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1 | (38) |
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Magnetism: Magical yet Practical |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (9) |
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Magnetism, Neutrons, Polarized Electrons, and X-rays |
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12 | (13) |
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Spin Polarized Electrons and Magnetism |
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15 | (7) |
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Polarized X-rays and Magnetism |
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22 | (3) |
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Developments in the Second Half of the 20th Century |
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25 | (5) |
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Some Thoughts about the Future |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (7) |
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Part I Fields and Moments |
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Electric Fields, Currents, and Magnetic Fields |
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39 | (22) |
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Signs and Units in Magnetism |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field |
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40 | (5) |
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45 | (2) |
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Magnetic and Electric Fields inside Materials |
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47 | (2) |
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The Relation of the Three Magnetic Vectors in Magnetic Materials |
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49 | (8) |
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Stray and Demagnetizing Fields of Thin Films |
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52 | (2) |
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Applications of Stray and Demagnetizing Fields |
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54 | (3) |
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Symmetry Properties of Electric and Magnetic Fields |
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57 | (4) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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Magnetic Moments and their Interactions with Magnetic Fields |
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61 | (44) |
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The Classical Definition of the Magnetic Moment |
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61 | (3) |
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From Classical to Quantum Mechanical Magnetic Moments |
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64 | (4) |
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65 | (1) |
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Spin and Orbital Magnetic Moments |
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66 | (2) |
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Magnetic Dipole Moments in an External Magnetic Field |
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68 | (1) |
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The Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field |
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69 | (3) |
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The Force on a Magnetic Dipole in an Inhomogeneous Field |
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72 | (12) |
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The Stern--Gerlach Experiment |
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74 | (5) |
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79 | (4) |
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Magnetic Force Microscopy |
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83 | (1) |
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The Torque on a Magnetic Moment in a Magnetic Field |
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84 | (13) |
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85 | (2) |
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Damping of the Precession |
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87 | (4) |
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91 | (6) |
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97 | (8) |
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The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle |
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97 | (1) |
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Classical Spin Precession |
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98 | (1) |
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Quantum Mechanical Spin Precession |
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99 | (6) |
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105 | (36) |
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105 | (1) |
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Basic Concepts of Relativistic Motion |
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106 | (3) |
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Length and Time Transformations Between Inertial Systems |
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106 | (1) |
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Electric and Magnetic Field Transformations between Inertial Systems |
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107 | (2) |
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Fields of a Charge in Uniform Motion: Velocity Fields |
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109 | (12) |
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Characteristics of Velocity Fields |
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109 | (3) |
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Creation of Large Currents and Magnetic Fields |
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112 | (3) |
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Creation of Ultrashort Electron Pulses and Fields |
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115 | (3) |
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The Temporal Nature of Velocity Fields |
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118 | (3) |
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Acceleration Fields: Creation of EM Radiation |
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121 | (20) |
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Polarized X-rays: Synchrotron Radiation |
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125 | (8) |
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Brighter and Shorter X-ray Pulses: From Undulators to Free Electron Lasers |
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133 | (8) |
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Polarized Electromagnetic Waves |
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141 | (26) |
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Maxwell's Equations and their Symmetries |
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142 | (1) |
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The Electromagnetic Wave Equation |
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143 | (2) |
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Intensity, Flux, Energy, and Momentum of EM Waves |
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145 | (2) |
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The Basis States of Polarized EM Waves |
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147 | (8) |
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147 | (1) |
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Linearly Polarized Basis States |
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148 | (1) |
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Circularly Polarized Basis States |
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149 | (4) |
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Chirality and Angular Momentum of Circular EM Waves |
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153 | (1) |
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Summary of Unit Polarization Vectors |
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154 | (1) |
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Natural and Elliptical Polarization |
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155 | (4) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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The Degree of Photon Polarization |
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157 | (2) |
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Transmission of EM Waves through Chiral and Magnetic Media |
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159 | (8) |
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Part II History and Concepts of Magnetic Interactions |
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Exchange, Spin--Orbit, and Zeeman Interactions |
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167 | (54) |
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167 | (2) |
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The Spin Dependent Atomic Hamiltonian or Pauli Equation |
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169 | (6) |
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Independent Electrons in a Central Field |
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170 | (2) |
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Interactions between two Particles -- Symmetrization Postulate and Exclusion Principle |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (28) |
