Preface |
|
xiii | |
Table of cases |
|
xv | |
List of abbreviations |
|
xxix | |
Part I Prolegomena |
|
|
|
3 | (19) |
|
|
3 | (10) |
|
|
13 | (9) |
|
2 The evolution of the law relating to local remedies |
|
|
22 | (21) |
|
|
43 | (41) |
|
The basis of diplomatic protection |
|
|
43 | (13) |
|
The interests of the state of nationality |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
The interests of the defendant state, competing national states and entities other than the injured alien |
|
|
49 | (3) |
|
The interests and position of the injured alien |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Choices among competing interests and essentials |
|
|
53 | (3) |
|
The interests behind the rule of local remedies |
|
|
56 | (8) |
|
The interest of the host or respondent state |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
The interest of the alien |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
The interest of the alien's national state |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
The interest of the international community |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
Choices among competing interests |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
The rule in human rights protection |
|
|
64 | (20) |
|
The context of human rights protection |
|
|
68 | (3) |
|
The basis of the local remedies rule in human rights protection |
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
The formulation of the rule in human rights instruments |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
Trends in the application of theory in human rights protection as related to diplomatic protection |
|
|
77 | (7) |
|
4 The rule, denial of justice and violation of international law |
|
|
84 | (23) |
|
|
84 | (8) |
|
Incidence and relevance of the original injury |
|
|
92 | (5) |
|
|
97 | (5) |
|
International responsibility and violation of international law |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: some basic principles |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
5 Contracts, violation of international law, denial of justice and the rule |
|
|
107 | (38) |
|
|
108 | (18) |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
International treaty practice |
|
|
110 | (4) |
|
|
114 | (6) |
|
|
120 | (4) |
|
Functional considerations |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
The international legal system |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Exceptional circumstances giving rise to a violation of international law |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (10) |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
Choice of jurisdictional forum |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
The relationship between jurisdiction and the choice of the proper law of the contract |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Transnational law and breach of contract |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
The effect of referring alien-state contract claims to an international jurisdiction |
|
|
139 | (6) |
Part II Application of the rule |
|
|
|
145 | (34) |
|
|
146 | (22) |
|
The existence of the 'direct injury' exclusion |
|
|
146 | (5) |
|
The definition of 'direct injury' |
|
|
151 | (17) |
|
Jurisdictional connection |
|
|
168 | (11) |
|
|
169 | (4) |
|
The criterion of the location of the wrong |
|
|
173 | (6) |
|
|
179 | (21) |
|
The requirement of availability of remedies |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Ordinary and extraordinary remedies: the requirement of legal nature |
|
|
182 | (7) |
|
The rationale for the applicable principle in regard to the nature of remedies |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
The requirement of adequate and effective remedies |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
The concept of normal use |
|
|
192 | (3) |
|
The raising of substantive issues |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Persons obligated to observe the rule |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
The need for a final decision |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
8 Limitations on the rule |
|
|
200 | (16) |
|
The unavailability and inaccessibility of remedies |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
The ineffectiveness of remedies |
|
|
204 | (6) |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
Repetition of injury or likelihood of further damage |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Other possible exceptional circumstances |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Circumstances not limiting the operation of the rule |
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
9 The rule as applied to the use of procedural resources |
|
|
216 | (31) |
|
Procedures that are obligatory under the local law |
|
|
219 | (4) |
|
Procedures that are not obligatory but discretionary under the local law |
|
|
223 | (17) |
|
Verification of the effectiveness of the remedy |
|
|
233 | (5) |
|
The time in respect of which the two principles must be applied |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
Obstruction by the respondent state |
|
|
240 | (5) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
10 Waiver of the rule and estoppel |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
250 | (17) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Submission by states to international adjudication or arbitration |
|
|
252 | (3) |
|
The issue of arbitrability |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Non-inter-state arbitration agreements between states and private parties |
|
|
256 | (9) |
|
Failure to raise preliminary objection |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Request for a declaratory judgment |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Waiver and investment treaties |
|
|
267 | (9) |
|
The principles of estoppel and good faith |
|
|
276 | (4) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
General principles in customary international law |
|
|
280 | (5) |
|
Burden of proof in regard to the exhaustion of local remedies |
|
|
285 | (8) |
|
12 Procedural matters connected with the rule |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
The time for raising the objection based on the rule |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
The time of decision on the objection based on the rule |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
The time at which remedies must be exhausted |
|
|
298 | (5) |
Part III Peripheral and analogous applications of the rule |
|
|
13 The rule and human rights protection |
|
|
303 | (82) |
|
|
305 | (5) |
|
Jurisdictional connection |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
|
312 | (13) |
|
Availability and accessibility |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Ordinary and extraordinary remedies |
|
|
313 | (3) |
|
Effectiveness and adequacy |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Raising of substantive issues |
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
Need for a final decision |
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
|
325 | (21) |
|
Unavailability or inaccessibility of remedies |
|
|
325 | (10) |
|
|
335 | (4) |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
Repetition of injury or likelihood of further damage |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Limitations applied in human rights protection |
|
|
341 | (4) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Legislative measures and administrative practices |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Some non-limiting circumstances |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Use of procedural resources |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (6) |
|
The European Convention on Human Rights |
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
The American Convention on Human Rights |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
The Human Rights Committee |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Matters connected with procedure |
|
|
356 | (6) |
|
The time at which remedies must be exhausted |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
The time for raising the objection |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
The time of decision on the objection |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
|
362 | (4) |
|
14 The rule and international organizations |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Claims by international organizations against states |
|
|
367 | (4) |
|
Claims against international organizations |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
Claims by staff members against international organizations |
|
|
375 | (10) |
Part IV Nature of the rule |
|
|
|
385 | (40) |
|
The prevailing views in theory |
|
|
387 | (5) |
|
Theories explanatory of the rule |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
Possible practical consequences of the different views of the nature of the rule |
|
|
396 | (6) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
The time of incidence of international responsibility |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
The manner in which the issue is treated internationally |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Judicial and state practice |
|
|
402 | (15) |
|
Support for the substantive view |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Direct support for the procedural view |
|
|
404 | (3) |
|
The action taken by courts and judges |
|
|
407 | (9) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
The view of the rule in human rights protection |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
|
419 | (6) |
Part V Epilogue |
|
|
16 A concluding appraisal |
|
|
425 | (13) |
|
|
425 | (5) |
|
The rule in human rights protection and its impact |
|
|
430 | (6) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Undue 'strictnesss' as a problem |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
Index |
|
438 | |