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Law and Regulation of Airspace Liberalisation in Brazil: What is the Way Forward? [Hardback]

(Northumbria University, UK)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 244 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 453 g, 1 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Research in Air and Space Law
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1032180862
  • ISBN-13: 9781032180861
  • Hardback
  • Cena: 191,26 €
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  • Formāts: Hardback, 244 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 453 g, 1 Line drawings, black and white; 1 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Research in Air and Space Law
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1032180862
  • ISBN-13: 9781032180861
"The book starts from the premise that the current aviation framework, in Brazil, cannot sustain a full liberalization on the long run. While the competition rules in place offer a strong framework, which only requires small modifications, these rules are not 'enough' to foster an 'healthy' liberalisation. In fact, until recently, Brazilian airlines were operating in a homogenous market, where competition was artificial. T his artificial competition, obtained through the imposition of a legal obligation to provide water and a snack and grant a 23Kg bag allowance, has resulted in a highly concentrated domestic market with very few players. Compared to other same size market, such as China or India, Brazil is far beyond in terms of airlines operating at national level. Consequently, the opening of the domestic market must be closely regulated to avoid national carriers to suffocate under external pressure. For this reason, state intervention during the liberalisation process is crucial. State intervention is also with regard to passengers' protection. The other major problem is passengers' protection's framework which is much too uncertain and burdensome. In a sense, detrimental to the domestic market and passengers. Indeed, there is no harmonization of passengers' compensation leading to contradictory judgments and possible high moral damages which hinders legal certainty for airlines. Compared to the situation in the EU, in Brazil, airlines have a limited range of defenses, which are often dismissed by courts. This book, therefore, critically analyses the policies and regulations in place by mainly comparing the Brazilian framework to the European one. This choice has been motivated by the fact that the European liberalisation is considered the best so far, and as Brazil is starting this process much later, it could benefit from the European experience. This book will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners interested in the Brazilian system"--

The book starts from the premise that the current aviation framework, in Brazil, cannot sustain a full liberalization on the long run

