| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
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1 What Is Language and How Do We Study It? |
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1 | (30) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Acquiring versus Learning a Language |
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4 | (1) |
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Human Language and Animal Communication |
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4 | (2) |
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Can Other Animals Learn Language? |
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6 | (1) |
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Two Case Studies: Washoe and Nim |
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6 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Rico and Chaser, Smarter Than the Average Dogs |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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The Components of Grammar |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Prescriptive and Descriptive Grammar |
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10 | (1) |
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When Prescription and Description Overlap |
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10 | (1) |
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Modification: Another Overlap |
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11 | (1) |
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Grammar across Space and Time |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News The Language Blog and Eggcorns |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Sign Language versus Body Language |
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17 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Sign Language Diversity |
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17 | (1) |
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The Scientific Study of Language |
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18 | (1) |
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Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar |
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18 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Noam Chomsky |
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19 | (1) |
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Influences on Modern Linguistics |
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20 | (1) |
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Rationalism and Empiricism |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Accent on The Linguistic Society of America |
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23 | (8) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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25 | (6) |
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2 The Human Capacity for Language |
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31 | (38) |
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Our Capacity to Acquire Language |
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32 | (1) |
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What Children's "Mistakes" Tell Us |
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33 | (1) |
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Mouses and Foots: Overgeneralizing Rules |
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33 | (1) |
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Language Alive! One Wug and Two... Wugs? |
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34 | (1) |
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Evidence for Universal Grammar |
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34 | (2) |
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Children Don't Learn by Analogy |
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36 | (1) |
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Stages of First Language Acquisition |
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37 | (1) |
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The Prelinguistic Stage: The Early Months |
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37 | (1) |
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The Babbling Stage: 4 to 8 Months |
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38 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? How Do You Study an Infant? |
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38 | (1) |
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The One-Word Stage: 9 to 18 Months |
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38 | (1) |
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The Two-Word Stage: 18 to 24 Months |
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39 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Hardwiring and Order of Acquisition |
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40 | (1) |
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The Early Multiword Stage: 24 to 30 Months |
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40 | (1) |
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The Later Multiword Stage: 30 Months and Older |
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41 | (2) |
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A Critical Period for Language Acquisition? |
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43 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Baby Talk and Parentese |
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43 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? What about Baby Einstein? |
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44 | (1) |
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Acquisition and Isolation: Victor and Genie |
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45 | (1) |
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Sign Language Acquisition |
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45 | (1) |
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Second Language Acquisition |
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46 | (1) |
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Is It Learning or Acquisition? |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Social Aspects of Second Language Acquisition |
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47 | (1) |
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Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar |
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48 | (1) |
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Two Native Languages: Bilingualism |
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48 | (1) |
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Misperceptions about Bilingualism |
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48 | (1) |
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Our Capacity to Create Language |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News A Gene for Language? |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Specific Language Impairment |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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A Language Center in the Brain? |
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55 | (3) |
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Did You Know...? Poor Phineas Gage |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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More Evidence for Lateralization |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Accent on Clinical Linguistics |
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61 | (8) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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65 | (4) |
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3 Phonetics: Describing Sounds |
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69 | (34) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Voiced and Voiceless Consonants |
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73 | (2) |
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Did You Know...? Visible Speech |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Language Alive! A Disappearing Sound |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Why Do We Spell Words with -ough? |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News Peter Ladefoged: Pioneer in Phonetics |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Mom Is Bob |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Forgotten Clusters |
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82 | (1) |
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Why All These Distinctions? |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Do Dawn and Don Rhyme? |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Double Is Not Long |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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The Northern Cities Chain Shift |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (8) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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97 | (6) |
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4 Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language |
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103 | (38) |
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104 | (3) |
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Did You Know...? Babies Are Better at Language |
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107 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Long-Lost English Allophones |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Alveolar Nasal Assimilation |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Invented Spelling |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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Dissimilation of Liquids and Nasal Sounds |
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113 | (1) |
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Dissimilation of Fricative Sounds |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Insertion of Voiceless Stop |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Deletion of /r/ after Vowels |
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116 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Where the Heck Is <h>? |
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116 | (1) |
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Deletion of Fricative Next to Fricative |
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117 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Where Do You Get Tenashoes? |
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117 | (1) |
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Deletion of Like Sounds or Syllables |
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117 | (1) |
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Simplification of Consonant Clusters |
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117 | (1) |
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Simplification of Syllable-Final Consonant Clusters |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Fronting of Velar Nasal to Alveolar Nasal |
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118 | (1) |
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Fronting in Child Language |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Exchanging /s/ and a Consonant |
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119 | (1) |
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Language Alive! What's Wrong with Aks? |
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119 | (1) |
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Exchanging /r/ and a Vowel |
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120 | (1) |
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Exchanging Syllable Onsets |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Going Nucular |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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The Structure of the Syllable |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Syllable Structure Variety |
