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Law of Environmental Justice 2nd ed. [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 903 pages, height x width x depth: 257x182x47 mm, weight: 1525 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-May-2009
  • Izdevniecība: American Bar Association
  • ISBN-10: 1604420839
  • ISBN-13: 9781604420838
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Law of Environmental Justice 2nd ed.Palielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 903 pages, height x width x depth: 257x182x47 mm, weight: 1525 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-May-2009
  • Izdevniecība: American Bar Association
  • ISBN-10: 1604420839
  • ISBN-13: 9781604420838
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781604420838.html
Environmental justice is the concept that minority and low-income individuals, communities and populations should not be disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards, and that they should share fully in making the decisions that affect their environment. This volume examines the sources of environmental justice law and how evolving regulations and court decisions impact projects around the country.
About the Editors xxi
About the Contributors xxiii
Preface to the First Edition xxix
Preface to the Second Edition xxxi
Part One LEGAL THEORIES
1(222)
Equal Protection
3(20)
Philip Weinberg
Generally; Historical Perspective
3(2)
Standards of Judicial Scrutiny
5(1)
Rational Basis Test
5(1)
Strict Scrutiny for Racial Classifications
6(1)
The Requirement of Discriminatory Intent
6(4)
Washington v. Davis
7(1)
Village of Arlington Heights: Circumstantial Proof of Intent
8(1)
Discriminatory Enforcement
8(1)
Other Circumstantial Proof of Intent
9(1)
Environmental Justice Suits Asserting Denial of Equal Protection
10(3)
Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management
10(1)
East Bibb Twiggs v. Macon Planning and Zoning Commission
10(1)
R.I.S.E. v. Kay
11(1)
More Recent Environmental Justice Decisions
12(1)
A Closer Look: Proving Intent
13(4)
Significant Disparate Impact
13(1)
Discrimination in Applying Statutory Standards
14(2)
Departures from Normal Procedures
16(1)
Statements by Officials or Witnesses
16(1)
Procedural Issues
17(6)
Equal Protection in Federal and State Courts
18(1)
Asserting Equal Protection Claims
18(1)
Statute of Limitations
19(1)
Standing
19(4)
Title VI
23(44)
Bradford C. Mank
Introduction
23(2)
Title VI
25(42)
The Basic Structure of Title VI
25(1)
The EPA's Title VI Regulations
26(1)
EPA's Disparate Impact Regulations
26(1)
EPA's Historical Failure to Enforce Title VI
26(1)
The Clinton Administration's Use of Title VI to Promote Environmental Justice
26(1)
The Bush Administration's Approach to Title VI Complaints
27(3)
Policy Guidance Prohibiting National Origin Discrimination Affecting Limited English Proficient Persons
30(1)
Administrative Complaints Under Title VI
31(1)
Filing an Administrative Complaint
31(1)
EPA's Authority to Punish Discriminatory Recipients
32(1)
Drawbacks of Title VI Administrative Complaints
32(1)
Title VI Litigation: Suing the Recipient
33(1)
Standing
33(1)
Disparate Impact or Discriminatory Intent
34(1)
Private Rights of Action
35(1)
Cannon v. University of Chicago: Recognizing a Private Right of Action Under Titles IX and VI
35(1)
Did Guardians Recognize a Private Right of Action Under Title VI Regulations?
