Brief Contents |
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vii | |
Preface |
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ix | |
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FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION |
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1 Introduction to Human Communication |
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3 | (28) |
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Communication: The Basics |
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5 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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Contexts for Communication |
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5 | (3) |
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The Importance of Effective Communication |
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8 | (9) |
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Benefits of Effective Communication |
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8 | (4) |
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Gaining Communication Competence |
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12 | (5) |
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Principles of Communication |
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17 | (5) |
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Communication Is Transactional |
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17 | (2) |
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Communication Is Symbolic |
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19 | (1) |
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Communication Can Result in Shared Meaning |
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20 | (1) |
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Communication Should Be Ethical |
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20 | (2) |
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Misconceptions about Communication |
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22 | (4) |
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Communication Is Not Just Common Sense |
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22 | (1) |
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Communication Is Not Always Positive |
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23 | (1) |
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Communication Does Not Always End in Agreement |
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24 | (1) |
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Communication Cannot Solve Every Problem |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (5) |
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2 Perceiving Others, Perceiving Ourselves |
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31 | (36) |
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32 | (8) |
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The Meaning of Perception |
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33 | (1) |
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The Role of Perception in Communication |
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34 | (2) |
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The Formation of Perceptions |
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36 | (4) |
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Barriers to Perception and How to Overcome Them |
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40 | (9) |
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Why Are Perceptions Often Inaccurate |
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41 | (5) |
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Improving the Accuracy of Perceptions |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (8) |
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The Nature of Your Self-Concept |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (4) |
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Improving Your Self-Concept |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (5) |
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How We Engage in Identity Management |
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58 | (1) |
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Objectives of Identity Management |
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59 | (1) |
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Ethics and Identity Management |
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60 | (1) |
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Online Identity Management |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (5) |
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67 | (36) |
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The Nature of Verbal Communication |
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68 | (7) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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Language Is Literal and Figurative |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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Verbal Communication and the Challenge of Understanding |
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75 | (6) |
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Language Is an Imperfect Vehicle for Understanding |
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76 | (1) |
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Problematic Language Exacerbates Misunderstandings |
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77 | (4) |
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The Effects of Verbal Communication |
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81 | (7) |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (3) |
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Guidelines for Verbal Communication |
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88 | (9) |
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88 | (3) |
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Make Your Message Considerate |
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91 | (4) |
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Make Your Responses Respectful |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (6) |
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4 Nonverbal Communication |
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103 | (28) |
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Influences on Nonverbal Communication |
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104 | (4) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication |
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108 | (5) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Types of Nonverbal Communication |
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113 | (9) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Technology and Its Impact on Nonverbal Communication |
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122 | (3) |
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Guidelines for Communicating Nonverbal Messages Effectively |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (5) |
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131 | (30) |
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132 | (6) |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (2) |
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Overcoming External Listening Challenges |
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138 | (3) |
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The Culprits Behind Poor Internal Listening |
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141 | (5) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Becoming a Better Listener |
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146 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Show That You Are Listening |
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147 | (1) |
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Helping Others Listen to You |
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148 | (4) |
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Anticipate Ineffective Listening Before You Speak |
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149 | (2) |
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Encourage Active Listening |
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151 | (1) |
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When You Are the Listener |
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152 | (3) |
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152 | (2) |
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Giving Conversational Feedback |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (6) |
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IMPORTANT INFLUENCES ON COMMUNICATION |
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6 Culture and Communication |
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161 | (30) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (5) |
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Race, Ethnicity, and Heritage |
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165 | (1) |
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Gender and Sexual Orientation |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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Variations in Culture: How Do They Affect Communication? |
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169 | (6) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures |
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172 | (1) |
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Masculine and Feminine Cultures |
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173 | (1) |
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High-Contact and Low-Contact Cultures |
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174 | (1) |
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Power-Distance and Low-Power Distance Cultures |
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174 | (1) |
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Assimilation, Accommodation, and Separation |
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175 | (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Challenges to Intercultural Communication |
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178 | (4) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Constructive Steps For Improving Intercultural Communication |
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182 | (5) |
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Show Awareness of and Respect for Cultural Variations |
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183 | (1) |
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Express a Willingness to Learn about and Participate in Other Cultures |
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184 | (1) |
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Limit Ethnocentrism and Condemn Hate |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (4) |
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7 Mass and Mediated Communication |
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191 | (28) |
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192 | (9) |
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Entertainment and News Media |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (2) |
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Free Media and Paid Media |
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199 | (2) |
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Understanding Social Media |
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201 | (6) |
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202 | (3) |
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Anonymity, Free Speech, and Privacy Issues |
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205 | (1) |
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Digital Divide and Net Neutrality |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (4) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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Suggestions for Mediated Communication |
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211 | (4) |
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Become a Critical Consumer of Mass Media |