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125 | (1) |
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Slips of the Tongue and Syllables |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News Tone Languages and Perfect Pitch |
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129 | (3) |
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Did You Know...? Abbish versus Ubby Dubby |
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132 | (1) |
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Accent on Linguistics and Reading |
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132 | (9) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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134 | (7) |
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5 Morphology: Words and Their Parts |
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141 | (42) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Pooh on Pronouns |
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147 | (1) |
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Word Classes and Our Mental Lexicon |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Embiggen His Soul! |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Language Alive! What about Cranapple? |
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153 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Word-orama! |
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154 | (1) |
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Affixation and Our Mental Lexicon |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (3) |
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Inflectional Affixation of English Nouns |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News Arkansas's Apostrophe |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Linguists in Hollywood |
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165 | (2) |
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Language Alive! The Battle over Whom |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Inflectional Affixation of English Verbs |
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168 | (1) |
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Infinitives, Present Tense, and Past Tense |
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168 | (2) |
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Present and Past Participles |
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170 | (2) |
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Suppletive Verbs and Adjectives |
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172 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Ain't Ain't Had It Easy! |
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173 | (1) |
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Accent on Field Linguistics |
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174 | (9) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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176 | (7) |
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6 Morphological Typology and Word Formation |
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183 | (32) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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Did You Know...? Solid Roundish Objects and Mushy Matter |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Mixed Typological Systems |
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189 | (2) |
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The Morphology of Other Languages |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News Firing Brilliant! FCC Rulings on Profanity |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? The Truth about Truthiness |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (9) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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208 | (7) |
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7 Syntax: Heads and Phrases |
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215 | (36) |
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217 | (1) |
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A Phrase Structure Rule for Noun Phrases |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Language Alive! How Many Modals? |
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220 | (1) |
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A Phrase Structure Rule for Verb Phrases |
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221 | (1) |
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Evidence for the Aux Position |
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221 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Don't Use Double Negatives. NOT! |
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222 | (1) |
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Subject-Auxiliary Inversion |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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Language Alive! English Didn't Always Do |
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225 | (1) |
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Emphatic and Main Verb Do |
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225 | (1) |
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A Phrase Structure Rule for Clauses |
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226 | (1) |
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Adjectives and Adjective Phrases |
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227 | (1) |
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Adjective Phrase Positions |
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228 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? The Root of Trees |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News What's the Right Answer? |
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231 | (1) |
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Adverbs and Adverb Phrases |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases |
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233 | (1) |
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Prepositional Phrase Positions |
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234 | (2) |
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Did You Know...? Syntax in the "Real" World |
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236 | (1) |
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Summary of Phrase Structure Rules |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Independent and Subordinate Clauses |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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Accent on Teaching with Trees |
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241 | (10) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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243 | (8) |
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8 Syntax: Phrase Structure and Syntactic Rules |
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251 | (40) |
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Hierarchical Structure and Ambiguity |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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Linguistics in the News Starling Syntax? |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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Evidence for Phrases and Clauses |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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Language Alive! Silent Pronoun? |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Who Are They, Anyway? |
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267 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Pronouns, Prestige, and Illogical Rules |
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268 | (1) |
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Conjunctions and Coordination |
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269 | (1) |
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Coordination and Ambiguity |
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270 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Sex and Syntax |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Deep and Surface Structure |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? "Does She... or Doesn't She?" |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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Reordering Phrases: Movement |
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277 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Passive Should Be Avoided? |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (3) |
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Accent on Psycholinguists |
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282 | (9) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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284 | (7) |
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9 Semantics: Making Meaning with Words |
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291 | (38) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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Meaning Classifications: Semantic Features |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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Language Alive! Is the Team Playing? Are the Team Playing? |
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298 | (1) |
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Entailment and Markedness |
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298 | (2) |
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Meaning Subclassifications: Semantic Fields |
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300 | (1) |
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Meaning Relationships: The Nyms |
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301 | (1) |
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Opposite Meanings: Antonymy |
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301 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Can Something Be Very Dead? |
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302 | (1) |
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Similar Meanings: Synonymy |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Meaning Categories: Hyponymy |
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304 | (1) |
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Related Meanings: Polysemy |
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305 | (1) |
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Different Meanings: Homonymy |
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306 | (1) |
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Many Meanings: Lexical Ambiguity |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News Talking Right... and Left |
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307 | (1) |
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Meaning Change: Semantic Shift |
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308 | (2) |
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Making New Meanings: Figurative Language |
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310 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Shifts in Meaning: Progress or Decay? |
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310 | (2) |
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Connecting Meanings: Metaphor |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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Did You Know...? Hearing Colors |
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315 | (1) |
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Comparing Meanings: Simile |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Accent on Linguistics and Computers |
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317 | (12) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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320 | (9) |
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10 Semantics and Pragmatics: Making Meaning with Sentences |
