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Legal Theory, Sources of Law and the Semantic Web [Mīkstie vāki]

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"Legal Theory, Sources of Law and the Semantic Web" is an attempt to construct an integrated conceptual framework for the application-neutral and problem-neutral representation of sources of law using Semantic Web technology and concepts and some technically straightforward extensions to Semantic Web technology based on established practices found in fielded applications. To construct this framework, the author disentangled some problems that are often mixed up in legal theory and - in extension - legal knowledge representation. The purpose of this framework is to provide a theoretical background for the creation of re-usable and maintainable knowledge components representing knowledge of sources of law on the Semantic Web. These components should form a basis for the development for computer applications supporting straightforward, routine decision making problems using traditional methods. This book aims to be a work of ontology: an account of relevant aspects of the knowledge domain of law from the perspective of a legal knowledge engineer interested in sources of law. However, one cannot say that the result of this work is an ontology: this book presents a mix of design principles, design patterns for knowledge representation in OWL DL and ontology fragments.
Chapter
1. Introduction
1
1.1 Motivation of this Book
2
1.2 Sources of Law and the Semantic Web
3
1.3 Research Approach
6
1.4 Outline of this Book
10
Chapter
2. Knowledge Engineering and the Law
13
2.1 Introduction
14
2.2 Knowledge Representation
17
2.3 Ontology
32
2.4 Epistemology
40
2.5 Argumentation and Information
48
2.6 Conclusions
52
Chapter
3. Knowledge Components
57
3.1 Introduction
58
3.2 The Semantic Web
60
3.3 Knowledge Components and Revision
64
3.4 Description Logic and Interaction
67
3.5 About Relevant Knowledge Sources
79
3.6 Conclusions
84
Chapter
4. Agency and the Law
87
4.1 Introduction
88
4.2 Institutions and Rules
92
4.3 Intention and Action
96
4.4 Law as an Institution
100
4.5 Norms, Normality and Normativity
108
4.6 Legal Normative Rules
115
4.7 Agents and Action
123
4.8 Interaction Between Agents
134
4.9 Conclusions
142
Chapter
5. Representation of Sources of Law
145
5.1 Introduction
146
5.2 Sources of Law and Legal Rules
148
5.3 Sources of Law and la Semantic Web
164
5.4 Summary and Conclusions
185
Chapter
6. The Normative Order
193
6.1 Introduction
194
6.2 Representation of Normative Rules
198
6.3 Normative Conflict
203
6.4 Contrary to Duty Obligations
210
6.5 Betterness in OWL DL
214
6.6 Choice between Legal Rules
226
6.7 Elaborating on the Intended Normative Order
235
6.8 Conclusions
256
Chapter
7. Summary and Conclusions
261
7.1 Introduction
262
7.2 Summary
262
7.3 Conclusions
269
7.4 Research Questions
275
Appendix A. About MetaLex and the LKIF Ontology 279
Bibliography 283
Index 301