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Law of Estoppel [Hardback]

Michael Barnes KC (Wilberforce Chambers)

Formāts: Hardback, 984 pages, height x width x depth: 246x176x58 mm, weight: 1820 g
Izdošanas datums: 20-Feb-2020
Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
ISBN-10: 1509909389
ISBN-13: 9781509909384

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Contract law

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Formāts: Hardback, 984 pages, height x width x depth: 246x176x58 mm, weight: 1820 g
Izdošanas datums: 20-Feb-2020
Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
ISBN-10: 1509909389
ISBN-13: 9781509909384

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Contract law

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781509909384.html

Keywords:

This work contains within a single book an account of all the forms of estoppel in operation today, including estoppel by record (res iudicata), as well as of the associated doctrine of election. There can be few practitioners who do not at some time have to engage with estoppel. Estoppel applies across all, or nearly all, English civil law. In explaining each form of estoppel an attempt is made to state the main elements which have to be proved to establish the estoppel and then to explain each element in detail with its various components. At the end of each chapter a brief summary of the estoppel is included so as to guide practitioners and others to any question important in any particular case. The law of estoppel has considerably advanced over recent decades and over the last ten years there have been major changes such as the clarification of the previously uncertain boundaries of proprietary estoppel, a statement of the exceptions to the principles of res iudicata, and the extension of estoppel by representation to cover statements of law as well as of fact. These and other subjects are explained in detail. A Glossary of important terms is included.

This work contains within a single book an account of all the forms of estoppel in operation today, including estoppel by record (res iudicata), as well as of the associated doctrine of election.

There can be few practitioners who do not at some time have to engage with estoppel. Estoppel applies across all, or nearly all, English civil law. In explaining each form of estoppel an attempt is made to state the main elements which have to be proved to establish the estoppel and then to explain each element in detail with its various components. At the end of each chapter a brief summary of the estoppel is included so as to guide practitioners and others to any question important in any particular case.

The law of estoppel has considerably advanced over recent decades and over the last ten years there have been major changes such as the clarification of the previously uncertain boundaries of proprietary estoppel, a statement of the exceptions to the principles of res iudicata, and the extension of estoppel by representation to cover statements of law as well as of fact. These and other subjects are explained in detail. A Glossary of important terms is included.

Recenzijas

A bottle of champagne to the first member of the FLBA who is reported as getting relief in respect of pension rights arising by way of proprietary estoppel. Any such hopeful advocate would do well to invest in a copy of Michael Barnes QCs excellent book. -- Jarndyced * Family Affairs *

Papildus informācija

Landmark practitioner volume on the law of estoppel by a leading commercial and chancery QC.

Preface

vii

Table of Cases

xxvii

Table of Statues

lxi

Table of Statutory Instruments

lxi

Table of International Instruments

lxvii

Table of Overseas Material

lxxi

1 Introduction

(15)

A The Legal and Moral Basis of Estoppel

(3)

B The Forms of extoppel and the Doctrine of Election

(11)

1 A List of Estoppels

(1)

2 General Description

(2)

3 Estoppel by Representation

(2)

4 Estoppel by Deed

(1)

5 Fcroopel by Convention

(1)

6 The Two Forms of Equitable Estoppel

(2)

7 Three Doubtful Forms of Estoppel

(1)

8 Estoppel by Record

(1)

9 Reliance-Based Estoppels

(1)

10 Classifications of Estoppels

(1)

11 The Doctrine of Election

(1)

C The Nature and Characteristics of Estoppel

(1)

1 The Three Main Questions

(1)

2 The First Question: The Initial Statement

(1)

3 The Second Question: Events Following the Initial Statement

(1)

4 The Third Question: Giving Effect to the Estoppel

(1)

5 Unconscionability

(3)

6 Mutuality

(18)

D General Factors Common to Estoppels

(6)

1 The First Factor: Intention

(1)

2 The Second Factor: Reasonableness

(1)

3 The Third Factor: Objective Test

(1)

4 The Fourth Factor: Substantiality

(3)

5 The Fifth Factor: The Burden of Proof

(1)

E General Questions of Principle Regarding Estoppel

(2)

F Terminology

(1)

G The Historical Basis of Estoppel

(2)

H The Structure of the Book

(6)

2 General Questions Relating to Estoppel

(97)

A Introduction

(3)

B Sword or Shield

(15)

1 The Issue

(3)

2 Cause of Action

(1)

i The General Rule

(3)

ii Proprietary Estoppel

(1)

3 The Principle: Three Propositions

(1)

4 The Authorities

(1)

i The General Weight of Authority

(3)

ii Contrary Decisions on the First Proposition

(3)

iii The Result of the Authorities

(1)

