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E-grāmata: Liquid Detergents

Edited by (Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA)
  • Formāts: 712 pages
  • Sērija : Surfactant Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Aug-2005
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420027907
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  • Formāts: 712 pages
  • Sērija : Surfactant Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Aug-2005
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420027907
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A bestseller in its first edition, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition captures the most significant advances since 1996, maintaining its reputation as a first-stop reference in all fundamental theories, practical applications, and manufacturing aspects of liquid detergents.

Featuring new material and updates in every chapter, the book expands its coverage of emulsions to include nanoemulsions, adds new data to elucidate the rheology of current commercial detergent raw materials as compared to finished products, and offers a more complete theoretical treatment of the aggregation in non-aqueous solvents. The book now covers all rheology modifiers and thickeners for detergent applications, antibacterial and sensorial light-duty liquid products, color/fabric care and wrinkle reduction in heavy-duty liquid detergents, and household cleaning wipes in specialty liquid household surface cleaners. Rewriting the chapters on the latest improvements and growing benefits in fabric softeners, liquid hand soaps and body washes, and shampoos and conditioners, the latter contains extensive summaries of patents for various new products and technologies. The final chapter, dedicated to the manufacturing of liquid detergents, offers a discussion on continuous vs. batch processes and micro-contamination.

The most comprehensive guide of its kind, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition, is a balanced and practical reference that will continue to inspire students, researchers, chemists, and product developers in detergent industry, surfactant science and industrial chemistry.

Recenzijas

"The book is rich with highly relevant figures, graphs, and tables, and its relevance is enhanced by the detail that it goes into when assessing easily recognizable off the shelf products. The strength of this book lies in the way that it is clearly set out into the appropriate sections, and it may be easily used to obtain either a cursory or detailed knowledge of each type of detergent as required. Whether student or professional, it is very easy to find the part that you want and access the relevant informationan outstanding resource for students or professionals at any level who are working with liquid detergents." -Mark Imisides, Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, Vol. 7, No. 1

"The book will be a useful reference volume for workers in this area: it gives some frame formulations but is particularly useful in covering the theory behind the use of the various components in liquid detergents." -Richard Farn, Chemistry & Industry, October 2006

