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E-grāmata: Low-cost Smart Antennas

, (University of Kent, UK), (University of Sheffield, UK), (University of Surrey)
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An authoritative guide to the latest developments for the design of low-cost smart antennas

Traditional smart antenna systems are costly, consume great amounts of power and are bulky size. Low-cost Smart Antennas offers a guide to designing smart antenna systems that are low cost, low power, and compact in size and can be applied to satellite communications, radar and mobile communications. The authors — noted experts on the topic — provide introductions to the fundamental concepts of antennas, array antennas and smart antennas. The book fills a gap in the literature by presenting the design techniques of low-cost radio frequency (RF) smart antennas as well as approaches for implementing the hardware of the antenna and the beamforming network (BFN).

A comprehensive and accessible book, Low-cost Smart Antennas not only presents an up-to-date review of the topic but includes illustrative case studies that contain in-depth explorations of the theory and technology of smart antennas. While other resources highlight the software (signal processing algorithms), this book is unique by focusing on the antenna hardware. This important book: 

  • Offers an introduction to the most recent developments of the design of low-cost smart antennas and their applications
  • Presents a unique book that puts the focus on antenna hardware
  • Includes a variety of case studies that clearly demonstrate the implementation of current design techniques
  • Introduces both fundamental theories as well as more advanced topics

Written for students and researchers and antenna engineers, Low-cost Smart Antennas explores the most recent advances in the field with an emphasis on antenna hardware.