36(1)
Sandoval Holds Disparate Impact Regulations Do Not Create a Private Right of Action
36(1)
Lower Courts Divide Over Whether Section 602 Regulations Can Be Enforced Under Section 1983
37(2)
Title VI Remedies
39(1)
Burden of Proof
39(1)
Administrative Complaints and the EPA's Interim Guidance for Investigating Title VI Administrative Complaints Challenging Permits
40(1)
Select Steel
41(2)
Draft Revised Investigation Guidance
43(6)
Draft Final Recipient Guidance
49(1)
Conclusion
50(17)
Other Civil Rights Titles
67(34)
Colin Crawford
Introduction
67(11)
Fair Housing Act Claims in Environmental Justice Disputes
68(10)
Other FHA Concerns
78(4)
Who Can Bring Suit
78(1)
Statutes of Limitations
79(1)
Proof Required
79(1)
Section 1982 Claims in Environmental Justice Disputes
80(2)
Americans with Disabilities Act Claims
82(19)
Executive Order 12, 898
101(56)
Bradford C. Mank
Origins
101(1)
President Clinton's Executive Order 12, 898
102(3)
Executive Order 12, 898
102(2)
Accompanying Memorandum
104(1)
EPA's Environmental Justice Strategy
105(13)
EPA's General Strategy
105(1)
Public Participation
105(1)
Health and Environmental Research
106(1)
Data Collection, Analysis, and Stakeholder Access to Public Information
107(1)
Native American, Tribal, and Indigenous Issues
107(1)
Enforcement
108(1)
Model Projects
108(1)
The EPA's New Environmental Justice Offices
109(1)
The Office of Environmental Justice (OEJ)
109(1)
The National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC)
110(1)
The Legacy of EPA's Implementation of the Order
111(5)
The EPA's 2005 Draft Strategic Plan
116(2)
Other Agencies' Environmental Justice Strategies
118(14)
Department of Transportation Final Order
118(2)
Department of Defense Environmental Justice Strategy
120(2)
Department of Energy Environmental Justice Strategy
122(1)
Identify DOE Actions That Have Disproportionate Impacts
123(1)
Public Participation
123(3)
Improved Research
126(1)
DOE Implementation
126(2)
Department of Justice Environmental Justice Strategy
128(1)
HUD Strategy
129(1)
The Department of Interior
130(1)
Health and Human Services
131(1)
Judicial Construction
132(10)
Federal Courts
132(1)
The EPA's Environmental Appeals Board
133(4)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
137(1)
Louisiana Energy Serices, L. P. (Claiborne Enrichment Center)
137(2)
In the Matter of Private Fuel Storage, L.L.C.
139(1)
The NRC Restricts Environmental Justice to the NEPA
139(1)
Department of the Interior
140(1)
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
141(1)
Do Agencies Have Authority to Follow Order?
141(1)
Conclusion
142(15)
State Environmental Justice Programs and Related Authorities
157(42)
Nicholas Targ
Steven G. Bonorris
Introduction
157(1)
Methodology and Limitations
158(1)
Trends
158(2)
Judicial
159(1)
Executive
159(1)
Legislative
159(1)
Summary
160(39)
Summary Table
160(39)
Native American Law
199(24)
Judith V. Royster
Tribes as Governments: The Concept of Tribal Sovereignty
200(3)
The Federal-Tribal Relationship
200(1)
Indian Country and Land-Tenure Patterns
201(1)
Tribal Governmental Authority
202(1)
Tribal Environmental Authority
203(4)
Tribal Authority Over Air Resources: Federal Authorization
205(1)
Tribal Authority Over Water Resources: Inherent Rights
205(1)
Tribal Authority Over Waste Management
206(1)
Remediation and Recovery for Environmental Damage
207(1)
Federal Environmental Laws as Limits on Tribal Authority
207(2)
Limitation and Abrogation of Tribal Rights
208(1)
Environmental Impact Assessment
208(1)
Treaty Rights as a Source of Environmental Protection
209(1)
Tribal Interests in Sacred Sites and Cultural Property
210(3)
The First Amendment and Sacred Sites
211(1)
Historic and Cultural Preservation Statutes
212(1)
Conclusion
213(10)
Part Two LEGAL PROCEDURES
223(286)
Public Participation
225(40)
Sheila R. Foster
Introduction
225(2)
Public Participation Under Federal Permitting Regulations
227(7)
Mandatory Notice and Written Comment
227(1)
Public Hearings
228(1)
Conditional/Discretionary Hearings
228(1)
Hearing Procedures
228(1)
Responsiveness to Public Comments
229(1)
The Adequacy of Public Participation in Federal Permitting Processes
