Committed to Excellence |
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xi | |
Preparing Students for the Future |
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xv | |
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Part I The Molecular Basis of Life |
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1 | (17) |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 The Nature of Science |
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4 | (4) |
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1.3 An Example of Scientific Inquiry: Darwin and Evolution |
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8 | (4) |
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1.4 Core Concepts in Biology |
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12 | (6) |
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2 The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water |
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18 | (17) |
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19 | (4) |
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2.2 Elements Found in Living Systems |
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23 | (1) |
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2.3 The Nature of Chemical Bonds |
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24 | (2) |
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2.4 Water: A Vital Compound |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (5) |
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3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life |
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35 | (27) |
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3.1 Carbon: The Framework of Biological Molecules |
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36 | (4) |
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3.2 Carbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural Molecules |
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40 | (3) |
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3.3 Nucleic Acids: Information Molecules |
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43 | (3) |
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3.4 Proteins: Molecules with Diverse Structures and Functions |
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46 | (10) |
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3.5 Lipids: Hydrophobic Molecules |
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56 | (6) |
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Part II Biology of the Cell |
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62 | (30) |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (4) |
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4.4 The Endomembrane System |
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72 | (4) |
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4.5 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Cellular Generators |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (4) |
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4.7 Extracellular Structures and Cell Movement |
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82 | (3) |
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4.8 Cell-to-Cell Interactions |
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85 | (7) |
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92 | (20) |
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5.1 The Structure of Membranes |
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93 | (3) |
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5.2 Phospholipids: The Membrane's Foundation |
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96 | (2) |
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5.3 Proteins: Multifunctional Components |
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98 | (2) |
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5.4 Passive Transport Across Membranes |
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100 | (4) |
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5.5 Active Transport Across Membranes |
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104 | (2) |
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5.6 Bulk Transport by Endocytosis and Exocytosis |
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106 | (6) |
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112 | (15) |
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6.1 The How of Energy in Living Systems |
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113 | (1) |
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6.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics and Free Energy |
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114 | (3) |
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6.3 ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells |
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117 | (1) |
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6.4 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts |
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118 | (4) |
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6.5 Metabolism: The Chemical Description of Cell Function |
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122 | (5) |
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7 How Cells Harvest Energy |
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127 | (26) |
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7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration |
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128 | (4) |
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7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting Glucose |
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132 | (3) |
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7.3 The Oxidation of Pyruvate Produces Acetyl-CoA |
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135 | (1) |
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7.4 The Citric Acid Cycle |
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136 | (3) |
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7.5 The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis |
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139 | (3) |
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7.6 Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration |
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142 | (1) |
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7.7 Regulation of Aerobic Respiration |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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7.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Fats |
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146 | (2) |
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7.10 Evolution of Metabolism |
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148 | (5) |
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153 | (22) |
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8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis |
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154 | (1) |
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8.2 The Discovery of Photosynthetic Processes |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (3) |
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8.4 Photosystem Organization |
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160 | (2) |
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8.5 The Light-Dependent Reactions |
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162 | (4) |
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8.6 Carbon Fixation: The Calvin Cycle |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (6) |
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175 | (19) |