Liquid Detergents: An Overview
1(18)
Arno Cahn
Kuo-Yann Lai
Introduction
1(1)
Light-Duty Liquid Detergents
2(3)
Heavy-Duty Liquid Detergents
5(4)
Liquid Automatic Dishwasher Detergents
9(1)
Shampoos and Conditioners
9(2)
Liquid Hand Soap and Body Wash
11(1)
Fabric Softeners
12(1)
Specialty Liquid Household Surface Cleaners
13(5)
Manufacture and Raw Materials
18(1)
Hydrotropy
19(20)
Stig E. Friberg
Irena Blute
Introduction
19(1)
Historical Review
19(5)
Fundamentals
24(6)
Cleaning and Washing
30(5)
Summary
35(4)
Phase Equilibria
39(34)
Guy Broze
Introduction
39(1)
What Is A Phase Diagram?
40(5)
Two-Component Phase Diagrams
40(1)
Three-Component Phase Diagrams
41(3)
Recording Phase Diagrams
44(1)
Phase Diagrams for Ionic Surfactant-Containing Systems
45(7)
Ionic Surfactant and Water
45(2)
Ionic Surfactant, Water, and Organic Material Ternary Systems
47(1)
Ionic Surfactant, Water, Proton-Donating Material, and Hydrocarbon Quaternary Systems
48(4)
Phase Diagrams for Nonionic Surfactant-Containing Systems
52(16)
Nonionic Surfactant and Oil
52(1)
Nonionic Surfactant and Water Cloud Point
53(4)
Nonionic Surfactant, Water, and Oil
57(6)
Effects of System Parameters on Phase Behavior
63(5)
Emulsions
68(3)
Emulsion Instability and Breakdown
68(3)
Nanoemulsions
71(2)
PIT Process
71(1)
HPH Process
72(1)
Rheology of Liquid Detergents
73(40)
R.S. Rounds
Introduction
73(2)
Patent Survey of Liquid Detergent Formulations
75(16)
Home Care Products
75(13)
Personal Care Products
88(2)
Actives
90(1)
Rheology Measurements
91(11)
Measurement Technology
91(1)
Quality Control Metrics
92(1)
High-Shear Viscometry
93(3)
Extensional Viscosity Measurements
96(3)
Interfacial Rheology
99(3)
Product and Raw Material Characterizations
102(6)
Fabric Care Products
103(1)
Personal Care Products
104(4)
Fundamental Rheology Studies
108(2)
Conclusions
110(3)
Rheology Modifiers and Thickeners for Liquid Detergents
113(32)
Paul Reeve
Tom Tepe
Jan Shulman
Introduction
113(1)
Rheology
114(4)
Organic Thickeners
118(17)
Acrylics
118(7)
Synthetic Nonionic Polymers
125(2)
Urethanes
127(2)
Synthetic Cationic Polymers
129(1)
Celluloses
129(3)
Gums
132(3)
Inorganic Thickeners
135(5)
Inorganic Salts
136(1)
Inorganic Clays
137(3)
Summary
140(5)
Nonaqueous Surfactant Systems
145(26)
Marie Sjoberg
Torbjorn Warnheim
Introduction
145(1)
Micellar Aggregation
146(7)
Concentrated Surfactant Systems
153(10)
Liquid Crystals
153(5)
Microemulsions
158(5)
Concluding Remarks
163(1)
Notation
164(7)
Light-Duty Liquid Detergents
171(68)
Joan Gambogi
Evangelia S. Arvanitidou
Kuo-Yann Lai
Introduction
171(1)
Typical Composition and Ingredients
172(6)
Typical Composition
172(1)
Ingredients
173(5)
Hand Dishwashing
178(8)
Variables
178(2)
Mechanisms of Performance and Relevant Physical and Chemical Properties
180(6)
Test Methods and Performance Evaluation
186(15)
Cleaning Performance
186(2)
Foam Performance
188(3)
Mildness Evaluation
191(6)
Antibacterial Efficacy Evaluation
197(3)
Other Tests
200(1)
Formulation Technology
201(19)
Formulation
201(1)
Guidelines and Examples
201(9)
Factors Affecting Performance
210(4)
Recent Patent Trends (1996--2003)
214(6)
New Products
220(13)
Antibacterial Products
227(4)
Concentrated Products
231(1)
Hand Care Products
232(1)
High-Efficacy Products
232(1)
Sensorial Products
233(1)
Future Trends
233(6)
Heavy-Duty Liquid Detergents
239(80)
Amit Sachdev
Santhan Krishnan
Jan Shulman
Introduction
240(2)
Physical Characteristics of HDLDs
242(9)
Structured Liquids
243(4)
Unstructured Liquids
247(3)
Nonaqueous Liquids
250(1)
Components of HDLDs and Their Properties
251(35)
Surfactants
251(9)
Builders
260(9)
Enzymes
269(7)
Detergent Polymers
276(4)
Bleaches
280(2)
Optical Brighteners
282(2)
Miscellaneous Ingredients
284(2)
Product Evaluation Methods
286(3)
Physical Properties
286(1)
HDLD Detergency Evaluation
286(3)
Recent Patent Trends
289(6)
Polymers
290(2)
Enzymes
292(1)
Fragrance Encapsulation/Odor Elimination
293(1)
Fabric Protection/Optical Whiteners
293(1)
Sachets/Unit Dose
294(1)
Surfactants
294(1)
Builders
294(1)
New Products
295(2)
High-Efficiency Detergents
295(1)
Line Extensions
295(1)
Color/Fabric Care
296(1)
Wrinkling Reduction/Ease of Ironing
297(1)
Unitized Dose Products
297(1)
Future Trends
297(22)
Detergent/Fabric Softener Combinations: Return of the Two-in-Ones
297(1)
Suspension of Visual Cues
298(1)
Fabric/Color Care
298(1)
Ultraviolet Protection
299(1)
Enhanced Detergency: Several Potential Approaches
299(1)
New and Developing Markets
299(20)
Liquid Automatic Dishwasher Detergents
319(58)
Len Zyzyck
Philip A. Gorlin
Nagaraj Dixit
Kuo-Yann Lai
Introduction
320(3)
Mechanics and Chemistry of Automatic Dishwashing
323(5)
Components of Automatic Dishwashing Machines
323(4)
Mechanical Cleaning
327(1)
Thermal Cleaning
327(1)
Chemical Cleaning
327(1)
Components of Liquid Automatic Dishwasher Detergents and Their Functional Properties
328(13)
Builders
328(8)
Surfactants
336(1)
Defoamers
337(1)
Oxidizing Agents
338(1)
Enzymes