229(1)
Additional Public Participation Provisions for RCRA Permits
230(1)
Preapplication Meeting
230(1)
Application Notice
231(1)
Information Repository
232(1)
The EPA Encourages, But Does Not Require, Facility Owners to Ensure ``Equal Opportunity'' for Public Participation
232(1)
The Effect of President Clinton's Executive Order on Public Participation in Federal Permitting Processes
233(1)
Technical Assistance Grants
234(1)
NEPA/SEPA Process
234(5)
Overview of Public Participation in the NEPA/SEPA Process
235(1)
The Threshold Determination Stage---EA and FONSI Documents
235(1)
Scoping the EIS
235(1)
Preparing and Commenting on the EIS
236(1)
The Future of Public Participation Under NEPA/SEPAs
236(1)
In General
236(1)
Judicial Enforcement of NEPA/SEPA Procedural Requirements in the Environmental Justice Context: The Kettleman City Case
237(1)
Federal Agencies' Environmental Justicer NEPA Guidance
238(1)
Public Participation Under State Permitting Laws
239(8)
Overview of State Permitting Processes
239(1)
Mandatory Notice and Comment
240(1)
What Must Be Noticed
241(1)
Information Repository
241(1)
Public Hearings
242(1)
Type of Hearing
242(1)
Hearing Procedures
242(1)
Citizen Advisory Boards
243(1)
The Adequacy of Public Participation in State Permitting Processes
244(1)
The Genesee Power Case
244(1)
The Select Steel Case
245(2)
``SLAPPs'': Getting Sued for Speaking Out
247(18)
SLAPP Suits and Claims
248(1)
Typical Claims
248(1)
Judicial Treatment
249(1)
Citizen Responses: SLAPPback Suits and Claims
249(1)
Legislative Responses
249(1)
Defining the SLAPP
250(1)
Immunities
250(1)
Special Motion Practices
251(14)
Access to Information
265(30)
Bernard A. Weintraub
Introduction: Access to Information in the Environmental Justice Context
265(1)
A Note on the Internet as a Source of Environmental Justice Information
266(2)
Sources of Accessible Information
268(27)
Information Distributed by a Regulated Entity
268(1)
Information Required by Law to Be Disclosed
268(1)
Compliance information Contained in Federal and State Databases
268(2)
Chemical Exposure Right-to-Know Laws
270(4)
Federal Hazardous Chemical Inventory Reporting (EPCRA Section 311 and 312)
274(1)
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting (EPCRA Section 313)
275(2)
Enforcement of EPCRA Section 311, 312, and 313
277(1)
International Pollution Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs)
277(1)
Other Laws That Promote Public Access to Exposure Information Regarding Potentially Dangerous Chemicals
278(1)
Other Environmental Laws That Promote Disclosure of Information
279(1)
Required Disclosure Under the Securities and Exchange Commission Regulations
279(3)
Other Information Relevant to Environmental Justice Inquiries Provided by the Federal Government
282(1)
Methods of, and Boundaries to, Accessing Governmental Information
283(1)
The Scope of Information Available
284(2)
Making an FOIA Request
286(2)
Information Distributed by Private Groups
288(1)
Business Profilers and Trade Groups
288(1)
The Popular Media, Books, and Scholarly Journals
289(1)
Specific Interest Organizations
289(1)
International Environmental Justice Initiatives
290(1)
Maps Generally and Geographic Information Systems Mapping
291(1)
Political and Other Specialized Maps
291(1)
GIS Mapping Tools
291(1)
Support for Accessing Information
292(3)
Impact Assessment
295(46)
Sheila R. Foster
Introduction
295(1)
Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Under the National Environmental Policy Act
296(8)
Actions Subject to NEPA
297(1)
Major Federal Actions
297(2)
Notable Exemptions from the NEPA
299(1)
Consideration of Socioeconomic Impacts at the Threshold Determination Stage
299(1)
Range of Impacts Can Trigger EIS Requirement
300(1)
Socioeconomic Impacts Must Have Sufficiently Close Connection to Physical Changes in the Environment to Trigger the EIS Process
301(1)
Consideration of Socioeconomic Impacts at the EIS Preparation and Adequacy Stage
301(1)
Agencies Have Responsibility, and Considerable Discretion, to Collect and Include a Range of Impacts in the EIS
301(1)