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9.1 Overview of Cell Communication |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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9.3 Intracellular Receptors |
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180 | (2) |
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9.4 Signal Transduction Through Receptor Kinases |
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182 | (4) |
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9.5 Signal Transduction Through G Protein-Coupled Receptors |
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186 | (8) |
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194 | (22) |
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10.1 Bacterial Cell Division |
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195 | (2) |
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10.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes |
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197 | (3) |
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10.3 Overview of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle |
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200 | (1) |
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10.4 Interphase: Preparation for Mitosis |
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201 | (1) |
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10.5 M Phase: Chromosome Segregation and the Division of Cytoplasmic Contents |
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202 | (4) |
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10.6 Control of the Cell Cycle |
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206 | (5) |
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211 | (5) |
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Part III Genetic and Molecular Biology |
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11 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis |
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216 | (14) |
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11.1 Sexual Reproduction Requires Meiosis |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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11.3 The Process of Meiosis |
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219 | (6) |
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11.4 Summing Up: Meiosis versus Mitosis |
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225 | (5) |
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12 Patterns of Inheritance |
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230 | (18) |
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12.1 The Mystery of Heredity |
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231 | (2) |
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12.2 Monohybrid Crosses: The Principle of Segregation |
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233 | (3) |
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12.3 Dihybrid Crosses: The Principle of Independent Assortment |
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236 | (2) |
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12.4 Probability: Predicting the Results of Crosses |
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238 | (1) |
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12.5 Extensions to Mendel |
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239 | (9) |
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13 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, and Human Genetics |
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248 | (20) |
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13.1 Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance |
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249 | (2) |
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13.2 Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (6) |
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13.5 Human Genetic Mapping and Association Studies |
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262 | (6) |
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14 DNA: The Genetic Material |
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268 | (22) |
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14.1 The Nature of the Genetic Material |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (4) |
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14.3 Basic Characteristics of DNA Replication |
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275 | (3) |
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14.4 Prokaryotic Replication |
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278 | (5) |
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14.5 Eukaryotic Replication |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (5) |
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15 Genes and How They Work |
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290 | (28) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (3) |
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15.3 Prokaryotic Transcription |
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297 | (2) |
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15.4 Eukaryotic Transcription |
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299 | (2) |
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15.5 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA Splicing |
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301 | (2) |
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15.6 The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes |
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303 | (3) |
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15.7 The Process of Translation |
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306 | (4) |
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15.8 Summarizing Gene Expression |
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310 | (1) |
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15.9 Mutation: Altered Genes |
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311 | (7) |
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16 Control of Gene Expression |
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318 | (23) |
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16.1 Control of Gene Expression |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (2) |
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16.3 Prokaryotic Regulation |
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322 | (4) |
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16.4 Eukaryotic Regulation |
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326 | (3) |
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16.5 Chromatin Structure Affects Gene Expression |
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329 | (2) |
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16.6 Eukaryotic Posttranscriptional Regulation |
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331 | (4) |
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335 | (6) |
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341 | (27) |
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342 | (4) |
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17.2 Amplifying DNA Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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346 | (3) |
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17.3 Creating, Correcting, and Analyzing Genetic Variation |
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349 | (2) |
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17.4 Constructing and Using Transgenic Organisms |
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351 | (4) |
