Preface |
|
vii | |
Table of Cases |
|
xxi | |
Table of Legislation |
|
xxv | |
Part I: Systems |
|
1 | (102) |
|
|
3 | (34) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
What Are Lawyers' Ethics? |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (11) |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
|
9 | (6) |
|
|
9 | (6) |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
The Values of Different Dispute Resolution Systems |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
Criticisms of the Adversarial System |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (19) |
|
|
17 | (4) |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
Lawyers and the Rule of Law |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Values of Lawyers in an Adversarial System |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
Evolution of the Ideology of Advocacy in England and Wales |
|
|
25 | (5) |
|
Thomas Erskine and the Obligations of Fearless Advocacy |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
The Fearless Advocacy of Henry Brougham |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
The Association of Advocacy and Rights |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
The Standard Conception of the Lawyer's Role |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Professionalism and Ethics |
|
|
30 | (8) |
|
Professional Values and Virtues |
|
|
30 | (6) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
2 Institutions and Organisations |
|
|
37 | (26) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (11) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (10) |
|
|
39 | (8) |
|
Decline of Professionalism |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
Alternatives to Professionalism |
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
Liberalised Legal Services Markets |
|
|
49 | (7) |
|
Professions in the Regulatory State |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Revolutions in Regulation |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
England and Wales: The Legal Services Act 2007 |
|
|
51 | (4) |
|
Regulatory Objectives of the Act |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
The Three Main Measures for Effecting Change |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Separation of Representative and Regulatory Activities |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
Creation of the Legal Services Board |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Authorisation of Alternative Business Structures |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Achieving the Regulatory Objectives of the Legal Services Act 2007 |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
The Professional Principles |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Promoting the Regulatory Objectives |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
The Delivery of Legal Services |
|
|
56 | (4) |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
The Impact of the Legal Services Act 2007 |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
Alternative Business Structures |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
The Contemporary Role and Significance of Professions |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Character and Personality |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
3 Regulation and Discipline |
|
|
63 | (40) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (4) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Regulation Types and Strategies |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
Choice of Regulatory System |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Legal Profession |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Right to Practice |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (6) |
|
Socialisation into Professional Values |
|
|
69 | (6) |
|
Regulation of Professional Behaviour |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Mixed Regulatory Controls |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Ethical Standards and Decision-Making |
|
|
77 | (8) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
The Usefulness of Codes in Making Ethical Decisions |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (6) |
|
Deontology and Consequentialism |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
79 | (4) |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (5) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
Inspection and Intervention |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
The Legal Services Act 2007 |
|
|
90 | (7) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (14) |
|
Principles-Based Regulation |
|
|
92 | (2) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Outcomes-Focused Regulation |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
The Shift in Professional Regulation: An Overview |
|
|
97 | (4) |
|
|
101 | (2) |
Part II: Clients |
|
103 | (98) |
|
|
105 | (34) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Foundations of the LawyerClient Relationship |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
107 | (5) |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
Theory of the LawyerClient Relationship |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
The Standard Conception of the Lawyer's Role |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
The Principle of Neutrality |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
The Principle of Partisanship |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
The Principle of Non-Accountability |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Formation of the LawyerClient Relationship |
|
|
114 | (5) |
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
The Nature of the LawyerClient Relationship |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
Models of Professional Relationship |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Interpreting the Obligation of Partisanship |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
The Representative Obligation |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
Partisanship in the Codes of Lawyers |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
126 | (8) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Four Situations at the Ethical Margins |
|
|
127 | (6) |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Participating in Client's Perceived Immorality |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
A Theory of Client Loyalty |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
Critique of the Standard Conception |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Justification of the Standard Conception |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Standard Conception or Misconception? |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Alternatives to the Standard Conception |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
|
139 | (30) |
|
The Scope and Impact of Conflict of Interest Rules |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
Lawyer and Client Conflicts of Interest |
|
|
141 | (18) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Avoidable Conflict Situations |
|
|
142 | (7) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Gifts and Financial Benefits |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Holding an Office Creating a Risk of Conflict |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Personal Relationships with Clients |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Commissions, Introductions and Referrals |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
Unavoidable Conflict Situations |
|
|
149 | (6) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Methods of Determining Fees |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
Ethical Considerations in the Methods of Determining Fees Compared |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
155 | (4) |
|
Clients with Conflicting Interests |
|
|
159 | (7) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Same Matter Conflicts of Interest |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
The 'Substantial Common Interest' Exception and 'Competing for the Same Objective' Exception |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
Systems for Detecting Conflicts of Interest |
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
Conflict of Interests between Clients in Different Matters |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
6 Confidentiality and Privilege |
|
|
169 | (32) |
|
Theory of Client Confidence |
|
|
169 | (8) |
|
Professionals and Confidences |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
The General Position at Common Law |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Lawyer and Client Confidences |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
The Absolute Nature of Client and Lawyer Confidences |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Rationale for Protecting Client Confidences |
|
|
172 | (4) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
Rationale for Limiting Confidentiality |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Declining Adversarial Ethos in Civil Litigation |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Legal Professional Privilege |
|
|
177 | (6) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (5) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
Communications and Items Enclosed with or Referred to in Privileged Communications |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Who Is a Lawyer for the Purpose of Legal Professional Privilege? |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Confidentiality and Legal Professional Privilege |
|
|
183 | (6) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (4) |
|
Confidentiality and Litigation Privilege |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
The Regulatory Regime on Confidentiality |
|
|
189 | (10) |
|