5 Conclusion

(1)

C Evidence or Substantive Law

(11)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 The Authorities

(1)

i A Rule of Evidence

(1)

ii A Doctrine of Substantive Law

(1)

3 Discussion of the Principle

(1)

i Causes of Action: Their Components and their Proof

(2)

ii Adverse Results

(2)

iii Representations and Assumptions of Law

(1)

4 Practical Impact of the Description

(2)

5 Conclusion

(1)

D Public Law

(19)

1 Introduction

(1)

i The Underlying Problem

(3)

ii A Possible Solution

(3)

iii Public Bodies

(1)

2 Guidance from Conflicting Authorities

(1)

i Public Functions: Estoppel Refused

(1)

ii Public Functions: Estoppel Allowed

(2)

iii Private Law Actions of Public Bodies

(2)

iv A Possible Reconciliation of the Authorities

(1)

v The Reprotech Decision

(2)

3 Legitimate Expectation

(2)

4 Conclusion

(1)

E Estoppel and Jurisdiction

(12)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 The Fundamental Rule

(1)

i The Rule of Law

(4)

ii Supervision of Solicitors by the High Court

(1)

3 Procedural Requirements

(1)

i The Rule: Jurisdictional and Procedural Requirements

(2)

ii Distinguishing between Jurisdictional and Procedural Requirements

(3)

4 Conclusion

(1)

F Estoppel: Conflict with Statutory Provisions and Other Rules of Law

(20)

1 Introduction

(4)

2 Protection of Occupation of Property

103

(1)

3 Formalities

104

(1)

i General

104

(1)

ii Estoppel and Contracts for die Disposition of an Interest in Land

105

(1)

iii The Actionstrength Decision

106

(3)

4 Other Forms of Statutory Provision

109

(2)

5 Conclusion on Statutory Provisions

111

(1)

i The General Principle

111

(2)

ii The First Possible Qualification

113

(1)

iii The Second Possible Qualification

114

(1)

6 Persons Under Disabilities

115

(1)

7 Non-Statutory Principles

116

(1)

i The General Approach

116

(1)

ii Public Policy

117

(2)

G A Uniform Doctrine

119

(17)

1 Underlying Substratum

119

(2)

2 The proliferation of Forms of Estoppel

121

(1)

3 Differences between Forms of Estoppel

122

(1)

i Differences between Initial Statements, Areas of Use and Subject Matter

122

(2)

ii Generally Clear Boundaries

124

(2)

4 A Possible Unification

126

(1)

i The Authorities

126

(3)

ii The Theory

129

(3)

iii A More Modest Way Forward

132

(4)

iv Further Advances in the Doctrine of Estoppel

136

(1)

5 conclusion

136

(46)

H Waiver

137

(11)

1 The concept and Definition of Waiver

137

(1)

2 The Various Meanings of Waiver

138

(1)

i The General Approach

138

(2)

ii Classification of Meanings

140

(5)

3 A Possible Separate Meaning

145

(3)

14 Conclusion

148

(1)

I Estoppel and third Parties

148

(34)

1 Introduction

148

(2)

i Different Forms of Estoppel

150

(1)

ii The Burden and Benefit

151

(1)

iii Interests in Land

151

(2)

iv Registration

153

(1)

2 Proprietary Estoppel

153

(1)

i General Considerations

153

(1)

ii The Transfer of the Burden Prior to Crystallisation: The General Rule

154

(2)

iii The Transfer of the Burden Prior to Crystallisation: Registration

156

(1)

iv The Transfer of the Burden after Crystallisation

157

(2)

v The Transfer of the Burden: The Discretion of the Court

159

(1)

vi The Transfer of the Benefit

160

(1)

vii Chattels and Other Rights

161

(1)

viii Summary

162

(1)

3 Promissory Estoppel

162

(1)

i Rights in Land: Transfer of the Burden

162

(2)

ii Rights in Land: Transfer of the Benefit

164

(1)

iii Other Rights

164

(1)

4 Estoppel by Representation

165

(1)

i General Rights: Transfer of the Burden

166

(2)

ii General Rights: Transfer of the Benefit

168

(1)

iii Interests in Land

168

(2)

iv Ownership of Chattels

170

(2)

v Insolvency

172

(2)

5 Estoppel by Convention

174

(1)

6 Estoppel by Deed

175

(2)

i The Basic Rule

177

(1)

ii Privies

178

iii Transferees of Land and the Burden of the Estoppel

177

(1)

7 Estoppel by Record

178

(1)

8 Conclusion

179

(3)

3 Estoppel by Representation

182

(118)

A Introduction

182

(6)

