Summary |
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1 | (10) |
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11 | (16) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (4) |
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13 | (1) |
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What Is Science Learning? |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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How Can Learning Occur Through Citizen Science? |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (3) |
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What Counts as Evidence for Learning? |
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17 | (1) |
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Attending to Issues of Equity |
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17 | (2) |
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Advancing Science and Advancing Learning |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (5) |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (1) |
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Organization of the Report |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (26) |
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The History of Citizen Science: Evolving Definitions and Typologies |
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28 | (4) |
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Definitions and Typologies |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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Project Similarities and Variations |
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32 | (4) |
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Common Traits of Citizen Science Projects |
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32 | (1) |
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Citizen Science Projects Actively Engage Participants |
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33 | (1) |
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Citizen Science Projects Engage Participants with Data |
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33 | (1) |
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Citizen Science Projects Use a Systematic Approach to Producing Reliable Knowledge |
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33 | (1) |
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Participants in Citizen Science Projects Are Primarily Not Project-Relevant Scientists |
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34 | (1) |
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Citizen Science Projects Help Advance Science |
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34 | (1) |
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Participants in Citizen Science Can Benefit from Participation |
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34 | (1) |
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Citizen Science Projects Communicate Results |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Variation in Citizen Science Projects |
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36 | (6) |
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Duration of Participation |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Online, In-Person, and Hybrid Modes of Participation |
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38 | (1) |
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Individual to Community-Scale Activities |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Free-Choice, Voluntary, and Compensated Participation |
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39 | (1) |
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Citizen Science vs. Using Citizen Science Practices and Activities |
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40 | (1) |
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Longitudinal Monitoring to Experimental Science |
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41 | (1) |
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Community-Based Decision Making vs. Citizen Science |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Who Is Involved and How Are They Involved? |
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42 | (2) |
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Variations in Types of Participation |
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42 | (1) |
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Participants as Observer and Data Provider |
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42 | (1) |
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Participants as Competitor or Gamer |
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43 | (1) |
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Participants as Stakeholder/Partner |
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43 | (1) |
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Participants as Cultural Guides |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Considering the Demographics of Citizen Science |
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44 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (7) |
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3 Overview of Citizen Science as a Context for Learning |
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53 | (18) |
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Unique Possibilities for Learning Through Citizen Science |
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54 | (4) |
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Scientific Context and Supporting Learning |
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55 | (1) |
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The Nature of Participation and Supporting Learning |
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55 | (1) |
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Project Infrastructure and Supporting Learning |
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56 | (2) |
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What Are the Goals of Science Learning? |
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58 | (4) |
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Who Is Learning in Citizen Science? |
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62 | (4) |
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Broadening Understandings of Who Is Learning in Citizen Science: Learning in Communities |
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63 | (1) |
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An Asset-Based Approach to Learners in Citizen Science |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (4) |
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4 Processes of Learning and Learning in Science |
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71 | (32) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (8) |
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The Role of Memory in Learning |
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74 | (1) |
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The Importance of Activity |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (1) |
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Conceptual Change and Development |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (2) |
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Kinds of Learning in Science |
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82 | (14) |
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Learning Specific Scientific Disciplinary Content |
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82 | (2) |
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Using Scientific Tools and Participating in Science Practices |
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84 | (1) |
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Understanding and Working with Data |
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85 | (3) |
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The Importance of Motivation, Interest, and Identity |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Scientific Reasoning, Epistemological Thinking, and the Nature of Science |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (6) |
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5 Citizen Science as an Opportunity for Science Learning |
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103 | (22) |
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Proximal Learning Outcomes in Citizen Science Learning |
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104 | (7) |
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Motivation and Interest as Science Learning Outcomes in Citizen Science |
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105 | (1) |
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Using Scientific Tools and Participating in Science Practices in Citizen Science |
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106 | (3) |
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Learning Project-Specific Disciplinary Content in Citizen Science |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Distal Learning Outcomes in Science |
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111 | (8) |
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Developing Understanding of Explanatory Scientific Concepts in Citizen Science |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (5) |
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125 | (18) |
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127 | (1) |
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2 Adopt an Asset-Based Perspective |
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128 | (1) |
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3 Intentionally Design for Diversity |
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129 | (2) |
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4 Engage Stakeholders in Design |
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131 | (1) |
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5 Capitalize on Unique Learning Opportunities Associated with Citizen Science |
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132 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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Highlight the Authenticity of Participants' Experiences Through Real-World Contexts |
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133 | (1) |
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Design for Community Science Literacy |
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133 | (1) |
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6 Support Multiple Kinds of Participant Engagement |
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134 | (1) |
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7 Encourage Social Interaction |
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135 | (1) |
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8 Build Learning Supports into the Project |
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136 | (3) |
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Give Participants Opportunities to Communicate and Apply What They Learn |
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136 | (1) |
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Give Participants Many Examples and Frequent Feedback |
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137 | (1) |
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Link the Project's Scientific Goals with Its Learning Goals |
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137 | (1) |
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Connect Science Process to Science Content |
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138 | (1) |
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Emphasize the Constructed Nature of Project Knowledge |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (3) |
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7 Conclusions and Recommendations |
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143 | (16) |
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143 | (9) |
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Characterizing Citizen Science |
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143 | (2) |
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Participation in Citizen Science |
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145 | (1) |
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Learning Through Citizen Science |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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Recommendations and Research Agenda |
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152 | (5) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (2) |
Appendixes |
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A Demographic Analyses of Citizen Science |
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159 | (10) |
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B The Evolution of Learning for Design |
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169 | (4) |
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C Characteristics of Science Learning in Citizen Science Projects: An Ad Hoc Review |
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173 | (4) |
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D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff |
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177 | |