Preface ix
Acknowledgement xi
List of Abbreviations
xiii
1 Introduction to Smart Antennas
1(24)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Antenna Fundamentals
2(1)
1.2.1 Antenna Impedance and Bandwidth
2(2)
1.2.2 Radiation Patterns and Efficiency
4(4)
1.2.3 Polarisations
8(1)
1.3 Antenna Array Fundamentals
9(68)
1.3.1 Array Performance Analysis
12(1)
1.3.2 Active Reflection Coefficient and Mutual Coupling
12(2)
1.3.3 Directivity and Beamwidth
14(1)
1.3.4 Grating Lobe
15(1)
1.3.5 Scan Blindness
16(1)
1.4 Smart Antenna Architecture and Hardware Implementation
17(3)
1.4.1 ADC and DAC
20(1)
1.4.2 Digital Down-Converter (DDC)
20(1)
1.4.3 Digital Signal Processor
20(1)
1.4.4 Field-programmable Gate Array
21(1)
1.5 Overview of the Book
22(3)
References
23(2)
2 Beamforming Algorithms for Smart Antennas
25(34)
2.1 Introduction
25(2)
2.2 Basic Concepts for Beamforming
27(3)
2.3 Fixed Beamformer Design
30(6)
2.3.1 FIR Filter Based Design
30(2)
2.3.2 Least Squares Based Design
32(1)
2.3.3 Beam Steering
33(3)
2.4 Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms
36(4)
2.4.1 Reference Signal Based Beamformer
36(2)
2.4.2 The Capon Beamformer
38(2)
2.5 Blind Beamforming Algorithms
40(3)
2.5.1 The Power Minimisation Algorithm
40(2)
2.5.2 The Constant Modulus Algorithm
42(1)
2.6 Low-cost Adaptive Beamforming
43(7)
2.6.1 Analogue and Digital Hybrid Beamforming
43(2)
2.6.2 Robust Adaptive Beamforming
45(5)
2.7 Summary of the
Chapter
50(9)
References
50(9)
3 Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array
59(44)
3.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2 Theory and Operation Principle
59(4)
3.3 Low-cost Folded-monopole ESPAR
63(7)
3.4 ESPAR Antenna with Low Control Voltage
70(5)
3.4.1 FM-ESPAR using PIN diodes
70(2)
3.4.2 Link Quality Test
72(3)
3.5 Planar ESPAR Antennas
75(11)
3.6 Case Studies
86(12)
3.6.1 ESPAR using Monopole
86(4)
3.6.2 Planar Ultra-thin ESPAR
90(8)
3.7 Summary of the
Chapter
98(5)
References
99(4)
4 Beam-Reconfigurable Antennas Using Active Frequency Selective Surfaces
103(62)
4.1 Introduction
103(1)
4.2 FSS Fundamentals and Active FSSs
104(10)
4.2.1 FSS Elements
104(1)
4.2.2 Dielectric Loading Effects
105(1)
4.2.3 FSS Analysis Techniques
106(1)
4.2.4 Active Metal Strip FSS
107(4)
4.2.5 Active Slot FSS
111(2)
4.2.6 Active FSS Biasing Techniques
113(1)
4.3 Monopole-fed Beam-switching Antenna using AFSS
114(6)
4.4 Dual-Band Beam-Switching Antenna using AFSS
120(5)
4.5 3D Beam Coverage of Electronic Beam-Switching Antenna using FSS
125(13)
4.6 Frequency-agile Beam-switchable Antenna
138(7)
4.7 Continuous Beam-steering Antennas using FSSs
145(8)
4.8 Case Study
153(6)
4.9 Summary of the
Chapter
159(6)
References
160(5)
5 Beam Reconfigurable Reflectarrays and Transmitarrays
165(1)
5.1 Introduction
165(1)
5.2 Reflectarray and Transmitarray Design Fundamentals
166(1)
5.2.1 Reflectarrays
166(3)
5.2.2 Transmitarrays
169(2)
5.3 Beam Reconfigurable Reflectarrays
171(1)
5.3.1 Multi-feed Reflectarray
171(3)
5.3.2 Reflectarray with RF Switches
174(3)
5.3.3 Reflectarray with Tunable Components
177(4)
5.4 Beam Reconfigurable Transmitarray
181(4)
5.5 Circularly Polarised Beam-steerable Reflectarrays and Transmitarrays
185(4)
5.6 Case Study
189(6)
5.7 Summary of the
Chapter
195(1)
References
196(3)
6 Compact MIMO Antenna Systems
199(1)
6.1 Introduction
199(1)
6.2 MIMO Antennas
199(1)
6.2.1 Isolation
200(1)
6.2.2 Envelope Correlation Coefficient
201(1)
6.2.3 Total Active Reflection Coefficient
202(1)
6.3 Compact MIMO Antenna with High Isolation
203(1)
6.3.1 Neutralisation Technique
203(2)
6.3.2 Metamaterial
205(4)
6.3.3 Decoupling Network
209(6)
6.4 Compact MIMO Antenna with Adaptive Radiation Patterns
215(3)
6.5 Case Studies
218(2)
6.5.1 Increase the Physical Separation
220(1)
6.5.2 Change the Antenna Orientation
220(2)
6.5.3 Modify the Ground Plane
222(2)
6.5.4 Summary
224(1)
6.6 Summary of the
Chapter
225(1)
References
225(4)
7 Other Types of Low-cost Smart Antennas
229(1)
7.1 Introduction
229(1)
7.2 Lens Antennas
229(1)
7.2.1 Lens Antenna Basics
229(2)
7.2.2 Millimetre-wave Lens Antenna Design
231(5)
7.3 Retrodirective Array Antenna
236(1)
7.3.1 Van Altta Array
237(2)
7.3.2 Phase Conjugating Array
239(4)
7.4 Fabry-Perot Resonator Antennas
243(3)
7.5 Array-fed Reflector
246(1)
7.5.1 Operation Principle
246(5)
7.5.2 Beam-switching Performance
251(2)
7.6 Multibeam Antennas based on BFN
253(1)
7.6.1 Butler Matrix
253(4)
7.6.2 Rotman Lens
257(2)
7.6.3 Blass and Nolen matrices
259(2)
7.7 Summary of the
Chapter
261(1)
References
262(5)
Index 267
Qi Luo, PhD, is a research fellow at the School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, UK. He received his PhD degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Porto, Portugal, in 2012. His areas of expertise include phased arrays, smart antennas, reflectarrays, circularly polarized antennas, MIMO and multiband antennas. He has authored and co-authored many papers in international journals and conferences. He is one of the authors of the book on Circularly Polarized Antennas (Wiley-IEEE, 2014).

Steven (Shichang) Gao, PhD, is a Professor and Chair of RF and Microwave Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, UK. His research focuses on smart antennas, wideband/multi-band antennas, MIMO antenna systems and phased arrays. He co-authored and co-edited 2 books including Space Antenna Handbook (Wiley, 2012) and Circularly Polarized Antennas (Wiley-IEEE, 2014), over 300 refereed papers and 4 patents. He is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation and Radio Science, and was a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (2014-2016). He is the Director of Post-graduate Research at the University of Kent, UK.

Wei Liu, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK. He received his PhD from University of Southampton, UK. His research is focused on signal processing and its various applications, and in particular array signal processing (beamforming and direction of arrival estimation). He has published more than 250 journal and conference papers and a research monograph titled Wideband Beamforming: Concepts and Techniques (Wiley, 2010). He is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing and IEEE Access and an editorial board member of Frontiers of Information Technology and Electronic Engineering.

Chao Gu, PhD, is a Post-Doctoral Research Associate at the University of Kent, UK. His research focuses on smart antennas, reconfigurable antennas and THz antennas. He received his PhD from the University of Kent, UK. He has published several papers in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation on smart antennas and reconfigurable antennas.
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