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17.5 Environmental Applications |
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355 | (2) |
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17.6 Medical Applications |
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357 | (4) |
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17.7 Agricultural Applications |
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361 | (7) |
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368 | (22) |
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369 | (3) |
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372 | (3) |
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375 | (2) |
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18.4 Genome Annotation and Databases |
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377 | (3) |
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18.5 Comparative and Functional Genomics |
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380 | (5) |
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18.6 Applications of Genomics |
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385 | (5) |
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19 Cellular Mechanisms of Development |
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390 | (26) |
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19.1 The Process of Development |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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19.3 Cell Differentiation |
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393 | (5) |
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19.4 Nuclear Reprogramming |
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398 | (4) |
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402 | (5) |
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19.6 Evolution of Pattern Formation |
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407 | (3) |
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410 | (6) |
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20 Genes Within Populations |
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416 | (27) |
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20.1 Genetic Variation and Evolution |
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417 | (1) |
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20.2 Changes in Allele Frequency |
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418 | (2) |
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20.3 Five Agents of Evolutionary Change |
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420 | (5) |
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20.4 Quantifying Natural Selection |
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425 | (1) |
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20.5 Reproductive Strategies |
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426 | (4) |
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20.6 Natural Selection's Role in Maintaining Variation |
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430 | (2) |
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20.7 Selection Acting on Traits Affected by Multiple Genes |
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432 | (2) |
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20.8 Experimental Studies of Natural Selection |
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434 | (2) |
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20.9 Interactions Among Evolutionary Forces |
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436 | (1) |
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20.10 The Limits of Selection |
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437 | (6) |
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21 The Evidence for Evolution |
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443 | (20) |
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21.1 The Beaks of Darwin's Finches: Evidence of Natural Selection |
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444 | (2) |
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21.2 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism: More Evidence of Selection |
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446 | (2) |
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21.3 Artificial Selection: Human-Initiated Change |
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448 | (2) |
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21.4 Fossil Evidence of Evolution |
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450 | (4) |
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21.5 Anatomical Evidence for Evolution |
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454 | (2) |
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21.6 Convergent Evolution and the Biogeographical Record |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (5) |
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463 | (21) |
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22.1 The Nature of Species and the Biological Species Concept |
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464 | (4) |
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22.2 Natural Selection and Reproductive Isolation |
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468 | (2) |
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22.3 The Role of Genetic Drift and Natural Selection in Speciation |
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470 | (1) |
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22.4 The Geography of Speciation |
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471 | (2) |
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22.5 Adaptive Radiation and Biological Diversity |
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473 | (5) |
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22.6 The Pace of Evolution |
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478 | (1) |
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22.7 Speciation and Extinction Through Time |
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479 | (5) |
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23 Systematics, Phylogenies, and Comparative Biology |
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484 | (21) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (4) |
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23.3 Systematics and Classification |
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490 | (3) |
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23.4 Phylogenetics and Comparative Biology |
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493 | (6) |
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23.5 Phylogenetics and Disease Evolution |
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499 | (6) |
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505 | (19) |
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24.1 Comparative Genomics |
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506 | (3) |
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509 | (4) |
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24.3 Evolution Within Genomes |
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513 | (3) |
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24.4 Gene Function and Expression Patterns |
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516 | (1) |
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24.5 Applying Comparative Genomics |
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517 | (7) |
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Part V Diversity of Life on Earth |
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25 The Origin and Diversity of Life |
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524 | (15) |
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526 | (1) |