339(2)
Structuring Agents
341(1)
Rheology and Stability of LADDs
341(6)
Flow Properties
343(4)
Evaluation of the Performance of LADDs
347(4)
Spotting and Filming
348(1)
Soil Removal
349(1)
Stain Removal
350(1)
Foaming
350(1)
Fine China Overglaze and Glass Corrosion
351(1)
Formulation Technology
351(9)
Cleaning
351(1)
Thickeners
352(6)
Processing
358(1)
Corrosion
358(1)
Surfactants
359(1)
Stability
359(1)
New Forms
360(1)
Auxiliary Products for Dishwashers
360(5)
Liquid Prespotters
360(2)
Rinse Aids
362(3)
Future Trends
365(12)
Reduction in Dose Size
366(1)
Nonphosphate Products
366(1)
Hypochlorite-Free Products
367(1)
Enzymatic Products
367(10)
Shampoos and Conditioners
377(74)
Jiashi J. Tarng
Charles Reich
Introduction
378(1)
Typical Composition and Ingredients
378(21)
Surfactants in Shampoos
379(4)
Conditioning Agents in Conditioners
383(11)
Other Common Auxiliary Ingredients in Shampoos and Conditioners
394(5)
Types of Shampoos
399(16)
Cleansing Shampoos
399(1)
Mild and Baby Shampoos
400(1)
Conditioning (or Two-in-One) Shampoos
400(11)
Antidandruff Shampoos
411(4)
Shampoos with Specific Cosmetic Benefits
415(1)
Basic Mechanism of Hair Cleaning
415(8)
Nature of the Hair Surface
415(4)
Cleaning of Particulate Soil
419(2)
Cleaning of Oily Soil
421(2)
Assessment of Cleaning Efficacy of Shampoos
423(5)
Cleaning of Sebum
423(2)
Cleaning of Quaternium Compounds from Conditioner-Treated Hair
425(1)
Cleaning of Cationic Polymers
425(2)
Cleaning of Fixative Residues
427(1)
Cleaning of Dimethicone Residues
428(1)
Important Attributes of Shampoos and Conditioners
428(2)
Viscosity and Spreadability
428(1)
Lather and Foam
428(1)
Ease of Rinsing
429(1)
Mildness
429(1)
Evaluating Cosmetic Properties of Shampoos and Conditioners
430(4)
Ease of Combing
430(1)
Luster or Shine
430(1)
Body or Volume
431(1)
Surface Conditioning and Wettability
432(1)
Hair Strength
432(1)
Flyaway Reduction
433(1)
Manageability
433(1)
Damage to Hair from Shampoos
434(1)
Safety Concerns
434(1)
Formulation Technology
434(4)
Formulation
434(1)
Formulation Requirements
435(1)
Stability
436(1)
Manufacturing Ease
437(1)
New Products and Future Trends
438(13)
Increased Use of Natural Materials
438(1)
Increased Need for the Aging Population
438(1)
Ethnic Hair Care Market
439(1)
Increased Demand for Specialty Products
440(1)
Nanotechnology
440(11)
Liquid Hand Soap and Body Wash
451(36)
Subhash Harmalker
Kuo-Yann Lai
Introduction
451(2)
Typical Composition and Ingredients
453(4)
Typical Composition
453(1)
Ingredients
453(4)
Test Methods and Performance Evaluation
457(5)
Physical Properties
457(3)
Mildness
460(1)
Moisturization
461(1)
Antibacterial
461(1)
Consumer Test
462(1)
Formulation Technology
462(5)
Formulation Considerations
462(1)
Formulation
463(4)
New Products and Future Trends
467(18)
Aromatherapy Products
472(1)
Exfoliating Body Wash
472(9)
Toning and Skin Firming Products
481(1)
Antiaging Products
481(3)
Spa Products
484(1)
Skin Whitening Products
484(1)
Products for Men
484(1)
Conclusion
485(2)
Fabric Softeners
487(68)
Andre Crutzen
Introduction
488(1)
History
488(6)
Origin of the Need for Fabric Softening
488(1)
Pioneering Companies and Products
489(3)
Consumer and Producer Needs and Expectations
492(2)
Benefits and Drawbacks
494(5)
Benefits
495(2)
Damage
497(2)
Fabric Softener Market
499(1)
Compositions
500(20)
Softening Ingredients
501(12)
Other Ingredients
513(2)
Types of Products
515(5)
Regulatory Issues and Safety
520(4)
Worker Safety
520(1)
User Safety
521(1)
Environmental Safety
521(2)
Regulatory
523(1)
Product Formulation and Manufacture
524(4)
Principles
524(1)
Process
525(2)
Aging Studies
527(1)
Analytical Evaluations
527(1)
Physical Chemistry of Fabric Conditioning
528(20)
Structure of Liquid Fabric Softeners
528(5)
Deposition and Desorption
533(7)
Softening
540(4)
Static Control
544(1)
Others
545(3)
Future Trends
548(7)
Specialty Liquid Household Surface Cleaners
555(82)
Karen Wisniewski
Introduction
555(6)
All-Purpose Cleaners
561(29)
Historical Background
561(4)
Cream Cleansers
565(2)
Gel Cleaners
567(1)
Liquid All-Purpose Cleaners
567(17)
Floor Cleaners
584(1)
Test Methods
584(6)
Spray All-Purpose Cleaners
590(15)
Historical Background
590(2)
All-Purpose Spray Cleaners
592(2)
Glass Cleaners
594(3)
Glass and Surface Cleaners
597(1)
Test Methods
597(2)
Household Cleaning Wipes
599(5)
Bleach Spray Cleaners
604(1)
Bathroom Cleaners
605(16)
General Bathroom Cleaners
605(7)
Mildew Removers
612(2)
Test Methods
614(2)
Toilet Bowl Cleaners
616(5)
Conclusion and Future Trends
621(16)
The Manufacture of Liquid Detergents
637(36)
R.S. Rounds
Introduction
637(1)
Structured and Unstructured Liquid Detergent Delivery Systems
638(1)
Liquid Detergent Process Patent Technology
639(3)
Continuous Versus Batch Processes
642(4)
Unit Operations in Liquid Detergent Manufacture
646(21)
Transport Phenomena in Agitated Vessels
648(18)
Microbial Contamination
666(1)
Product Shelf Life
667(1)
Summary
667(6)
Index 673


Kuo-Yann Lai