Analysis of Socioeconomic Impact in the EIS Required Only When Interrelated with Natural/Physical Environmental Effects
302(1)
The NEPA Is a Purely Procedural Statute and Has No Automatic Effect on Decision-Making Outcomes
303(1)
The Impact of President Clinton's Environmental Justice Executive Order on Consideration of Socioeconomic Impacts Under NEPA
304(5)
Council on Environmental Quality's Guidance on Incorporating Environmental Justice into the NEPA Process
304(1)
Federal Agencies' Guidelines on Implementing the NEPA in the Environmental Justice Context
305(1)
Establishing the Affected Environment: Data Collection
306(1)
Assessing the Impact on Vulnerable Populations: The Role of Culture
306(1)
Socioeconomic Impact Analysis in the EA and EIS Process
307(1)
Cumulative and Indirect Impact Analysis
308(1)
The Effect of the EO on Agency and Judicial Adjudication of Socioeconomic Impacts
309(3)
Agency Adjudications of EIS Sufficiency Regarding EJ Concerns
309(1)
The Louisiana Energy Services Case
309(2)
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission Decision
311(1)
Judicial Review of the Adequacy of Environmental Justice Analysis in the EIS
312(2)
Impact Assessment Under Other Federal Laws
314(1)
Impact Assessment Under Federal Environmental Statutes: Permits Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Clean Air Act
314(6)
Impact Assessment Under the RCRA
314(2)
Impact Assessment Under the Safe Drinking Water Act
316(1)
Impact Assessment Under the Clean Air Act
316(1)
The National Historic Preservation Act
317(1)
An Overview of Section 106 Review
318(1)
Houston v. City of Cocoa
318(2)
Impact Assessment Under State Laws
320(21)
Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Under SEPAs
321(1)
Socioeconomic Impact Assessment in Hazardous or Solid Waste Siting Processes
322(1)
Distributional Limitations
323(1)
Social and Economic Considerations in the Siting Process---``Soft Criteria''
323(18)
Risk Assessment, Susceptible Subpopulations, and Environmental Justice
341(54)
Carl F. Cranor
Introduction
341(1)
Preliminary Issues
342(4)
Leading Legal Authorities Providing Environmental Health Protections
346(8)
Unreasonable Risk Statutes
346(1)
Statutes Protecting the Public Health
346(1)
The Federal Clean Water Act
347(1)
The Clean Air Act
347(1)
The Safe Drinking Water Act
348(1)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
349(1)
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
349(1)
Legislation Protecting Individual Persons
350(1)
The Occupational Safety and Health Act
350(1)
The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
351(1)
Legislation Specifically Concerned with Susceptible Subpopulations
352(1)
Executive Branch Initiatives
353(1)
Risk Assessment
354(11)
An Overview of Risk Assessment
354(1)
Hazard Identification
354(1)
Dose-Response Assessment
355(3)
Exposure Assessment
358(1)
Risk Characterization
358(1)
Prima Facie Tension Between Risk Assessment and Environmental Justice Strategies
359(2)
Shortcomings of Risk Assessment in Addressing Risks to Susceptible Subpopulations
361(2)
The Promise of Risk Assessment for Environmental Health Protection
363(1)
Incorporating Environmental Justice Concerns into Risk Assessment
363(2)
Judicial Review of Risk Assessment
365(10)
OSHA Risk Assessments
366(2)
The Consumer Product Safety Commission
368(1)
The Environmental Protection Agency
369(4)
Other Judicial/Legal Actions on Risk Assessment
373(2)
The Effect of Daubert v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., on Litigants
375(1)
Generic Lessons
376(19)
Access to the Courts
395(36)
Ellen P. Chapnick
Standing
395(19)
Overview of Constitutional and Prudential Requirements
395(1)
Constitutional Limitations
396(1)
Prudential Limitations
396(1)
Constitutional Requirements of Standing for Citizen Suits Under the Traditional Federal Environmental Statutes
397(1)
Requirement of ``Injury in Fact''
398(2)
Requirement of Causation
400(1)
Requirement of ``Redressability''
400(2)
Statutory Requirements for Standing
402(1)
Citizen Suit Provisions of Traditional Federal Environmental Statutes
402(4)
Representational Standing
406(1)
Phase at Which Standing Defect May Be Raised