1 Nature and Origins

182

(2)

2 Relationship to Other Forms of Estoppel and to Election

184

(1)

i Promissory Estoppel

185

(1)

ii Estoppel by Deed

186

(1)

iii Estoppel by Convention

186

(1)

iv Proprietary Estoppel

187

(1)

v Estoppel by Contract

187

(1)

vi The Doctrine of Election

188

(1)

B The Essential Elements of the Estoppel

188

(2)

C The Representation

190

(38)

1 The Nature of the Representation

190

(1)

i A False Statement

190

(2)

ii Representations of Fact and of Law

192

(4)

iii Distinction between Statements of Fact and of Law

196

(2)

iv Mixed Law and Fact

198

(1)

v Statements of Opinion

199

(1)

vi Promises

200

(2)

2 The Content of the Representation

202

(1)

i The Need for Clarity

202

(3)

ii The Rule as to Inferred Representations

205

(1)

iii Illustrations of Inferred Representations

206

(2)

iv An Objective Test

208

(1)

3 Other Aspects of Representations

209

(1)

i Silence or Inaction: The General Principle

209

(4)

ii Silence or Inaction: Duty to Speak

213

(1)

iii Duty to Speak: The Questions Which Arise

214

(2)

iv Duty to Speak: Moral Duty

216

(3)

v Contradictions and Withdrawals: The General Principle

219

(1)

vi Contradictions: Subsequent Acts

220

(1)

vii Admissions

221

(2)

viii The Identity of the Representee

223

(2)

ix Entire Agreement and No Oral Modification Clauses

225

(2)

4 The Burden of Proof

227

(1)

D The Intention of the Representor

228

(10)

1 The Rule of Law

228

(1)

2 An Objective Test

229

(2)

3 Foreseeability and Probability of Reliance on the Representation

231

(2)

3 Knowledge of Falsity of Statement

233

(1)

4 The Exact Intention and Knowledge of the Representor

234

(1)

i Type of Act Intended

234

(2)

ii Knowledge of Subsequent Acts

236

(2)

6 The Burden of Proof

238

(1)

E Injustice or Unconscionability: Its Components of Reliance and Detriment

238

(21)

1 Introduction

238

(3)

2 Reliance

241

(1)

i The Rule of Law

241

(1)

ii Causation

242

(1)

iii Reasonableness of Actions

243

(2)

3 Detriment

245

(1)

i The Rule of Law

245

(3)

ii The Time of the Detriment

248

(2)

iii Risk of Detriment

250

(2)

iv Loss of a Chance and `Pro Tanto' Effect

252

(1)

v The Amount of Detriment

253

(1)

4 Substantiality

254

(1)

5 Injustice or Unconscionability

255

(1)

i The Requirement of Injustice

255

(1)

ii The Purpose of the Requirement

256

(2)

iii Two Further Questions

258

(1)

6 The Burden of Proof

259

(1)

F The Effect of the Estoppel

259

(19)

1 The Problem

259

(1)

i The Nature of the Problem

259

(2)

ii Three Preliminary Matters

261

(2)

2 The Authorities `

263

(1)

i Decisions Prior to Howlett

263

(3)

ii The Howlett Decision

266

(2)

iii Decisions After Howlett

268

(3)

iv Conclusion on the Authorities

271

(2)

3 Estoppel and Restitution

273

(2)

4 The Present Law

275

(1)

i The First Proposition: The General Effect of the Estoppel

276

(1)

ii The Second Proposition: Risk of Detriment

276

(1)

iii The Third Proposition: General Rejection of the `Pro anto Effect

277

(1)

iv The Fourth Proposition: Return of a `Pro Tanto' Effect

277

(1)

G Contractual Estoppel

278

(11)

1 The Meaning and Origin of the Expression

278

(1)

i The Freedom of Contract Principle

279

(3)

ii The Rise of Contractual Estoppel

282

(2)

2 `No Representation or `No Inducement' Clauses

284

(2)

3 The Status of Contractual Estoppel

286

(3)

H Estoppel by Negligence

289

(5)

1 The Meaning of Estoppel by Negligence

289

(2)

2 Instances of the Estoppel

291

(2)

3 Conclusion

293

(1)

I Summary

294

(6)

1 General

294

(1)

2 The First Element: The Representation

295

(1)

3 The Second Element: the intention of the Representor

296

(1)

4 The third Element: Injustice or Unconscionability The components of reliance and detriment

296

(1)

5 The Effect of the Estoppel

297

(1)

6 Contractual Estoppel

298

(1)

7 Estoppel by Negligence

299

(1)

4 Estoppel by Deed

300

(40)

A Introduction

300

(3)

