Preface |
|
ix | |
|
|
1 | (18) |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
1.2 The formation of planets |
|
|
4 | (10) |
|
1.2.1 Formation of the Solar System |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
1.2.2 Migration in the Solar System |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
1.2.3 Elemental and isotopic abundances as insights to the formation of the Solar System |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
|
14 | (5) |
|
2 What is life and where can it exist? |
|
|
19 | (66) |
|
2.1 The concept and conditions of life |
|
|
20 | (28) |
|
2.1.1 The building blocks of life |
|
|
20 | (5) |
|
|
25 | |
|
2.1.3 Origin of life on Earth |
|
|
3 | (31) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.1.4 Experiments on life: laboratory synthesis of amino acids |
|
|
35 | (6) |
|
2.1.5 Chirality and the specificities of human life |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (5) |
|
2.1.6 Another diagnostic for recognizing living matter: isotopic ratios of carbon |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2.2 Definition of life and how to look for it outside its usual environment |
|
|
48 | (11) |
|
2.2.1 Can we completely define life? |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
2.2.2 Extreme conditions on Earth today |
|
|
51 | (6) |
|
2.2.3 Other possible forms of life |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
2.3 What is a habitable zone (a habitat)? |
|
|
59 | (16) |
|
2.3.1 Classical concept of the habitability zone |
|
|
59 | (5) |
|
2.3.2 Extension of the habitable zone |
|
|
64 | (5) |
|
2.3.3 Prebiotic chemistry |
|
|
69 | (6) |
|
2.4 Searching for extraterrestrial life: from habitats to civilizations |
|
|
75 | (10) |
|
2.4.1 Could there be extraterrestrial civilizations? |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
2.4.2 Searching for habitats |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
2.4.3 Searching with what? |
|
|
79 | (6) |
|
3 Terrestrial planets and their diverging evolutions |
|
|
85 | (36) |
|
3.1 Looking out from Mercury's desert |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
3.2 A past ocean on Venus? |
|
|
87 | (7) |
|
Box 3.1 The sulfur cycle on Venus |
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
3.3 Life on Mars? An old quest and a modern challenge |
|
|
94 | (16) |
|
3.3.1 Schiaparelli's canali |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
3.3.2 The Viking mission, or the search for life |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
3.3.3 `Follow the water!' |
|
|
99 | (7) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
3.3.4 The mystery of ALH84001 |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
Box 3.3 Details of the mystery of ALH84001 |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
3.4 Between Venus and Mars, the Earth... |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
3.5 Water on Earth: where did it come from? |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
3.6 Earth's companion, the Moon |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
3.7 Between terrestrial and giant planets, the asteroids |
|
|
116 | (5) |
|
4 Searching for habitable sites in the outer Solar System |
|
|
121 | (66) |
|
4.1 The outer Solar System: a huge reservoir of frozen water |
|
|
124 | (6) |
|
|
130 | (14) |
|
|
135 | (4) |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
4.2.3 Future exploration of Jovian satellites |
|
|
141 | (3) |
|
|
144 | (23) |
|
4.3.1 Titan: organic factory and habitat |
|
|
146 | (16) |
|
4.3.2 Enceladus: water pockets far from the Sun |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
4.3.3 Future exploration of Kronian satellites |
|
|
164 | (3) |
|
|
167 | (13) |
|
4.4.1 Comets: back to the origins |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
4.4.2 Origin of comets: two distinct reservoirs |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
4.4.3 What are comets made of? |
|
|
172 | (4) |
|
4.4.4 Isotopic ratios and ortho/para ratios |
|
|
176 | (3) |
|
4.4.5 Comets and the origin of life |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
4.5 At the orbit of Neptune and beyond |
|
|
180 | (7) |
|
4.5.1 Cryovolcanic Triton |
|
|
181 | (3) |
|
4.5.2 Trans-Neptunian objects |
|
|
184 | (3) |
|
5 A revolution in astronomy: the exploration of extrasolar planets |
|
|
187 | (48) |
|
5.1 From dream to reality |
|
|
187 | (28) |
|
5.1.1 The key to success: velocimetry |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Box 5.1 The velocimetry (or radial velocity) technique |
|
|
189 | (5) |
|
5.1.2 Giant exoplanets close to their stars |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
5.1.3 Formation and migration in planetary systems |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
5.1.4 How to detect exoplanets from planetary transits |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Box 5.2 The method of planetary transits |
|
|
200 | (6) |
|
5.1.5 Gravitational microlensing |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
5.1.6 Indirect methods: what do they tell us? |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
5.1.7 Imaging exoplanets at last |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Box 5.3 The radiation of stars and planets |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
5.1.8 Detecting exoplanets through their radio emission |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
|
215 | (12) |
|
Box 5.4 The metallicity of the stars |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
5.2.1 The brown dwarf desert |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
5.2.2 Exoplanets close to their stars |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
5.2.3 Exoplanets on eccentric orbits |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
5.2.4 Many exotic objects |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
5.2.5 A large number of multiple systems |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
5.2.6 Planets around multiple stars |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
5.2.7 Which candidates are most likely to be habitable? |
|
|
222 | (5) |
|
5.3 From detection to characterization |
|
|
227 | (8) |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
5.3.3 How to search for life in exoplanetary atmospheres |
|
|
232 | (3) |
|
6 Extraterrestrial habitable sites in the future |
|
|
235 | (40) |
|
6.1 Future exploration of possible habitats |
|
|
235 | (6) |
|
6.1.1 Exploring the Solar System remotely and in situ |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
6.1.2 Exploring exoplanets from the habitability point of view |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
6.2 Protecting possible habitats |
|
|
241 | (4) |
|
6.2.1 International treaties and organizations with relevance to planetary protection |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Requirements for protecting life on other bodies |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
6.3 Fate of the Solar System and evolution of the habitability zone |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
247 | (13) |
|
6.4.1 Manned exploration: should we privilege it? |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
6.4.2 International Space Station: taking humans into space |
|
|
250 | (4) |
|
|
254 | (6) |
|
6.5 Transforming (`terraforming') possible habitats |
|
|
260 | (9) |
|
6.5.1 Runaway greenhouse scenarios for terraforming Mars |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
6.5.2 Terraforming in the outer Solar System: icy satellites and asteroids |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
6.6 Hello to other lifeforms? |
|
|
269 | (3) |
|
6.7 Conclusions from a planetologist's point of view |
|
|
272 | (3) |
Further reading |
|
275 | (6) |
Index |
|
281 | |