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211 | (1) |
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Avoid Being Influenced by Media Depictions of "the Other" |
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212 | (1) |
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Be Mindful about How Much Personal Information You Share on Social Media |
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213 | (1) |
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Don't Say Anything Online You Wouldn't Say in Person |
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213 | (1) |
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Consider Taking a Break to Avoid Technology Burnout |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (4) |
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INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION |
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8 Principles of Interpersonal Communication |
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219 | (32) |
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Interpersonal Communication in the Dyad |
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220 | (5) |
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The Benefits of Interpersonal Relationships |
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221 | (1) |
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The Nature and Type of Close Dyads |
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222 | (3) |
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Selecting a Few from the Many |
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225 | (6) |
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The Secrets of Attraction: Noticing |
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226 | (3) |
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The Secrets of Initiating: Opening Moves |
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229 | (2) |
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Capturing Relational Movement |
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231 | (5) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (3) |
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Self-Disclosure and Privacy |
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236 | (5) |
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Social Penetration Theory |
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237 | (1) |
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The Downside to Self-Disclosure |
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238 | (1) |
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Communication Privacy Management Theory |
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238 | (3) |
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Understanding and Managing Dialectical Tensions |
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241 | (4) |
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241 | (3) |
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Managing Dialectical Tensions |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (6) |
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9 Practices for Effective Interpsonal Relationships |
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251 | (32) |
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252 | (4) |
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Common Maintenance Behaviors |
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253 | (1) |
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Maintaining Relationships with Technology |
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254 | (2) |
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Maintaining Different Types of Relationships |
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256 | (6) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (3) |
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261 | (1) |
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Five General Guidelines for Maintaining Relationships |
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262 | (3) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Take Action Based on Knowledge |
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264 | (1) |
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Nurture Mutual Commitment |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Managing Interpersonal Conflict |
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265 | (4) |
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What Is Interpersonal Conflict? |
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266 | (1) |
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Common Causes of Conflict |
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266 | (2) |
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Benefits of Interpersonal Conflict |
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268 | (1) |
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Styles and Patterns of Conflict |
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269 | (5) |
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269 | (2) |
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Unhealthy Conflict Patterns |
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271 | (3) |
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Staying Respectful, Strong, and Positive in Conflict |
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274 | (3) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Express Criticisms Gently and Respectfully |
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275 | (1) |
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Engage in Conflict with Positive Expectations |
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276 | (1) |
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Keep Positivity in Balance with Negativity |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (6) |
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10 Principles of Group Communication |
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283 | (36) |
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Small Group Characteristics |
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284 | (7) |
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Small Group Communication |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (4) |
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Advantages of Small Groups |
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291 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (7) |
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294 | (4) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (5) |
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Individualistic and Collectivist |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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Small Group Communication in the Digital Age |
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305 | (5) |
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Technology for Group Meetings |
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305 | (3) |
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Technology for Group Work and Document Sharing |
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308 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Using Technology for Group Work |
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309 | (1) |
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Effective Participation in a Small Group |
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310 | (4) |
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Prepare for Group Meetings |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Participate, Don't Dominate |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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Use Technology to Your Advantage |
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313 | (1) |
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Encourage a Positive Climate with Politeness and Authenticity |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (5) |
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11 Problem-Solving and Leading A Small Group |
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319 | (28) |
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321 | (6) |
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322 | (1) |
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Generate Possible Solutions |
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323 | (1) |
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Establish Criteria for Evaluating Solutions |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
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Tips for Using Problem-Solving Agendas |
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327 | (4) |
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Make Sure Group Members Understand the Task |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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Carefully Observe Your Process |
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328 | (2) |
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Technology and Group Problem Solving |
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330 | (1) |
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Effective Group Leadership |
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331 | (3) |
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Leaders versus Leadership |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Leading in Virtual Groups |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Leading Meetings and Managing Conflict |
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334 | (8) |
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334 | (5) |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (5) |
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12 Public Speaking: First Steps |
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347 | (34) |
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Introduction to Public Speaking |
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348 | (5) |
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Why Study Public Speaking? |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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Key Elements of Public Speaking |
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351 | (2) |
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The Speech Preparation Process |
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353 | (2) |
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The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation |
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353 | (1) |
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The Benefits of an Organized Preparation Plan |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (10) |
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The Importance of Audience Analysis |
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355 | (1) |
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Analyzing Situational Characteristics |
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356 | (1) |
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Incorporating Demographics |
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357 | (5) |
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362 | (2) |
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Identifying Prior Exposure |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (11) |
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Developing a Set of Potential Topics |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (4) |
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Drafting Your Specific Purpose |
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374 | (1) |
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Drafting Your Thesis Statement |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (5) |
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13 Speech Content: Research, Supporting Materials, and Ethics |
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381 | (34) |
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382 | (13) |
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383 | (2) |
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Evaluating a Source's Credibility |