Confidentiality in the Solicitors' Codes of Conduct |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Breach of Confidence Required by Law |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Breach of Confidence Permitted by Law |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Client Consent to Disclosure |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
The Confidentiality of Past Clients and the Duty of Disclosure to Present Clients |
|
|
191 | (5) |
|
General Exceptions to the Duty of Disclosure |
|
|
191 | (2) |
|
Information Barriers Securing the Confidentiality of Past Clients |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
The Limitations of Information Barriers |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Confidentiality in the Barristers' Codes of Conduct |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
Part III: Others |
|
201 | (96) |
|
7 Third Parties (Non-Clients) |
|
|
203 | (30) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Theory of LawyerThird Party Relationships |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms for Controlling Behaviour towards Third Parties |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (4) |
|
Liability as a Kind of Regulation |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
|
209 | (12) |
|
Judicial Control of Litigation Conduct |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
210 | (11) |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
|
214 | (5) |
|
The Limits of Forum Controls |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
Other Third Parties Affected by Proceedings |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (4) |
|
Third Party Obligations in the Codes |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
General Obligation of Fairness? |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (6) |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
|
233 | (30) |
|
Lawyers' Duty to the Public Interest |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Engaging in Criminal Purposes |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
Legal Professional Privilege |
|
|
238 | (14) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
The Illegality Exception to Legal Professional Privilege |
|
|
239 | (10) |
|
Communications Aimed at Furthering a Criminal Purpose |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Requirements for Overriding Legal Advice Privilege |
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
Items Held with the Intent of Furthering a Criminal Purpose |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
Accidental Disclosure of Privileged Material |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Overriding Litigation Privilege |
|
|
245 | (4) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
The Public Service Dimension of the LPP Exception for Iniquity |
|
|
249 | (3) |
|
Should Lawyers Be Under a Duty to Act in the Public Interest? |
|
|
252 | (9) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
A Duty to Act in the Public Interest? |
|
|
253 | (12) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
The SarbanesOxley Act (US) |
|
|
253 | (5) |
|
Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc |
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
9 Professional Responsibility |
|
|
263 | (34) |
|
The Public Profession of Law |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (15) |
|
The Social Importance of Professions |
|
|
265 | (15) |
|
Responsibility for the Intellectual Discipline |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Responsibility for the Competence and Socialisation of Practitioners |
|
|
267 | (5) |
|
Responsibility for Maintaining an Ethical Professional - Community |
|
|
272 | (5) |
|
Responsibility for Promoting Appropriate Professional Relationships between Practitioners |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Preserving Professional Reputation |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Supporting and Defending the Rule of Law |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
280 | (15) |
|
Supporting Access to Justice |
|
|
281 | (10) |
|
|
283 | (7) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Policies of Professional Bodies |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
The Weakening of Professional Responsibility? |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
The Decline of Professionalism |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
Part IV: Practice Contexts |
|
297 | (116) |
|
10 Litigation and Advocacy |
|
|
299 | (44) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Lawyers' Jurisdiction in Litigation and Advocacy |
|
|
301 | (9) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
The Need for Specialist Advocates |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
The Case for Specialist Advocacy Services |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
The Case for Competition in the Provision of Advocacy Services |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
The Extension of Rights of Audience |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
The Legal Services Act 2007 |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (4) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Strategic Constraints and Possibilities |
|
|
312 | (7) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
The Civil Procedure Rules and the Overriding Objective |
|
|
315 | (4) |
|
Practice in Civil Litigation |
|
|
319 | (5) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (5) |
|
The Pre-CPR Ethos of Personal Injury Litigation |
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
Personal Injury Litigation since the Introduction of the CPR |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
The Post-CPR Ethos of Personal Injury Practitioners |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Controlling Litigation Behaviour |
|
|
324 | (16) |
|
|
324 | (6) |
|
Conducting Cases Expeditiously |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Abuse of Process |
|
|
325 | (3) |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
A Duty to the Administration of Justice |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (10) |
|
|
340 | (3) |
|
|
343 | (34) |
|
Negotiation in Contentious Matters |
|
|
344 | (7) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (7) |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
Factors Affecting Settlement Outcomes |
|
|
346 | (5) |
|
|
351 | (7) |
|
Evaluating Negotiation Outcomes |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Variations in Practice According to Areas of Work |
|
|
351 | (6) |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
353 | (4) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Defining a Common Negotiation Culture |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Regulating Negotiation Conduct |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
Acting in the Best Interests of Clients |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Acting Fairly towards Third Parties |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Alternative Dispute Resolution |
|
|
360 | (5) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
The Meta-Ethics of ADR and Adversarial Processes |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Public and Private Provision of ADR |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
|
365 | (6) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
Advantages of Lawyers' Involvement |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Criticisms of Lawyers' Involvement in ADR |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Reconciling Adversarial and Conciliatory Roles |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Lawyers and Mediation: An Overview |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Professional Regulation of ADR |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
|
377 | (36) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (7) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Application of General Principles |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Legal Professional Privilege |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
382 | (3) |
|
Ordering Performance and Awarding Compensation |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (4) |
|
Domestic Regulation of Overseas Lawyers Coming to England and Wales |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
Registered European Lawyers |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Registered Foreign Lawyers |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Admission of Overseas Lawyers |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Lawyers from England and Wales Practising Overseas |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
England and Wales as Part of a Global Network |
|
|
389 | (3) |
|
The International Legal Services Market |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Globalisation and International Legal Institutions |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
London as a World Centre for Legal Services |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
The Practice of International Law |
|
|
392 | (7) |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (5) |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
The Global Legal Profession |
|
|
399 | (11) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Local Regulation as a Barrier to Global Practice |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
The Professional Project of International Lawyers |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Harmonisation of Legal Professional Ethics |
|
|
400 | (7) |
|
Council of the Bars and Law Societies of Europe |
|
|
400 | (5) |
|
The International Bar Association |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
The Significance of the International Codes and Principles |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Progressive Agendas for the Internationalisation Project |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (3) |
Index |
|
413 | |