B Deeds

303

(6)

1 Formalities of a Deed

303

(1)

2 The Nature of, and the Requirement for, a Deed

304

(2)

3 Defects in or Relating to Deeds

306

(3)

C The First Aspect of Estoppel by Deed: Its Essential Requirments

308

1 Statement of Fact

309

(2)

2 Clear and Unambiguous statement

311

(1)

i The Rule of Law

311

(1)

ii Implied Statements

312

(2)

iii Consequences of the Rule

314

(1)

3 Statement as the Agreed Basis of the Deed

315

(2)

4 A Claim or an Action on the Deed

317

(3)

5 Statement of the PartyAlleged to be Estopped

318

6 Injustice

320

(2)

7 Estoppel by Deed and Other Estopples

322

(1)

i Estoppel by contract

322

(3)

ii Estoppel by Convention

325

(1)

iii Conclusion

325

(2)

D The Second Aspect of Estoppel by Deed: Interests in Land Created by Estoppel

327

(10)

1 introduction

327

(1)

2 The Historical Basis of the Two Separate Doctrines

328

(2)

3 The Nature of the Two Separate Doctrines

330

(3)

4 The Differences between the Two Separate Doctrines

333

(2)

5 Equitable Interests and Other Rights

335

(1)

6 Conclusion

335

(2)

E Summary

337

(3)

1 General

337

(1)

2 The First Aspect

338

(1)

3 The Second Aspect

338

(1)

i General

338

(1)

ii The First Doctrine

339

(1)

iii The Second Doctrine

339

(1)

5 Estoppel by Convention

340

(53)

A The Nature and Basis of the Estoppel

340

(3)

B The Development of the Estoppel

343

(8)

1 introduction

343

(2)

2 Amalgamated Property Co v Texas Bank

345

(1)

3 Keen v Holland

346

(3)

4 The India Steamship Decision

349

(1)

5 The Status of the Estoppel

350

(1)

C The Main Elements of the Estoppel

351

(3)

1 The Three Main Elements

351

(2)

2 A Comparison with Other Forms of Estoppel

353

(1)

D First Element: Assumed State of Fact or Law

354

(15)

1 The Nature of the Assumption

354

(1)

i General Nature

354

(3)

ii Assumption that an Agreement is Binding

357

iii The Need for a Specific Assumption

350

(11)

iv The Reason for the Assumption

361

(1)

2 Proof of the Assumption

362

(1)

i The Clarity Required

362

(1)

ii Method of Proof

363

(1)

iii An Assumption Distinguished from a Contract and a Promise

364

(1)

3 Assumption Relating to an Existing Transaction

365

(1)

i The Rule and the Authorities

365

(2)

ii Types of Pre-Existing Transactions

367

(2)

E The Second Element: A Shared Assumption

369

(17)

1 The Four Factual Situations: Crossing the Line

369

(3)

2 Rules as to Crossing the Line

372

(1)

3 Acquiescence

373

(1)

4 The Mental Element in Estoppel by Convention

374

(1)

i The Mental Element Generally

374

(1)

ii Intention

374

(1)

iii Foreseeability

375

(2)

iv Summary

377

(1)

F The Third Element: Injustice or Unconscionability

377

(1)

1 The Requirement of Injustice

377

(2)

2 The Meaning of Injustice: The Three Relevant Matters

379

(1)

i The Three Components

379

(1)

ii The First Component: Reliance

380

(1)

iii The Second Component: Prejudice or Detriment

381

(2)

iv The Third Component: The Overall Test of Unconscionability

383

(3)

G The Effect of the Estoppel

386

(4)

1 The General Effect of the Estoppel

386

(1)

i Parties

386

(1)

ii Partial Effect

386

(2)

2 The Duration of the Estoppel

388

(2)

H Summary

390

(3)

1 The Nature of the Estoppel

390

(1)

2 The Assumption

391

(1)

3 Common or Shared Assumption

391

(1)

4 Injustice or Unconscionability

391

(1)

5 The Effect of the Estoppel

392

(1)

6 Promissory Estoppel

393

(126)

A The Principle and its Development

393

(15)

1 The Principle

393

(2)

2 A Principle of Equity

395

(1)

3 The Victorian Origins

396

(3)

4 The High Trees Decision

399

(2)

5 A Line of Subsequent Decisions

401

(1)

i The Main Decisions and the Development of the Principle

401

(3)

ii Australian Decisions

404

(2)

6 General Acceptance of the Principle

406

(2)

B The Essential Elements of the Estoppel

408

(2)

C The Place of Promissory Estoppel in the Law

410

(24)

1 Status as an Estoppel

410

(2)

