Balancing "Neutral" Regulated Utilities against a Priority for Most-Needed Resources |
|
|
553 | (6) |
| Appendix State Actions on Clean Energy: A Fifty-State Survey |
|
559 | (60) |
| Table of Cases |
|
619 | (6) |
| Index |
|
625 | |