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329 | (38) |
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Sentence Semantics: The Linguistic Meaning of Sentences |
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331 | (1) |
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Propositions and Truth Conditions |
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332 | (1) |
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When Sentences Don't Express Propositions |
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332 | (1) |
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Analytic and Synthetic Sentences |
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333 | (1) |
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When Meanings Overlap: Entailment and Paraphrase |
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333 | (2) |
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Sentences That Can't Be True: Contradictions |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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When Semantics and Syntax Overlap: The Structure of Meaning |
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336 | (1) |
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Thematic Roles and Argument Structure |
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337 | (2) |
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Pragmatics: How Context Shapes Meaning |
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339 | (1) |
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Linguistics in the News Watson the Computer Plays "Jeopardy!" |
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340 | (1) |
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Saying What You Mean and Meaning What You Say: Speech Acts |
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341 | (2) |
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Cooperative Talk: Conversational Rules |
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343 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? The Cooperative Principle and Language Acquisition |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
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Honorifics and Forms of Address |
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347 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Culture Clash and Pragmatic Failure |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Register as a Literary Device |
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351 | (1) |
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When Semantics and Pragmatics Overlap |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Does Culture Count? |
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355 | (1) |
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Linguistic Relativity and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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355 | (1) |
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Did You Know...? Lost in Translation |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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Accent on Forensic Linguistics |
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358 | (9) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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Review, Practice, and Explore |
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361 | (6) |
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11 The Early Story of English |
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367 | (40) |
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Finding Families: The Comparative Method |
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368 | (3) |
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Did You Know...? Pretty Grimm Tales |
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371 | (1) |
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Indo-European Language Families |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Language Alive! False Cognates |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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Beyond Indo-European: Other Language Families |
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374 | (1) |
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The Germanic Branch of Indo-European |
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375 | (2) |
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English Emerges in the British Isles |
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377 | (1) |
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Language Alive! Pagan Fossils |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? Why Was Alfred So Great? |
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379 | (2) |
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Did You Know...? Runic Writing and the Futhorc |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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Strong and Weak Adjectives |
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382 | (1) |
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Strong and Weak Verbs and a Two-Tense System |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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Interrogative and Negative Sentences |
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385 | (1) |
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Old English Phonetics and Phonology |
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385 | (2) |
|
English Meets French: Middle English |
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387 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? The Black Death, Rats, and Fleas |
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388 | (1) |
|
Middle English Vocabulary |
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388 | (1) |
|
Middle English Morphology |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Middle English Auxiliary and Modal Verbs |
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390 | (1) |
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Interrogative and Negative Sentences |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
|
From Synthetic to Analytic |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
|
Linguistics in the News Languages and Land Bridges |
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|
393 | (1) |
|
The Birth of "Correct" English and Prescriptive Grammar |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? The Word According to Johnson |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
Early Modern English Grammar |
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|
397 | (1) |
|
The Early Modern English Vocabulary Explosion |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (8) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
|
Review, Practice, and Explore |
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|
401 | (6) |
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407 | (34) |
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409 | (1) |
|
The Origins of American English |
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409 | (1) |
|
British English Goes to the New World |
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409 | (1) |
|
British English Influences on American English |
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|
410 | (1) |
|
American Regional Dialects |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Dialects and Settlement Patterns |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Drawing Dialect Boundaries |
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|
412 | (2) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
|
American "English" Vocabulary |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (2) |
|
Did You Know...? The Ann Arbor Trial |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
|
Social Class and Language Attitudes |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Linguistics in the News Linguistic Profiling |
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|
426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? Aladdin Speaks Standard English? |
|
|
429 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
|
English as a Global Language |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Language Variation and Language Discrimination |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Language Alive! German Goes from Good to Bad |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Standard English and "General American" |
|
|
432 | (1) |
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|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Language Alive! Urban Dictionary |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
The Future of English Dialects |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Accent on Dialect Coaches |
|
|
435 | (6) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
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437 | (2) |
|
Review, Practice, and Explore |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
13 Representing Language: The Written Word |
|
|
441 | (36) |
|
A Brief History of Writing |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? Hieroglyphics |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? Cuneiform |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
The Development of English Spelling |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Old English Writing and Spelling |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Language Alive! Ye Olde Confusion |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Toward Modern English Spelling |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
Attempts at Spelling Reform |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Linguistics in the News The CSIs of Language |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
The Development of English Punctuation |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
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|
452 | (1) |
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|
|
453 | (2) |
|
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Writing Rules, Standardization, and Authority |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Language Alive! Autocorrect Isn't Always |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
The Power of the Dictionary |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? The Oxford English Dictionary |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Writing Registers and Forms |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
Written Standards in Flux |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Language Alive! Are You Ever Alright? |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
|
|
468 | (9) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
Review, Practice, and Explore |
|
|
471 | (6) |
|
14 The Life Cycle of Language |
|
|
477 | (34) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Language Alive! The Origins of American Sign Language |
|
|
479 | (3) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
Did You Know...? Chinook Jargon |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Gullah and African American English |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Linguistics in the News Sundance Features The Linguists |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Native American Languages |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Language Alive! Esperanto: A Failed Lingua Franca |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? Ketchup Only Law |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Native American Languages |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Did You Know...? Language Preservation in Action |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Accent on What Linguists Can Do |
|
|
505 | (6) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Review, Practice, and Explore |
|
|
508 | (3) |
| Credits |
|
511 | (4) |
| Bibliography |
|
515 | (14) |
| Glossary |
|
529 | (8) |
| Index of Languages |
|
537 | (2) |
| Index |
|
539 | |