2 Relationship to Other Forms of Estoppel and to Election

412

(1)

i The Common Law Estoppels

412

(2)

ii Proprietary Estoppel

414

(1)

iii The Doctrine of Election

415

(1)

3 One or More Principles

415

(2)

4 The Doctrine of Consideration

417

(1)

i Variation and Rescission of Contracts

418

(3)

ii The Rule in Pinnels Case

421

(3)

iii Promissory Estoppel and the General Doctrine of Consideration

424

(1)

iv The Stilk v Myrick Principle

425

(3)

v `Practical' Consideration

428

(2)

vi Promissory Estoppel and the Stilk v Myrick Principle

430

(2)

vii Summary

432

(1)

5 The Distinction between a Contract and an Estoppel

433

(1)

D Permanent or Suspensory Effect

434

(15)

1 The Principle

434

(2)

2 The Three Categories

436

(1)

i The Categories Distinguished

436

(1)

ii Matters Most Relevant to the Distinction

437

(2)

3 The First Category: Permanent Removal of Rights

439

(3)

4 The Second Category: Suspension of Rights

442

(1)

5 Distinguishing between a Permanent and a Suspensory Effect

443

(2)

6 The Third Category: Postponement of Payment

445

(1)

7 Flexibility and Discretion

446

(3)

E A Clear Promise

449

(31)

1 Introduction

449

(1)

2 Clear and Unequivocal Promise

450

(1)

i The Need for a Promise

450

(2)

ii The Need for Clarity

452

(3)

iii Withdrawal of Promise

455

(1)

3 Inferred Promises

456

(1)

i The Test for Inferences

456

(2)

ii Negotiations, Limitation Periods and Pleadings

458

(2)

4 A Comparison with Contractual Terms

460

(1)

i Contractual and Non-Contractual Promises

460

(1)

ii Analysis

461

(1)

6 Silence and Promises

462

(1)

i General

462

(3)

ii Breach of Duty Generally

465

(1)

iii Breach of Legal Duty

466

(1)

iv Breach of Moral Duty

467

(1)

6 The Meaning of the Promise: An Objective Test

468

(1)

i The Test

468

(1)

ii Justification for an Objective Test

469

(3)

7 The Mental State of the Promisor

472

(1)

i Intention that Promise be Acted Upon

472

(1)

ii Objective Assessment of die Intention

473

(1)

iii Probability of Reliance and its Foreseeability

474

(1)

iv Summary of the Necessary Intention

475

(1)

8 Knowledge by the Promisor of his Rights

475

(1)

i The General Rule

475

(1)

ii Justification of the Rule

476

(4)

9 A Comparison with the Doctrine of Election `479

F Rights under an Existing Transaction

480

(9)

1 The General Principle

480

(1)

2 Particular Instances

480

(3)

i Promise Made in Advance of a Contract

483

(1)

ii Promise that a Contract Exists

484

(3)

iii Public Law

487

(1)

iv Trespassers

488

(1)

G Injustice or Unconscionability

489

(27)

1 The Requirement of Showing Injustice or Unconscionabilityand their Meaning

489

(4)

2 Reliance

493

(1)

i The Need for Reliance

493

(1)

ii The Meaning of Reliance

494

(3)

iii The Reasonableness of the Actions of the Promisee

497

(1)

iv The Burden and Standard of Proof on Reliance

498

(1)

v Methods of Proof

499

(1)

3 Detriment or Prejudice

500

(1)

i The Need for Detriment

500

(2)

ii The Relationship between Detriment and Injustice

502

(1)

iii The Time of the Detriment

503

(1)

iv The Need for Additional Detriment

504

(2)

v The Risk of Detriment

506

(2)

vi The Amount of Detriment

508

(1)

vii Illustrations of Detriment

509

(1)

4 Form of Relief

510

(1)

i Forms of Relief Available

510

(2)

ii Resumption of Position

512

(1)

iii The Minimum Equity

513

(1)

5 Conclusion on Injustice

514

(2)

H Summary

516

(3)

1 The Nature and Elements of the Estoppel

516

(1)

2 The First Essential Element: The Promise

516

(1)

3 The Second Essential Element: Existing Rights

517

(1)

4 The Third Essential Element: Injustice or Unconscionability

517

(1)

5 The Burden and Standard of Proof

518

(1)

6 Giving Effect to the Estoppel

518

(1)

7 Proprietary Estoppel

519

(173)

A Introduction

519

(27)

1 The Character and Statement of the Principle

519

(2)