407(1)
Constitutional Requirements
408(1)
Lawyers' Fees
409(1)
Lawyers' Fees in Federal Court Cases
409(1)
Common Law
409(1)
Citizen Suits Under Federal Statutes
409(3)
Equal Access to Justice Act
412(2)
Participation Fee Provisions
414(1)
Recovering Fees Under State Law
414(1)
Sources of Legal Representation
414(17)
National Organizations
415(1)
Traditional Environmental Organizations
415(1)
Civil Rights Organizations
416(1)
Legal Services and Other Local Organizations
417(2)
Law Schools
419(1)
Resource Directories
419(1)
Online Legal Research
419(12)
Evidentiary Issues: Proving Intent and Effect and Defining the Affected Community
431(40)
Kenneth J. Warren
Introduction
431(2)
Proving or Disproving Discriminatory Intent
433(2)
Proving or Disproving Discriminatrory Effect
435(3)
Defining the Concepts of Minority and Low Income
438(1)
Defining the Affected Community
439(17)
Judicial Decisions Examining Environmental Justice
439(1)
Existing Political or Neighborhood Boundaries
440(2)
Census Tracts
442(3)
Social Networks and Community Ties
445(1)
Multifacted Approach to Community
445(1)
Definitions of Affected Community Utilized in Environmental Justice Studies
446(2)
Countywide Analysis
448(1)
Zip Code Area Analysis
448(2)
Census Tract Level of Analysis
450(3)
Research Using Radial Distances from the Source
453(1)
Research Using Public Databases
454(2)
Evidentiary Issues
456(15)
Determining the Impact from the Facility
456(4)
Use of Social Science Methodologies
460(1)
Use of Statistical Measures
461(10)
Issues of Legal Ethics in Environmental Justice Matters
471(38)
Irma S. Russell
Joanne Sum-Ping
Introduction
471(1)
The Model Rules and their Applicability
472(1)
The Lawyer-Client Relationship
473(7)
Client Status
473(2)
Solicitation of Clients
475(1)
The Organizational Client
476(3)
Duration of Representation
479(1)
Abiding by Client's Objectives
480(1)
Foundational Ethical Principles of Representation
480(1)
Conflicts
481(7)
Conflicts Relating to Simultaneous Representation
482(2)
Conflicts Relating to Current Clients---Multiple Representation
484(1)
Positional or Issue Conflicts
485(1)
Conflicts Problems Relating to Settlement Offers
485(2)
Conflicts Relating to Former Clients
487(1)
Conflicts Based on Prior Government Work
487(1)
Conflicts and Written Consent
488(1)
The Duty of Confidentiality
488(5)
The Rule and Exceptions
488(2)
Confidentiality and Positive Law
490(1)
Confidentiality and the Right to Withdraw from Representation
491(1)
Confidentiality and Prospective Clients
492(1)
The Lawyer's Obligations Relating to the Use of Consultants and the Media
493(1)
Working with Consultants
493(1)
Use of the Media
494(1)
SLAPP Suits
494(2)
Conclusion
496(13)
Part Three LEGAL OBJECTIVES
509(282)
Stopping and Building New Facilities
511(24)
Michael B. Gerrard
Introduction
511(1)
Challenging the Need for the Facility
512(3)
Challenging the Siting Process
515(3)
Challenging Permits
518(6)
Introduction
518(1)
Site-Based Permit Requirements
519(2)
Technology-Based Permit Requirements
521(2)
Environmental Review Requirements
523(1)
Applicant-Based Permit Requirements
523(1)
Civil Rights Claims
523(1)
Common Law and Constitutional Tools
523(1)
Procedural Issues
524(3)
Preapplication
524(1)
Permitting
525(1)
Litigation
526(1)
Defensive Measures
526(1)
Negotiating About Facilities
527(8)
Controlling Existing Facilities
535(34)
Heidi Gorovitz Robertson
Existing Facilities as Sources of Environmental Inequity
535(4)
Grandfather Clauses in the Environmental Laws
535(2)
Unequal Enforcement
537(2)
Statutory Tools for Citizens to Use in Controlling Existing Facilities
539(8)
Citizen Suit Provisions---Forcing Polluting Facilities to Comply with Environmental Laws
539(1)
Citizen Suits Under the CWA
540(2)
Citizen Suits Under the CAA
542(1)
Citizen Suits Under the RCRA
543(2)
Citizen Enforcement of the EPA's Disparate Impact Regulations
545(1)
False Claims Act
545(1)
Lawsuits Against the Government for Nonenforcement
546(1)
Statutory Tools Available to Government Entities for Controlling Existing Facilities
547(1)
Civil Enforcement
547(1)
Clean Air Act
547(1)
Clean Water Act