List of tables
ix
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
List of abbreviations
xviii
1 Setting up the scene
1(28)
1 The Brazilian aviation landscape until 2019
2(3)
2 The two major challenges
5(2)
3 Liberalisation benefits for Brazil
7(2)
4 The role of the State in aviation
9(2)
4.1 Legitimacy of State intervention and the Rule of Law
10(1)
5 The thin line between regulation and competition
11(6)
5.1 Market failure in aviation and its liberalisation/deregulation
14(1)
5.2 Market failure and natural monopolies
15(1)
5.2.1 Airports: natural monopolies or not?
16(1)
6 Concluding remarks
17(12)
PART I European liberalisation
29(66)
2 Historical perspective on liberalisation of the aviation sector
31(32)
1 The changes in international aviation law: the road to liberalisation
32(1)
2 The European liberalisation
33(8)
2.1 The first waves of liberalisation in Europe
35(3)
2.2 An integrated system: the single European sky (SES)
38(3)
3 Other models of liberalisation and their influence on the European model
41(10)
3.1 The US deregulation
41(3)
3.1.1 Comparison EU-US
44(3)
3.1.2 The US-EU Open Aviation Area
47(1)
3.2 The Asian liberalisation
48(1)
3.2.1 The ASEAN-EU agreement
49(1)
3.2.2 The influence on Australia
50(1)
4 Concluding remarks
51(12)
3 The repercussions of the EU liberalisation
63(32)
1 The repercussions of the EU liberalisation
63(8)
1.1 Positive impacts
63(2)
1.2 Negative impacts
65(1)
1.2.1 The case of Alitalia (AZ)
66(5)
2 Competition advantages and (possible) problems
71(5)
2.1 Overview of competition rules applying under the EU system
71(3)
2.2 Airline companies
74(1)
2.3 More competition, yes, but not to the detriment of the security of passengers
75(1)
3 Consumer protection: Regulation 261/2004
76(9)
3.1 The problematic Regulation 261/2004
76(1)
3.1.1 Compensation for cancelled flights
77(1)
3.1.2 Compensation for long delays
78(2)
3.1.3 `Extraordinary circumstances': the secret weapon of airlines
80(3)
3.2 Resolution 261 and international law
83(2)
4 Concluding remarks
85(10)
PART II Brazil liberalisation
95(143)
4 The Brazilian legal system
97(28)
1 Brief overview of the legal system: hierarchy of norms
98(2)
2 The main organs in aviation
100(1)
3 The Brazilian legal system on aviation
101(16)
3.1 Laws applicable to aviation
101(1)
3.2 General aviation liability regulation
102(1)
3.3 Liability in case of collisions
103(1)
3.4 Consumer protection: the Codigo de Protecao e Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) vs the Montreal Convention
104(5)
3.4.1 The promising Projeto de Lei (PL) 6960 de 2010
109(1)
3.4.2 Lei 14.034/20 de 2020
110(1)
3.5 Consumer protection: ANAC
111(1)
3.5.1 Resolution 141/2010
112(1)
3.5.1.1 Cancellation
112(1)
3.5.1.2 Delay
113(1)
3.5.1.3 Extraordinary circumstance
113(1)
3.5.2 Resolution 400/2016
114(1)
3.6 Competition law
115(2)
4 Concluding remarks
117(8)
5 The Brazilian national `liberalisation'
125(15)
1 Why liberalisation and not deregulation?
126(2)
2 ANAC's perspective vs international understanding
128(1)
3 Why liberalise the Brazilian market?
129(2)
4 Bilateral agreements: an outdated concept?
131(3)
5 Concluding remarks
134(6)
6 Liberalisation of the national market: possible changes
140(41)
1 The current aspects of the Brazilian market: brief overview
140(2)
2 Economic effect
142(5)
2.1 Evolution of supply
144(1)
2.2 Changes in demand
145(2)
3 The routes
147(3)
4 Airline companies
150(8)
4.1 Hubbing
150(1)
4.2 New business models
151(1)
4.3 Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) as game changers
152(3)
4.4 The need for product differentiation
155(1)
4.5 Higher risk of bankruptcy
156(2)
4.6 Airline privatisation
158(1)
5 Airports
158(5)
5.1 Airport charges
159(1)
5.2 Increase in competition and airport saturation
160(1)
5.3 Major gain for regional airports
161(1)
5.4 Slots allocation
162(1)
6 The role of the State
163(3)
7 Regional changes: Mercosur
166(3)
8 Concluding remarks
169(12)
7 State intervention
181(27)
1 State intervention is still necessary
182(3)
2 State intervention after the potential liberalisation in Brazil
185(11)
2.1 Bilateralism and liberalisation
186(1)
2.2 Avianca's tragedy and the role of the judiciary
187(1)
2.3 Market regulation and State intervention
188(1)
2.3.1 Natural monopolies
189(1)
2.3.2 State aid
190(1)
2.3.3 Abuse of dominant position
191(1)
2.3.4 Codesharing and cartel formation
192(1)
2.4 Public interest element
193(2)
2.5 Consumers
195(1)
3 Self-regulation and private ordering
196(2)
4 The GATT approach
198(1)
5 Concluding remarks
199(9)
8 Consumer protection
208(27)
1 Existing solutions
209(2)
2 The problems with the current system: irreconcilable judgments
211(9)
2.1.1 Theory vs practice
211(1)
2.1.2 It is always the airline's fault
212(2)
2.1.3 Brazil's exorbitant jurisdiction: the NYE case
214(1)
2.1.4 The outrageous case: Valentine's Day Lunch
215(1)
2.1.5 The totally irreconcilable judgments
216(3)
2.1.6 Two separate contracts? Make it just one
219(1)
2.2 Consumidor.gov.br
219(1)
3 The necessity to adapt the existing system and the use of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) as a way forward
220(7)
3.1 Why Online Dispute Resolution?
222(2)
3.2 Collective redress and ODR
224(1)
3.3 Public authority rather than private actors
225(2)
4 Concluding remarks
227(8)
9 Conclusion
235(3)
Index 238
Delphine Defossez is Lecturer in Law at Northumbria University, UK