2 The Historical Development of the Principle

521

(1)

i Introduction

521

(1)

ii The First Phase: The Authorities

522

(5)

iii The First Phase: Characteristics and Principles

527

(1)

iv The Doctrine of Part Performance

528

(1)

v The Second Phase: The Trilogy of Cases

529

(5)

vi The Second Phase: The Emergence of a Principle

534

(1)

vii The `Five Probanda'

535

(3)

viii The Third Phase

538

(1)

ix Two Recent Leading Cases: Cobbes Case

539

(4)

x Two Recent Leading Cases: Thorner v Major

543

(3)

B The Nature and Status of the Principle

546

(32)

1 Description of the Principle

546

(1)

2 Possible Categories of the Principle

547

(3)

3 The Status of the Principle

550

(2)

4 The Relationship between Proprietary Estoppel and Other Areas of Law

552

(2)

i Laches

554

(1)

ii Promissory Estoppel

554

(2)

iii Unjust Enrichment or Restitution

556

(2)

iv The Law of Contract

558

(1)

5 Section 2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989

559

(1)

i The Background

560

(1)

ii Constructive Trusts: Meaning

561

(1)

iii Constructive Trusts: Two Particular Categories

562

(3)

iv Constructive Trusts: The Overlap

565

(2)

v The Issue and the Authorities

567

(3)

vi A Suggested Resolution

570

(4)

vii Conclusion

574

(1)

6 Unconscionability

575

(3)

C The Essential Elements of the Estoppel

578

(1)

1 Description

578

(2)

2 The Eleven Components

580

(1)

3 The Four Main Elements

581

(2)

D First Element: The Assurance

583

(53)

1 Nature and Types of Assurance

583

(1)

i The Types of Assurance

583

(3)

ii A Possible Limitation

586

(1)

iii The Time of the Assurance

587

(1)

iv An Assurance of Law

588

(1)

2 Acquiescence

589

(2)

3 The Intention of the Giver of the Assurance

591

(2)

4 The Expectation Created

593

(1)

i Expectation of an Interest in Land

593

(1)

ii The Nature of the Expectation: Entitlement

594

(4)

iii Subject to Contract Agreements

598

(2)

iv Agreements in Honour Only

600

(1)

v Events Following an Assurance

600

(2)

vi Reasonable Expectation

602

(2)

5 The Clarity of the Assurance

604

(1)

i The Clear Enough Test

604

(1)

ii Application of the Test

605

(2)

6 An Objective Test

607

(1)

i The Intention of the Giver of the Assurance

608

(1)

ii The Meaning of the Assurance

609

(2)

iii Summary of the Objective Test

611

(1)

7 The Knowledge of the Giver of the Assurance

612

(1)

i Introduction

612

(1)

ii Knowledge by the Giver of the Assurance of His Rights

612

(2)

iii Knowledge of the Expectation

614

(1)

iv Knowledge by the Giver of the Assurance of the Actions of the Claimant

615

(1)

v Knowledge of Mistake of the Claimant

615

(4)

vi Knowledge of Detriment

619

(1)

vii Nature of the Necessary Knowledge

620

(1)

viii Summary of the Necessary Knowledge

620

(1)

8 Revocation

620

(1)

i introduction

620

(2)

ii The Time of the Revocation

622

(3)

iii Other Circumstances

625

(1)

iv Conclusion

625

(1)

9 Certainty of Land and Certainty of Interest

626

(1)

i Introduction

626

(1)

ii Certainty of Extent: The Time of the Assurance

627

(2)

iii Certainty of Extent: Later Fluctuations in Area

629

(2)

iv Certainty of Interest

631

(2)

10 The Burden of Proof

633

(1)

i The Burden and Standard of proof

633

ii Summary of matters Requiring Proof

634

(2)

E The Send Element: Reliance

636

(10)

1 The Need for Reliance

636

(1)

2 The Meaning of Reliance

637

(2)

3 The Time of the Reliance

639

(1)

4 Reasonableness

640

(1)

5 The Burden of Proof

641

(1)

i The Authorities

642

(2)

ii Discussion

644

(1)

iii Conclusion

645

(1)

F Third Element: Detriment

646

(10)

1 The Need for Detriment

646

(2)

2 The General Nature Detriment

648

(1)

i General Nature

648

(1)

ii The Risk and the Amount of Detriment

649

(1)

3 Particular Aspects of Detriment

650

(1)

i Benefit to the Maker of the Assurance

651

(1)

ii The Person Suffering the Detriment

652

(2)

iii Work or Service for Reward

654

(1)

iv The Time and Location of the Detriment

654

(1)

v Loss of Opportunity

655

(1)

4 The Burden of Proof

656

(1)

G The Fourth Element: Unconscionability

656

(2)

H Property Other Than Land

658

(3)

1 Introduction

658

(2)