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Electron Exchange in Atoms |
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175 | (5) |
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Electron Exchange in Molecules |
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180 | (6) |
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Magnetism and the Chemical Bond |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
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The Heisenberg Hamiltonian |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (2) |
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Heisenberg and Hubbard Models for H2 |
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195 | (7) |
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Summary and Some General Rules for Electron Exchange |
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202 | (1) |
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The Spin--Orbit Interaction |
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203 | (6) |
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Fine Structure in Atomic Spectra |
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203 | (1) |
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Semiclassical Model for the Spin--Orbit Interaction |
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204 | (2) |
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The Spin--Orbit Hamiltonian |
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206 | (3) |
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Importance of the Spin--Orbit Interaction |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (9) |
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History and Theory of the Zeeman Effect |
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212 | (6) |
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Zeeman Versus Exchange Splitting of Electronic States |
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218 | (2) |
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Importance of the Zeeman Interaction |
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220 | (1) |
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Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Solids |
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221 | (92) |
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221 | (2) |
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Localized versus Itinerant Magnetism: The Role of the Centrifugal Potential |
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223 | (7) |
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The Relative Size of Interactions in Solids |
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230 | (4) |
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The Band Model of Ferromagnetism |
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234 | (11) |
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The Puzzle of the Broken Bohr Magneton Numbers |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (5) |
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240 | (3) |
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Density Functional Theory |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (16) |
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Independent-Electron Ligand Field Theory |
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247 | (9) |
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Multiplet Ligand Field Theory |
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256 | (5) |
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The Importance of Electron Correlation and Excited States |
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261 | (13) |
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Why are Oxides often Insulators? |
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262 | (2) |
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Correlation Effects in Rare Earths and Transition Metal Oxides |
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264 | (7) |
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From Delocalized to Localized Behavior: Hubbard and LDA+U Models |
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271 | (3) |
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Magnetism in Transition Metal Oxides |
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274 | (16) |
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274 | (5) |
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279 | (3) |
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Colossal Magnetoresistance |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (7) |
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290 | (4) |
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Point-like Spins in a Conduction Electron Sea |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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Spin--Orbit Interaction: Origin of the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy |
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294 | (19) |
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295 | (2) |
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Description of Anisotropic Bonding |
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297 | (2) |
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Bonding, Orbital Moment, and Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy |
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299 | (14) |
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Part III Polarized Electron and X-Ray Techniques |
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Polarized Electrons and Magnetism |
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313 | (38) |
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313 | (1) |
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Generation of Spin-Polarized Electron Beams |
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314 | (4) |
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Separation of the Two Spin States |
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314 | (1) |
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The GaAs Spin-Polarized Electron Source |
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315 | (3) |
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Spin-Polarized Electrons and Magnetic Materials: Overview of Experiments |
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318 | (1) |
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Formal Description of Spin-Polarized Electrons |
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319 | (8) |
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Quantum Behavior of the Spin |
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319 | (1) |
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Single Electron Polarization in the Pauli Spinor Formalism |
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320 | (4) |
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Description of a Spin-Polarized Electron Beam |
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324 | (3) |
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Description of Spin Analyzers and Filters |
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327 | (2) |
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Incident Beam Polarization: Spin Analyzer |
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327 | (1) |
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Transmitted Beam Polarization: Spin Filter |
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328 | (1) |
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Determination of Analyzer Parameters |
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329 | (1) |
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Interactions of Polarized Electrons with Materials |
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329 | (13) |
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Beam Transmission through a Spin Filter |
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329 | (2) |
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The Fundamental Interactions of a Spin-Polarized Beam with Matter |
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331 | (6) |
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Interaction of Polarized Electrons with Magnetic Materials: Poincare's Sphere |
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337 | (5) |
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Link Between Electron Polarization and Photon Polarization |
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342 | (9) |
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Photon Polarization in the Vector Field Representation |
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343 | (1) |
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Photon Polarization in the Spinor Representation |
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344 | (1) |
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Transmission of Polarized Photons through Magnetic Materials: Poincare Formalism |
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345 | (3) |
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X-ray Faraday Effect and Poincare Formalism |
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348 | (2) |
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Poincare and Stokes Formalism |
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350 | (1) |
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Interactions of Polarized Photons with Matter |
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351 | (80) |
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351 | (1) |
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Terminology of Polarization Dependent Effects |
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352 | (3) |
