| A Personal Word to Students |
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| Preface |
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xi | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Critical Thinking |
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1 | (30) |
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What Is Critical Thinking? |
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1 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Standards |
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2 | (5) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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The Benefits of Critical Thinking |
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7 | (2) |
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Critical Thinking in the Classroom |
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7 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking in the Workplace |
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8 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking in Life |
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8 | (1) |
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Barriers to Critical Thinking |
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9 | (16) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (2) |
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Unwarranted Assumptions and Stereotypes |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (6) |
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25 | (1) |
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Qualities of a Critical Thinker |
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25 | (6) |
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Chapter 2 Recognizing Arguments |
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31 | (25) |
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31 | (5) |
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Identifying Premises and Conclusions |
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36 | (6) |
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42 | (14) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (10) |
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Chapter 3 Basic Logical Concepts |
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56 | (34) |
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56 | (3) |
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How Can We Tell Whether an Argument Is Deductive or Inductive? |
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59 | (6) |
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60 | (1) |
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The Strict Necessity Test |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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The Principle of Charity Test |
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62 | (1) |
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Exceptions to the Strict Necessity Test |
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63 | (2) |
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Common Patterns of Deductive Reasoning |
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65 | (5) |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Argument Based on Mathematics |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Common Patterns of Inductive Reasoning |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (5) |
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80 | (10) |
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90 | (34) |
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Finding the Right Words: The Need for Precision |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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The Importance of Precise Definitions |
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97 | (12) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (3) |
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Rules for Constructing Good Lexical Definitions |
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103 | (6) |
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Emotive Language: Slanting the Truth |
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109 | (10) |
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The Emotive Power of Words |
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110 | (9) |
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Euphemisms and Political Correctness |
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119 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Logical Fallacies---I |
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124 | (21) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (18) |
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Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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Look Who's Talking (Tu Quoque) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (8) |
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Chapter 6 Logical Fallacies---II |
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145 | (26) |
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Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence |
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145 | (26) |
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Inappropriate Appeal to Authority |
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145 | (4) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (13) |
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Chapter 7 Analyzing Arguments |
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171 | (28) |
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Diagramming Short Arguments |
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171 | (11) |
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Tips on Diagramming Arguments |
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177 | (5) |
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Summarizing Longer Arguments |
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182 | (17) |
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182 | (4) |
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Finding Missing Premises and Conclusions |
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186 | (2) |
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Summarizing Extended Arguments |
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188 | (4) |
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Common Mistakes to Avoid in Standardizing Arguments |
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192 | (7) |
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Chapter 8 Evaluating Arguments and Truth Claims |
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199 | (37) |
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When Is An Argument a Good One? |
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199 | (3) |
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What "Good Argument" Does Not Mean |
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199 | (1) |
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What "Good Argument" Does Mean |
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200 | (2) |
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When Is It Reasonable To Accept a Premise? |
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202 | (5) |
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207 | (23) |
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Appendix: Sample Critical Essay |
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230 | (6) |
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In Defense of Cheating by Joe Kribs |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (5) |
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Chapter 9 A Little Categorical Logic |
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236 | (29) |
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237 | (4) |
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Translating into Standard Categorical Form |
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241 | (9) |
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250 | (15) |
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Chapter 10 A Little Propositional Logic |
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265 | (35) |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (5) |
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274 | (5) |
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Deeper Analysis of Negation and Conjunction |
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279 | (5) |
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284 | (5) |
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289 | (11) |
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Chapter 11 Inductive Reasoning |
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300 | (41) |
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Introduction to Induction |
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300 | (1) |
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Inductive Generalizations |
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301 | (10) |
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Evaluating Inductive Generalizations |
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303 | (4) |
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Opinion Polls and Inductive Generalizations |
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307 | (4) |
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311 | (6) |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (9) |
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317 | (1) |
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How Can We Argue by Analogy? |
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317 | (1) |
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Evaluating Arguments from Analogy |
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318 | (7) |
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325 | (1) |
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Induction and Causal Arguments |
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326 | (6) |
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330 | (2) |
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A Few Words about Probability |
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332 | (9) |
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A Closer Look at a Priori Probability |
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334 | (7) |
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Chapter 12 Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources |
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341 | (46) |
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343 | (9) |
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Refining Your Search: Questions and Keywords |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (4) |
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Evaluating Informational Sources |
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352 | (16) |
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Content: Facts and Everything Else |
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352 | (4) |
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The Author and the Publisher |
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356 | (5) |
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361 | (1) |
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Evaluating Internet Sources |
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362 | (6) |
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368 | (10) |
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Bibliographical Information |
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368 | (1) |
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Content Notes: Quotes, Summaries, and Paraphrases |
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369 | (9) |
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378 | (9) |
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378 | (3) |
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381 | (6) |
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Chapter 13 Writing Argumentative Essays |
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387 | (35) |
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Writing a Successful Argument |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (17) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Choose and Narrow Your Topic |
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391 | (3) |
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Write a Sentence That Expresses Your Claim |
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394 | (1) |
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Gather Ideas: Brainstorm and Research |
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394 | (6) |
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400 | (6) |
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406 | (6) |
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Provide an Interesting Opening |
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407 | (1) |
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Include a Thesis Statement |
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408 | (1) |
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Develop Your Body Paragraphs |
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409 | (1) |
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Provide a Satisfying Conclusion |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (10) |
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Read What You Have Written and Revise |
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412 | (1) |
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Consider What You Have Not Written and Revise |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Sample Argumentative Essay |
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414 | (8) |
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Chapter 14 Thinking Critically about the Media |
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422 | (43) |
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Mass Media and Social Media |
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422 | (5) |
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427 | (12) |
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Critically Analyzing News Sources |
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429 | (4) |
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Social Media and the Rise of Fake News |
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433 | (6) |
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439 | (11) |
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Bias toward Business Interests |
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440 | (2) |
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Bias toward Entertainment |
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442 | (4) |
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446 | (4) |
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450 | (2) |
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452 | (13) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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Criticisms of Advertising |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (10) |
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Chapter 15 Science and Pseudoscience |
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465 | (1) |
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The Basic Pattern of Scientific Reasoning |
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465 | (6) |
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The Limitations of Science |
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471 | (3) |
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How to Distinguish Science from Pseudoscience |
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474 | (9) |
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A Case Study in Pseudoscientific Thinking: Astrology |
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483 | |
| Appendix: The Six Habits of Effective Problem Solvers |
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1 | (1) |
| Answers to Selected Exercises |
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1 | (1) |
| Index |
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1 | |