547(1)
Criminal Enformcement
548(1)
State and Local Initiatives
548(4)
Environmental Benefits Program
549(1)
State Statutory Provisions
549(1)
Informer Rewards
549(1)
Administrative Tools for Controlling Existing Facilities
550(1)
The Permitting Process
550(2)
Corrective Action Orders
552(1)
Settlements and Consent Devices
552(1)
Common Law Tools for Controlling Existing Facilities
552(4)
Nuisance
553(1)
Private Nuisance
553(1)
Public Nuisance
554(1)
Trespass
554(1)
Negligence
555(1)
Strict Liability
556(1)
Constitutional Limitations on Our Ability to Control Existing Facilities
556(1)
Use Restrictions: Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8)
556(1)
Sovereign Immunity: The Problem of Federal Facilities
557(1)
Pollution Prevention
557(12)
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
558(2)
Pollution Prevention in the Other Major Federal Environmental Laws
560(1)
Pollution Prevention in the RCRA
560(1)
Pollution Prevention Under the Clean Water Act
560(1)
Pollution Prevention Under the Clean Air Act
561(8)
Cleaning Up Abandoned or Inactive Contaminated Sites
569(36)
Veronica Eady Famira
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
570(4)
Overview of CERCLA Liability Framework
570(1)
Types of Response Actions That May Be Conducted Under CERCLA
571(1)
Removal Actions
571(1)
Remedial Actions
572(1)
Relocations
573(1)
CERCLA Site Identification, Ranking, and Remediation Process
574(12)
Site Identification Process
574(1)
Site-Ranking Process
575(1)
Site Remediation Process
576(2)
Recovery of Response Costs by EPA and Private Parties
578(2)
EPA Authority to Issue Section 106 Administrative Orders
580(1)
Citizen Suits
581(1)
Ban of Judicial Review of Response Actions
582(3)
Federal Facilities and Environmental Justice Efforts
585(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
586(19)
RCRA Authority to Require Testing and Investigations
586(1)
RCRA Imminent Hazard Authority
586(1)
RCRA Corrective Action Authority
587(2)
Citzen Suits
589(1)
Elements of a Citizen Suit Action to Compel Cleanup
589(3)
Defenses to Liability
592(1)
Procedural Requirements
592(1)
State Superfund Laws
593(1)
Nuisance
593(2)
Strict Liability
595(2)
Forecast for Environmental Justice and Contaminated Properties
597(8)
Recycling Brownfields Sites
605(14)
Veronica Eady Famira
Introduction
605(1)
CERCLA Cleanups
606(1)
Voluntary Cleanup Programs
607(1)
Federal Brownfields Legislation
608(3)
Financing a Brownfields Project
609(1)
Public Involvement
610(1)
Background Contamination
611(4)
Schools on Brownfields Sites
613(1)
Vapor Intrusion
614(1)
Conclusion: Brownfields Development and Sustainable Communities
615(4)
Controlling Residential Exposure
619(48)
E. Gail Suchman
Lawrence P. Schnapf
Introduction
619(1)
Indoor Air Pollution Generally
620(5)
Sources and Health Hazards
620(1)
Federal Regulation
621(1)
State and Local Regulation
622(1)
Voluntary Standards
622(1)
Tort Actions
622(2)
Litigation Hurdles
624(1)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
625(1)
Sick Building Syndrome
625(1)
Lead Exposure
625(6)
Sources and Health Hazards
625(1)
Federal Regulation
626(3)
State and Local Regulation
629(1)
Tort Actions
630(1)
Asbestos
631(3)
Sources and Health Hazards
631(1)
Federal Regulation
631(1)
State and Local Regualtion
632(1)
Domestic and International Implications
633(1)
Tort Actions
634(1)
Pesticides
634(2)
Sources and Health Hazards
634(1)
Federal and State Regulation
635(1)
Tort Actions
636(1)
Radon
636(1)
Sources and Health Hazards
636(1)
Federal and State Regulation
637(1)
Tort Actions
637(1)
Mold
637(4)
Sources and Health Hazards
637(2)
Federal, State, and Local Regulation
639(1)
Tort Actions
640(1)
Vapor Intrusion
641(4)
Sources and Health Hazards
641(2)
Federal and State Regulation
643(1)
Potential Tort Actions
644(1)
Drinking Water Contamination
645(2)
Sources and Health Hazards
645(1)
Federal and State Regulation
645(1)
Tort Actions
646(1)
Electromagnetic Fields
647(2)
Sources and Health Hazards
647(1)
Tort Claims
648(1)
Dietary Exposure and Subsistence Fishing
649(18)
Tort Remedies and Litigation Strategies
667(46)
Allan Kanner
Nature of the Problem