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526 | (3) |
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25.3 Evidence for Early Life |
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529 | (2) |
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25.4 Earth's Changing System |
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531 | (1) |
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25.5 Ever-Changing Life on Earth |
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532 | (7) |
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539 | (21) |
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26.1 The Nature of Viruses |
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540 | (4) |
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544 | (2) |
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26.3 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses |
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546 | (1) |
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26.4 Viral Diseases of Humans |
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547 | (8) |
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26.5 Prions and Viroids: Infectious Subviral Particles |
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555 | (5) |
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560 | (26) |
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27.1 Prokaryotic Diversity |
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561 | (4) |
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27.2 Prokaryotic Cell Structure |
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565 | (4) |
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27.3 Prokaryotic Genetics |
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569 | (5) |
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27.4 The Metabolic Diversity of Prokaryotes |
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574 | (2) |
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576 | (2) |
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27.6 Bacterial Diseases of Humans |
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578 | (8) |
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586 | (24) |
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28.1 Eukaryotic Origins and Endosymbiosis |
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587 | (2) |
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28.2 Overview of Protists |
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589 | (2) |
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28.3 Characteristics of the Excavata |
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591 | (3) |
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28.4 Characteristics of the SAR: Stramenopila |
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594 | (2) |
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28.5 Characteristics of the SAR: Alveolata |
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596 | (4) |
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28.6 Characteristics of the SAR: Rhizaria |
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600 | (1) |
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28.7 Characteristics of the Archaeplastida |
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601 | (3) |
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28.8 Characteristics of the Amoebozoa |
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604 | (2) |
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28.9 Characteristics of the Opisthokonta |
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606 | (4) |
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610 | (15) |
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29.1 Origin of Land Plants |
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611 | (2) |
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29.2 Bryophytes Have a Dominant Gametophyte Generation |
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613 | (2) |
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29.3 Tracheophytes Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation |
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615 | (3) |
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29.4 Lycophytes Diverged from the Main Lineage of Vascular Plants |
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618 | (1) |
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29.5 Pterophytes Are the Ferns and Their Relatives |
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619 | (6) |
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625 | (18) |
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30.1 The Evolution of Seed Plants |
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626 | (1) |
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30.2 Gymnosperms: Plants with "Naked Seeds" |
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626 | (4) |
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30.3 Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants |
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630 | (6) |
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636 | (1) |
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637 | (6) |
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643 | (23) |
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31.1 Classification of Fungi |
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644 | (1) |
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31.2 Fungal Forms, Nutrition, and Reproduction |
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645 | (3) |
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648 | (4) |
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31.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens |
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652 | (2) |
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31.5 Basidiomycota: The Club (Basidium) Fungi |
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654 | (2) |
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31.6 Ascomycota: The Sac (Ascus) Fungi |
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656 | (2) |
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31.7 Glomeromycota: Asexual Plant Symbionts |
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658 | (1) |
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31.8 Zygomycota: Zygote-Producing Fungi |
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658 | (2) |
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31.9 Chytridiomycota and Relatives: Fungi with Zoospores |
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660 | (1) |
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31.10 Microsporidia: Unicellular Parasites |
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661 | (5) |
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32 Animal Diversity and the Evolution of Body Plans |
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666 | (22) |
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32.1 Some General Features of Animals |
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667 | (1) |
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32.2 Evolution of the Animal Body Plan |
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668 | (4) |
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672 | (4) |
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32.4 Parazoa: Animals That Lack Specialized Tissues |
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676 | (3) |
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32.5 Eumetazoa: Animals with True Tissues |
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679 | (5) |
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684 | (4) |
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688 | (33) |