2 The Authorities

660

(1)

3 Conclusion

661

(1)

I Form of Relief or Remedy

661

(26)

1 Introduction

661

(2)

2 The Purpose of the Estoppel

663

(1)

i Giving Effect to the Assurance

663

(2)

ii Compensation for Detriment

665

(2)

iii The Minimum Equity

667

(2)

iv Conclusion

669

(1)

3 Forms of Order

670

(1)

i Proprietary Interests

671

(1)

ii Right to Occupy Land

672

(1)

iii Payment of a Sum of Money

673

(1)

4 Relevant Considerations

674

(1)

i Effect on Third Parties

674

(1)

ii Financial Position and Needs of the Parties

675

(1)

iii Social Security Benefits

676

(1)

iv Taxation and Company Law

677

(1)

v The Conduct of the Parties

678

(1)

5 Other Matters

679

(1)

i Events After the Order

679

(1)

ii The Nature of Rights of Occupation: The Three Possibilities

680

(1)

iii The First Possibility: A Life Interest

681

(1)

iv The Second Possibility: A Lease

681

(1)

v The Third Possibility: A Licence

682

(2)

vi Appeals

684

(1)

vii Refusal of Relief

685

(1)

viii The Wish of the Claimant

686

(1)

ix Giving Effect to the Order

686

(1)

J Summmary

687

(5)

1 The Nature of the Estoppel

687

(1)

2 The Main Elements of the Estoppel

688

(1)

3 The Assurance

688

(1)

4 Identified Property

689

(1)

5 Reliance

690

(1)

6 Detriment

690

(1)

7 Unconscionability

690

(1)

8 The Burden of Proof

690

(1)

9 Form of Relief

691

(1)

8 Election

692

(65)

A Introduction

692

(3)

B Equitable Election

695

(1)

C Common Law Election

696

(59)

1 The Nature of an Election

696

(1)

i The Leading Authorities and the Background

696

(5)

ii Future Rights and Continuing or Repeated Breaches

701

(1)

iii General Irrevocability of an Election

702

(1)

iv Inference of a New Contract or Relationship

703

(1)

v Election and Estoppel by Record

703

(1)

2 The Definition of Common Law Election and its Four Essential Elements

704

(1)

i The Four Essential Elements

704

(2)

ii A Possible Extended Doctrine

706

(2)

3 The First Element: Inconsistent Rights or Remedies

708

(1)

i Types of Inconsistent Rights and Remedies

708

(3)

ii Two or More Inconsistent Rights

711

(1)

iii The Distinction between Rights and Remedies

712

(2)

iv Remedies: The Time of an Election

714

(1)

v Remedies: Procedural Steps

715

(2)

vi Remedies: The Ambit of Election

717

(2)

vii Remedies: Summary

719

(1)

viii Statutory Provisions

720

(1)

4 The Second Element: The Decision to Elect

721

(1)

i The Need for a Decision

721

(1)

ii Decision and Intention: The Objective Test

721

(3)

iii The Burden of Proof

724

(1)

5 The Third Element: The Necessary Knowledge

725

(1)

i Knowledge of Facts: The Rule of Law

725

(2)

ii Knowledge of Facts: Constructive Knowledge

727

(2)

iii Knowledge of Facts: Imputed Knowledge

729

(1)

iv Knowledge of Facts: The Burden of Proof

730

(1)

v Knowledge of Rights: The Rule of Law

731

(2)

vi Knowledge of Rights: Constructive and Imputed Knowledge

733

(2)

vii Knowledge of Rights: The Burden of Proof

735

(1)

6 The Fourth Element: Communication of the Decision

736

(1)

i The Rule of Law

736

(1)

ii Clear and Unequivocal Evidence: The Principle

736

(2)

iii Clear and Unequivocal Evidence: Illustrations of the Principle

738

(2)

iv Election to Terminate a Contract

740

(1)

v Silence or Inactivity

741

(1)

vi Reservation of Rights

742

(2)

7 No Requirement of Reliance or Detriment

744

(1)

8 The Operation of the Doctrine

744

(2)

9 Contractual Provisions Affecting Election

746

(1)

i Express Provisions on Election

747

(1)

ii Determination of Contracts for Breach by Notice and at Common Law

748

(1)

10 Election and Other Methods of Loss of Rights

750

(1)

i Loss of Rights Generally

750

(2)

ii Election and Promissory Estoppel

752

(3)

D Summary

755

(2)

1 The Underlying Nature of Election

755

(1)

2 Equitable Election

755

(1)

3 Common Law Election

755

(2)

9 Estoppel by Record

757

(120)

A Introduction

757

(9)