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385 | (2) |
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Conducting Library Research |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (4) |
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393 | (1) |
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Presenting Evidence in Your Speeches |
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394 | (1) |
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Selecting and Using Supporting Materials |
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395 | (8) |
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Uses of Supporting Materials |
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395 | (2) |
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Types of Supporting Materials |
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397 | (6) |
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Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (6) |
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404 | (2) |
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Acknowledging and Representing Others' Work |
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406 | (3) |
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409 | (6) |
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14 Organizing and Outlining |
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415 | (40) |
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Organizing the Body of Your Speech |
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416 | (9) |
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Selecting Your Main Points |
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417 | (1) |
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Arranging Your Main Points |
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418 | (4) |
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Organizing Your Supporting Materials |
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422 | (1) |
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Using Organizing Words and Sentences |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (5) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (1) |
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Show Your Audience What's in It for Them |
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427 | (1) |
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Establish Your Credibility |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (2) |
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430 | (4) |
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Transition to Your Conclusion |
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430 | (1) |
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Summarize Your Main Points |
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430 | (1) |
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Finish with a Memorable Clincher |
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431 | (3) |
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434 | (3) |
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434 | (3) |
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Creating Your Working Outline |
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437 | (8) |
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Outlining the Body of Your Speech |
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437 | (2) |
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Outlining Your Introduction |
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439 | (1) |
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Outlining Your Conclusion |
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439 | (1) |
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Creating a List of Works Cited |
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440 | (1) |
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Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, or Thesis |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (5) |
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Creating Your Speaking Outline |
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445 | (5) |
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Formatting Your Speaking Outline |
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446 | (1) |
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Elements of Your Speaking Outline |
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446 | (1) |
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A Sample Speaking Outline |
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447 | (3) |
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450 | (5) |
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15 Delivering Your Speech |
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455 | (34) |
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Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery |
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456 | (7) |
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Reading from a Manuscript |
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456 | (2) |
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Memorizing from a Manuscript |
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458 | (2) |
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Extemporaneous: Speaking from an Outline |
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460 | (1) |
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Impromptu: Speaking without Preparation |
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461 | (2) |
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Using Vocal Delivery Skills |
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463 | (8) |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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Using Nonverbal Delivery Skills |
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471 | (8) |
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472 | (2) |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (6) |
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Advantages of Presentation Aids |
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479 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids |
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480 | (3) |
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Using Presentation Aids during Your Speech |
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483 | (2) |
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485 | (4) |
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489 | (32) |
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490 | (8) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (2) |
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Types of Informative Speeches |
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498 | (10) |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (2) |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (2) |
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Developing Your Informative Speech |
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508 | (3) |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (2) |
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Focusing on Your Goal to Inform |
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511 | (1) |
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Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message |
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511 | (5) |
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Move from General to Specific |
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513 | (1) |
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Reduce the Quantity of Information You Present |
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514 | (1) |
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Make Complex Information Seem Familiar |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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516 | (5) |
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521 | |
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The Nature of a Persuasive Speech |
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522 | (3) |
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Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members |
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523 | (1) |
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Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims |
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523 | (2) |
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Tailoring Your Persuasive Message to Your Audience |
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525 | (5) |
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Adapting to Audience Disposition |
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526 | (1) |
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Accounting for Your Audience's Beliefs |
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527 | (1) |
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Appealing to Your Audience's Needs |
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527 | (1) |
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Connecting to Your Listeners' Values |
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528 | (1) |
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Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits |
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528 | (1) |
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Acknowledging Listeners' Reservations |
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529 | (1) |
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Building Blocks of Persuasion |
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530 | (14) |
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Ethos: Your Credibility as a Speaker |
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530 | (3) |
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Logos: The Evidence and Reasoning behind Your Message |
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533 | (7) |
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Pathos: Evoking Your Listeners' Emotions |
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540 | (4) |
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Organizing Your Persuasive Speech |
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544 | (4) |
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Criteria-Application Pattern |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (1) |
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Moore's Motivated Sequence |
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546 | (1) |
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Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | |
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APPENDIX A JOB INTERVIEWS |
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1 | (20) |
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Preparing for Your Job Interview |
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2 | (9) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (7) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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APPENDIX B SAMPLE SPEECHES |
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21 | |
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Anna Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without |
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21 | (6) |
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Sample Informative Speech |
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DJ, Freeganism: More than a Free Lunch |
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27 | (5) |
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Elijah, Preventing Cyberbullying |
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32 | (5) |
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David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate |
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37 | |
Notes |
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1 | (1) |
Glossary |
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1 | (1) |
Index |
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1 | |