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E-grāmata: Laws of Robots: Crimes, Contracts, and Torts

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Laws of Robots: Crimes, Contracts, and TortsPalielināt
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This book explores how the design, construction, and use of robotics technology may affect today’s legal systems and, more particularly, matters of responsibility and agency in criminal law, contractual obligations, and torts. By distinguishing between the behaviour of robots as tools of human interaction, and robots as proper agents in the legal arena, jurists will have to address a new generation of “hard cases.” General disagreement may concern immunity in criminal law (e.g., the employment of robot soldiers in battle), personal accountability for certain robots in contracts (e.g., robo-traders), much as clauses of strict liability and negligence-based responsibility in extra-contractual obligations (e.g., service robots in tort law). Since robots are here to stay, the aim of the law should be to wisely govern our mutual relationships.



This book explores ways that robot technology may affect legal systems in matters of responsibility and agency in criminal law, contractual obligations and torts. Discusses robot soldiers in battle, robo-trading of securities and service robots in torts law.
1 Introduction
1(18)
2 On Law, Philosophy and Technology
19(26)
2.1 The Philosophy of Law and Robots
21(8)
2.1.1 The Law in Literature
22(3)
2.1.2 Sources, Concepts, and Legal Reasoning
25(3)
2.1.3 The Levels of Abstraction
28(1)
2.2 The Principle of Responsibility
29(8)
2.2.1 Immunity
31(2)
2.2.2 Strict Liability
33(1)
2.2.3 Personal Fault
34(1)
2.2.4 Responsibility for a Robot
35(2)
2.3 Agency and Accountability of Artificial Agents
37(6)
2.3.1 A Moral Threshold
38(2)
2.3.2 Agents Before the Law
40(3)
2.4 Who Pays?
43(2)
3 Crimes
45(34)
3.1 Sci-Fi Scenarios
49(3)
3.2 The States of Mind and Criminal Acts
52(3)
3.3 Robots and Just Wars
55(10)
3.3.1 What Robots Might Change
57(1)
3.3.2 Just Causes of War
58(2)
3.3.3 Conditions of Just Wars
60(2)
3.3.4 Proportionality
62(3)
3.4 The Phenomenology of Picciotto Roboto
65(8)
3.4.1 Picciotto by Design
66(3)
3.4.2 Crimes of Intent
69(2)
3.4.3 Crimes of Negligence
71(2)
3.5 A Failure of Causation?
73(6)
4 Contracts
79(36)
4.1 Pacts, Clauses and Risk
83(5)
4.2 The Artificial Doctor
88(7)
4.2.1 Parties, Counterparties and Third Parties
89(2)
4.2.2 Producers, Users and Patients
91(4)
4.3 Robo-Traders
95(7)
4.3.1 Artificial Greediness
96(1)
4.3.2 The Robot and the Principal
97(4)
4.3.3 A New Agent in Town
101(1)
4.4 Modern Robots, Ancient Slaves
102(4)
4.4.1 The Digital Peculium
103(3)
4.5 The UV Revolution
106(9)
4.5.1 AI Chauffeurs and Intelligent Car Sharing
108(3)
4.5.2 Unjust Damages
111(4)
5 Torts
115(32)
5.1 Bad Intentions
119(2)
5.2 Children, Pets and Negligence
121(9)
5.2.1 American Parents
124(2)
5.2.2 Italian Parents
126(4)
5.3 AI Employees and Strict Liability Rules
130(5)
5.3.1 The Digital Peculium Revisited
132(3)
5.4 Burdens of Proof
135(12)
5.4.1 The Precautionary Principle
138(5)
5.4.2 Robotic Openness
143(4)
6 Law as Meta-technology
147(36)
6.1 Robots as Legal Persons
152(14)
6.1.1 The Front of Robotic Liberation
155(8)
6.1.2 The Pragmatic Stance
163(3)
6.2 Robots as Strict Agents
166(4)
6.3 Sources of Good and Evil
170(4)
6.4 Levels of Complexity
174(9)
6.4.1 Technologies of Social Control
177(2)
6.4.2 The Political Requirement
179(4)
Conclusions 183(10)
References 193
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