667(2)
Prior to Litigation
669(1)
Focusing on the Problem
669(3)
Introduction
669(1)
Personal Injuries and Wrongful Death
670(1)
Introduction
670(1)
Finding the Science
670(1)
Identifying the Substance, Exposure, and Dose
671(1)
The Role of the Expert
672(1)
Compensation
672(1)
Thinking About Damages
672(15)
Increased Risk of Cancer or Other Future Illness
672(1)
Emotional Distress Arising from Fear of Cancer or Other Illness
673(1)
Cancerphobia
674(1)
Socioeconomic Considerations
675(1)
Medical Monitoring
675(1)
Introduction to Medical Monitoring
675(1)
The Avoidable-Consequences and Single-Recovery Rules
676(1)
Present Physical Injury
676(1)
Medical Monitoring Successes
677(1)
Elements of a Medical Monitoring Claim
678(2)
Socioeconomic Considerations
680(1)
Property Values
680(1)
Types of Recognized Property Damages
680(1)
Illustrative Cases
681(1)
The Restatement
682(1)
Two Keys of Market Value and Remediation
683(1)
Quality of Life
683(1)
Loss of Use
684(1)
Introduction to Loss of Use
684(1)
Common Law Loss of Use
685(1)
Civil Law Loss of Use
685(1)
Stigma Damages
686(1)
Punitive Damages
686(1)
Summary of Damages Issues
686(1)
Toxic Tort Theories of Relief
687(7)
Introduction
687(1)
Strict Liability
687(1)
Negligence
688(1)
Trespass
688(1)
Nuisance
689(1)
Introduction
689(1)
Elements of a Nuisance Claim
689(1)
Nuisance and Environmental Justice
689(1)
Causation in Nuisance Claims
690(1)
Unjust Enrichment/Restitution
690(1)
A Tool for Addressing Socioeconomic Legal Disparities
690(1)
General Principles of Restitution
690(1)
Ayers v. Jackson Township
691(1)
The Substitution Model
691(1)
Unjust Enrichment and Equity
692(1)
Causation
692(1)
Introduction to Causation
692(1)
Defense Tactics Regarding Causation
693(1)
Socioeconomic Issues Affecting Causation
693(1)
Group Litigation Issues
694(1)
Class Actions
694(1)
Settlements
694(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution
694(1)
Conclusion
695(18)
Controlling Exposures in the Workplace
713(52)
Barbara J. Olshansky
Barnett Lawrence
The Scope of Substantive Workplace Safety and Health Protections
715(11)
Enforcing Affirmative Federal Statutory Mandates
715(1)
The Occupational Safety and Health Act
715(3)
Employer Defenses Under the OSH Act
718(2)
Using the Protections Afforded by Other Statutes
720(4)
Achieving and Enforcing Contractual Obligations
724(1)
Forcing Regulatory Standard-Setting Action
725(1)
The Power of Information: Using the OSH Act and Other ``Right-to-Know'' Laws
726(4)
Enforcing the Duty to Generate Exposure and Effects Information Under Federal Law
726(2)
Taking Advantage of the Duty to Generate Information Embodied in State and Local Right-to-Know Laws
728(1)
Employer Defenses to Disclosure Laws
729(1)
The Benefits Available and Limitations Imposed Under State Workers' Compensation Schemes
730(2)
The Situations of Special Classifications of Workers
732(6)
The Unenviable Situation of Farmworkers
732(3)
Employer Defenses
735(1)
The Undefined Parameters of Protection for Workfare Participants
736(2)
Criminal Prosecution for Hazardous Workplace Safety and Health Conditions
738(27)
Federal Prosecutions Brought Under Occupational Health and Environmental Laws
738(2)
Employer Defenses
740(1)
State Prosecutions Under Occupational Health and Penal Laws
740(25)
Protecting Citizens of Other Countries
765(26)
Jeffrey B. Gracer
Citizen Submissions Under NAFTA's Environmental Side Agreement
766(1)
The Process for Citizen Submissions
767(1)
The Effectiveness and Scope of the Citizen Submission Process
768(1)
The Border Environmental Cooperation Agreement
769(3)
Lawsuits in U.S. Courts Alleging Foreign Torts
772(2)
Environmental Impact Review Under NEPA and Executive Order 12, 114
774(3)
Hazardous Waste Export
777(2)
Export of Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals
779(1)
Citizen Submissions to the World Bank's Inspection Panel
780(1)
The Process for Citizen Submissions
780(1)
The Effectiveness and Scope of the Citizen Submission Process
781(2)
Ex-Im and OPIC Environmental Reviews
783(1)
Voluntary Corporate Responses
784(7)
Table of Rules and Statutes 791(22)
Tables of Cases 813(34)
Index 847