1 Nature and Categories of the Estoppel

757

(1)

i Nature of the Estoppel

757

(1)

ii Appeals and the Doctrine of Precedent

757

(4)

iii Categories and Principles of the Estoppel

761

(4)

iv Procedure

765

(1)

B judgments

766

(24)

1 General

766

(2)

2 Judgments and Actions in Rem and in Personam

768

(1)

i The General Distinction

768

(2)

ii Admiralty Actions in Rem

770

(2)

3 Final Judgments

772

(1)

i Interlocutory Orders

773

(2)

ii Declaratory Judgments

775

(1)

iii Other Matters

776

(1)

4 Fraud or Collusion

776

(1)

i Fraud or Perjury

776

(2)

ii Collusion or Bias

778

(1)

5 Judgments Not on the Merits and Procedural Orders

779

(1)

i Judgments on the Merits

779

(2)

ii Procedural and Other Similar Types of Order

781

(6)

iii Procedural Orders: Summary

787

(1)

iv The Third Principle of Estoppel by Record

787

(1)

6 Lack of Jurisdiction

788

(2)

C Cause of Action Estoppel

790

(15)

1 Introduction

790

(2)

2 The Doctrine of Merger

792

(3)

3 Identity of Subject Matter

795

(1)

i The Rule of Law

795

(1)

ii Continuing Breaches

795

(1)

iii Meaning of Identity of Subject Matter

796

(3)

iv Judgments on Facts at a Particular Time

799

(1)

v Categories of Decisions

800

(1)

vi Summary of Possible Defences

801

(1)

4 Cross-Estoppels and Counter-Estoppels

802

(1)

i Cross-Estoppels

802

(3)

ii Counter-Estoppels

805

(1)

D Issue Estoppel

805

(15)

1 Nature of the Estoppel

805

(3)

2 Aspects of Issue Estoppel

808

(1)

i Identity of the Issue

808

(4)

ii Collateral Issues

812

(2)

iii Nature and Form of the Previous Decision

814

(1)

iv An Issue and a Finding of Fact on an Issue

814

(3)

v Reasons for a Decision

817

(1)

vi Different Types of Decision as Components of a Judgment

818

(1)

vii The Purpose and the Parties

818

(1)

3 Comparison with Other Principles

819

(1)

i The Rule in Henderson v Henderson

819

(1)

ii Common Law Election

820

(1)

E Parties and Privies

820

(17)

1 General Principles

820

(1)

i Parties

820

(2)

ii Capacity of Parties

822

(1)

iii Privies

823

(1)

2 Categories of Privity

824

(1)

i Privity of Title or Estate

824

(1)

ii Privity of Interest: The General Rule

825

(2)

iii Privity of Interest: Illustrations of the Rule

827

(2)

F Particular Areas of Law

829

(1)

1 Public Law and Judicial Review

830

(1)

i Public Law Generally

830

(1)

ii Judicial Review: The Problem

831

(3)

iii Judicial Review: Analysis

834

(3)

2 Protection of Children

837

(1)

G Courts and Tribunals

837

(5)

1 Courts of Record

838

(1)

2 Tribunals

838

(1)

3 Domestic and Disciplinary Tribunals

839

(2)

4 Ecclesiastical Courts

841

(1)

5 Arbitrations

841

(1)

H Foreign Judgments

842

(8)

1 Introduction

842

(1)

2 The Common Law Rules

843

(2)

3 The Statutory Provisions

845

(1)

i The Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933

845

(3)

ii Section 34 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982

848

(2)

I Exceptions

850

(11)

1 Introduction

850

(1)

1 The Two Exceptions

851

(1)

i The First Exception: Cause of Action Estoppel

852

(1)

ii The Second Exception: Issue Estoppel

853

(2)

iii Summary of the Exceptions

855

(1)

3 The Zodiac Decision

856

(1)

i The Substance of the Decision

856

(2)

ii Other Matters

858

(3)

4 The Patent Cases

861

(1)

J The Rule in Henderson v Henderson

861

(9)

1 The Nature and Status of the Rule

861

(3)

2 The Development of the Rule

864

(3)

3 Aspects of the Application of the Rule

867

(3)

K Summary

870

(7)

1 Nature of Estoppel by Record

870

(1)

2 Judgments

871

(1)

3 Cause of Action Estoppel

872

(1)

4 Issue Estoppel

873

(1)

5 Parties and Privies

874

(1)

6 Foreign Judgments

874

(1)

7 Exceptions

875

(1)

8 The Rule in Henderson v Henderson

876

(1)

Glossary

877

(12)

Index

889

Michael Barnes KC is a barrister at Wilberforce Chambers, London.

Law of Estoppel [Hardback]

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