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33.1 The Clades of Protostomes |
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689 | (1) |
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33.2 Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) |
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690 | (3) |
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693 | (1) |
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694 | (6) |
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700 | (3) |
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33.6 Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) |
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703 | (1) |
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33.7 Bryozoans (Bryozoa) and Brachiopods (Brachiopoda) |
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704 | (2) |
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33.8 Roundworms (Nematoda) |
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706 | (2) |
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33.9 Arthropods (Arthropoda) |
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708 | (13) |
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721 | (41) |
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722 | (2) |
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724 | (2) |
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34.3 Nonvertebrate Chordates |
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726 | (1) |
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34.4 Vertebrate Chordates |
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727 | (2) |
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729 | (5) |
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734 | (4) |
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738 | (5) |
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743 | (4) |
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747 | (5) |
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34.10 Evolution of the Primates |
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752 | (10) |
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Part VI Plant Form and Function |
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762 | (26) |
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35.1 Organization of the Plant Body: An Overview |
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763 | (3) |
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766 | (6) |
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35.3 Roots: Anchoring and Absorption Structures |
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772 | (4) |
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35.4 Stems: Support for Above-Ground Organs |
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776 | (5) |
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35.5 Leaves: Photosynthetic Organs |
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781 | (7) |
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788 | (19) |
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36.1 Transport Mechanisms |
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789 | (3) |
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36.2 Water and Mineral Absorption |
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792 | (3) |
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795 | (2) |
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36.4 Rate of Transpiration |
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797 | (2) |
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36.5 Water-Stress Responses |
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799 | (2) |
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801 | (6) |
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37 Plant Nutrition and Soils |
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807 | (18) |
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37.1 Soils: The Substrates on Which Plants Depend |
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808 | (3) |
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811 | (2) |
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37.3 Special Nutritional Strategies |
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813 | (3) |
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37.4 Carbon-Nitrogen Balance and Global Change |
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816 | (3) |
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819 | (6) |
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38 Plant Defense Responses |
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825 | (13) |
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826 | (2) |
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828 | (3) |
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38.3 Animals That Protect Plants |
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831 | (1) |
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38.4 Systemic Responses to Invaders |
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832 | (6) |
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838 | (28) |
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839 | (4) |
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39.2 Responses to Gravity |
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843 | (2) |
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39.3 Responses to Mechanical Stimuli |
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845 | (2) |
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39.4 Responses to Water and Temperature |
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847 | (2) |
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39.5 Hormones and Sensory Systems |
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849 | (17) |
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866 | (33) |
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40.1 Reproductive Development |
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867 | (2) |
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869 | (5) |
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40.3 Structure and Evolution of Flowers |
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874 | (3) |
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40.4 Pollination and Fertilization |
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877 | (5) |
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882 | (6) |
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888 | (3) |
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40.7 Asexual Reproduction |
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891 | (2) |
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893 | (6) |
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Part VII Animal Form and Function |
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41 The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation |
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899 | (24) |
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41.1 Organization of Animal Bodies |
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900 | (1) |
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901 | (3) |
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904 | (3) |
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907 | (1) |
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908 | (1) |
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41.6 Overview of Vertebrate Organ Systems |
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909 | (3) |
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912 | (2) |
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41.8 Regulating Body Temperature |
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914 | (9) |
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923 | (30) |
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42.1 Nervous System Organization |
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924 | (3) |
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42.2 The Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Transmission |
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927 | (5) |
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42.3 Synapses: Where Neurons Communicate with Other Cells |
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932 | (6) |
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42.4 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord |
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938 | (7) |
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42.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal and Cranial Nerves |
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945 | (8) |
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953 | (26) |
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43.1 Overview of Sensory Receptors |
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954 | (1) |
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43.2 Touch, Pressure, and Body Position |
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955 | (2) |
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43.3 Hearing, Vibration, and Balance |
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957 | (6) |
|
43.4 Taste, Smell, and pH |
|
|
963 | (2) |
|
43.5 Temperature, Pain, Electric Currents, and Magnetic Fields |
|
|
965 | (2) |
|
|
967 | (6) |
|
43.7 Evolution and Development of Eyes |
|
|
973 | (6) |
|
|
979 | (24) |
|
44.1 Regulation of Body Processes by Chemical Messengers |
|
|
980 | (5) |
|
44.2 Overview of Hormone Action |
|
|
985 | (3) |
|
44.3 The Pituitary and Hypothalamus: The Body's Control Centers |
|
|
988 | (5) |
|
44.4 The Major Peripheral Endocrine Glands |
|
|
993 | (4) |
|
44.5 Other Hormones and Their Effects |
|
|
997 | (6) |
|
45 The Musculoskeletal System |
|
|
1003 | (20) |
|
45.1 Types of Skeletal Systems |
|
|
1004 | (2) |
|
45.2 A Closer Look at Bone |
|
|
1006 | (3) |
|
|
1009 | (1) |
|
|
1010 | (7) |
|
45.5 Vertebrate Skeleton Evolution and Modes of Locomotion |
|
|
1017 | (6) |
|
|
1023 | (21) |
|
46.1 Types of Digestive Systems |
|
|
1024 | (2) |
|
46.2 The Mouth and Teeth: Food Capture and Bulk Processing |
|
|
1026 | (1) |
|
46.3 The Esophagus and the Stomach: The Early Stages of Digestion |
|
|
1027 | (2) |
|
46.4 The Intestines: Breakdown, Absorption, and Elimination |
|
|
1029 | (3) |
|
46.5 Accessory Organ Function |
|
|
1032 | (2) |
|
46.6 Neural and Hormonal Regulation of the Digestive Tract |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
46.7 Food Energy, Energy Expenditure, and Essential Nutrients |
|
|
1035 | (4) |
|
46.8 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems |
|
|
1039 | (5) |
|
47 The Respiratory System |
|
|
1044 | (19) |
|
47.1 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Surfaces |
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
47.2 Gills, Cutaneous Respiration, and Tracheal Systems |
|
|
1046 | (3) |
|
|
1049 | (3) |
|
47.4 Structures, Mechanisms, and Control of Ventilation in Mammals |
|
|
1052 | (4) |
|
47.5 Transport of Gases in Body Fluids |
|
|
1056 | (7) |
|
48 The Circulatory System |
|
|
1063 | (22) |
|
48.1 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems |
|
|
1064 | (1) |
|
48.2 The Components of Vertebrate Blood |
|
|
1065 | (3) |
|
48.3 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems |
|
|
1068 | (3) |
|
48.4 Cardiac Cycle, Electrical Conduction, ECG, and Cardiac Output |
|
|
1071 | (4) |
|
48.5 Blood Pressure and Blood Vessels |
|
|
1075 | (10) |
|
49 Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System |
|
|
1085 | (18) |
|
49.1 Osmolarity and Osmotic Balance |
|
|
1086 | (1) |
|
49.2 Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid |
|
|
1087 | (1) |
|
49.3 Osmoregulatory Organs |
|
|
1088 | (2) |
|
49.4 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney |
|
|
1090 | (2) |
|
49.5 The Mammalian Kidney |
|
|
1092 | (5) |
|
49.6 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions |
|
|
1097 | (6) |
|
|
1103 | (30) |
|
|
1104 | (5) |
|
|
1109 | (5) |
|
50.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity |
|
|
1114 | (3) |
|
50.4 Humoral Immunity and Antibody Production |
|
|
1117 | (6) |
|
50.5 Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivity |
|
|
1123 | (2) |
|
50.6 Antibodies in Medical Treatment and Diagnosis |
|
|
1125 | (2) |
|
50.7 Pathogens That Evade the Immune System |
|
|
1127 | (6) |
|
51 The Reproductive System |
|
|
1133 | (22) |
|
51.1 Animal Reproductive Strategies |
|
|
1134 | (2) |
|
51.2 Vertebrate Fertilization and Development |
|
|
1136 | (4) |
|
51.3 Structure and Function of the Human Male Reproductive System |
|
|
1140 | (4) |
|
51.4 Structure and Function of the Human Female Reproductive System |
|
|
1144 | (4) |
|
51.5 Contraception and Infertility Treatments |
|
|
1148 | (7) |
|
|
1155 | (30) |
|
|
1156 | (4) |
|
52.2 Cleavage and the Blastula Stage |
|
|
1160 | (2) |
|
|
1162 | (4) |
|
|
1166 | (5) |
|
52.5 Vertebrate Axis and Pattern Formation |
|
|
1171 | (7) |
|
|
1178 | (7) |
|
Part VIII Ecology and Behavior |
|
|
|
|
1185 | (30) |
|
53.1 The Natural History of Behavior |
|
|
1186 | (1) |
|
53.2 Nerve Cells, Neurotransmitters, Hormones, and Behavior |
|
|
1187 | (1) |
|
|
1188 | (2) |
|
|
1190 | (1) |
|
53.5 The Development of Behavior |
|
|
1191 | (3) |
|
|
1194 | (1) |
|
53.7 Orientation and Migratory Behavior |
|
|
1195 | (2) |
|
53.8 Animal Communication |
|
|
1197 | (3) |
|
53.9 Behavior and Evolution |
|
|
1200 | (1) |
|
|
1201 | (3) |
|
53.11 Reproductive Strategies |
|
|
1204 | (2) |
|
|
1206 | (4) |
|
53.13 The Evolution of Group Living and Animal Societies |
|
|
1210 | (5) |
|
54 Ecology of Individuals and Populations |
|
|
1215 | (26) |
|
54.1 The Environmental Challenges |
|
|
1216 | (2) |
|
54.2 Populations: Groups of a Single Species in One Place |
|
|
1218 | (4) |
|
54.3 Population Demography and Dynamics |
|
|
1222 | (2) |
|
54.4 Life History and the Cost of Reproduction |
|
|
1224 | (3) |
|
54.5 Environmental Limits to Population Growth |
|
|
1227 | (2) |
|
54.6 Factors That Regulate Populations |
|
|
1229 | (3) |
|
54.7 Human Population Growth |
|
|
1232 | (4) |
|
54.8 Pandemics and Human Health |
|
|
1236 | (5) |
|
|
1241 | (23) |
|
55.1 Biological Communities: Species Living Together |
|
|
1242 | (1) |
|
55.2 The Ecological Niche Concept |
|
|
1243 | (5) |
|
55.3 Predator-Prey Relationships |
|
|
1248 | (4) |
|
55.4 The Many Types of Species Interactions |
|
|
1252 | (6) |
|
55.5 Ecological Succession, Disturbance, and Species Richness |
|
|
1258 | (6) |
|
56 Dynamics of Ecosystems |
|
|
1264 | (24) |
|
56.1 Biogeochemical Cycles |
|
|
1265 | (6) |
|
56.2 The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems |
|
|
1271 | (5) |
|
56.3 Trophic-Level Interactions |
|
|
1276 | (4) |
|
56.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability |
|
|
1280 | (3) |
|
|
1283 | (5) |
|
57 The Biosphere and Human Impacts |
|
|
1288 | (29) |
|
57.1 Ecosystem Effects of Sun, Wind, and Water |
|
|
1289 | (4) |
|
|
1293 | (3) |
|
|
1296 | (3) |
|
|
1299 | (4) |
|
57.5 Human Impacts on the Biosphere: Pollution and Resource Depletion |
|
|
1303 | (6) |
|
57.6 Human Impacts on the Biosphere: Climate Change |
|
|
1309 | (8) |
|
|
1317 | (1) |
|
58.1 Overview of the Biodiversity Crisis |
|
|
1318 | (4) |
|
58.2 The Value of Biodiversity |
|
|
1322 | (3) |
|
58.3 Factors Responsible for Extinction |
|
|
1325 | (10) |
|
58.4 An Evolutionary Perspective on the Biodiversity Crisis |
|
|
1335 | (3) |
|
58.5 Approaches for Preserving Endangered Species and Ecosystems |
|
|
1338 | |
Appendix A |
|
Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
Index |
|
1 | |