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SemiClassical Treatment of X-ray Scattering by Charges and Spins |
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355 | (6) |
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Scattering by a Single Electron |
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355 | (5) |
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360 | (1) |
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SemiClassical Treatment of Resonant Interactions |
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361 | (9) |
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361 | (3) |
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364 | (4) |
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Correspondence between Resonant Scattering and Absorption |
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368 | (1) |
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The Kramers--Kronig Relations |
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368 | (2) |
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Quantum-Theoretical Concepts |
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370 | (15) |
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One-Electron and Configuration Pictures of X-ray Absorption |
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370 | (2) |
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Fermi's Golden Rule and Kramers-Heisenberg Relation |
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372 | (2) |
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Resonant Processes in the Electric Dipole Approximation |
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374 | (2) |
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The Polarization Dependent Dipole Operator |
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376 | (2) |
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The Atomic Transition Matrix Element |
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378 | (3) |
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Transition Matrix Element for Atoms in Solids |
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381 | (4) |
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The Orientation-Averaged Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Sum Rules |
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385 | (16) |
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The Orientation-Averaged Resonance Intensity |
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385 | (1) |
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Derivation of the Intensity Sum Rule for the Charge |
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386 | (3) |
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Origin of the XMCD Effect |
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389 | (4) |
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Two-Step Model for the XMCD Intensity |
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393 | (4) |
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The Orientation Averaged Sum Rules |
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397 | (4) |
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The Orientation-Dependent Intensity: Charge and Magnetic Moment Anisotropies |
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401 | (23) |
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Concepts of Linear Dichroism |
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401 | (1) |
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X-ray Natural Linear Dichroism |
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401 | (2) |
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Theory of X-ray Natural Linear Dichroism |
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403 | (3) |
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XNLD and Quadrupole Moment of the Charge |
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406 | (1) |
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X-ray Magnetic Linear Dichroism |
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407 | (1) |
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Simple Theory of X-ray Magnetic Linear Dichroism |
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408 | (3) |
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XMLD of the First and Second Kind |
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411 | (4) |
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Enhanced XMLD through Multiplet Effects |
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415 | (6) |
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The Orientation-Dependent Sum Rules |
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421 | (3) |
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Magnetic Dichroism in X-ray Absorption and Scattering |
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424 | (7) |
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The Resonant Magnetic Scattering Intensity |
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425 | (2) |
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Link of Magnetic Resonant Scattering and Absorption |
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427 | (4) |
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X-rays and Magnetism: Spectroscopy and Microscopy |
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431 | (48) |
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431 | (1) |
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Overview of Different Types of X-ray Dichroism |
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432 | (5) |
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Experimental Concepts of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy |
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437 | (21) |
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437 | (4) |
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Experimental Arrangements |
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441 | (4) |
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Quantitative Analysis of Experimental Absorption Spectra |
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445 | (4) |
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Some Important Experimental Absorption Spectra |
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449 | (2) |
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XMCD Spectra of Magnetic Atoms: From Thin Films to Isolated Atoms |
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451 | (3) |
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Sum Rule Analysis of XMCD Spectra: Enhanced Orbital Moments in Small Clusters |
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454 | (3) |
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Measurement of Small Spin and Orbital Moments: Pauli Paramagnetism |
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457 | (1) |
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Magnetic Imaging with X-rays |
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458 | (21) |
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459 | (4) |
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Lensless Imaging by Coherent Scattering |
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463 | (5) |
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Overview of Magnetic Imaging Results |
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468 | (11) |
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Part IV Properties of and Phenomena in the Ferromagnetic Metals |
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The Spontaneous Magnetization, Anisotropy, Domains |
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479 | (42) |
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The Spontaneous Magnetization |
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480 | (24) |
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Temperature Dependence of the Magnetization in the Molecular Field Approximation |
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481 | (3) |
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Curie Temperature in the Weiss--Heisenberg Model |
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484 | (4) |
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Curie Temperature in the Stoner Model |
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488 | (3) |
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The Meaning of ``Exchange'' in the Weiss--Heisenberg and Stoner Models |
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491 | (3) |
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Thermal Excitations: Spin Waves |
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494 | (5) |
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499 | (5) |
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504 | (7) |
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507 | (1) |
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The Magneto-Crystalline Anisotropy |
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508 | (2) |
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The Discovery of the Surface Induced Magnetic Anisotropy |
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510 | (1) |
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The Magnetic Microstructure: Magnetic Domains and Domain Walls |
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511 | (4) |
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511 | (4) |
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Antiferromagnetic Domains |
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515 | (1) |
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Magnetization Curves and Hysteresis Loops |
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515 | (2) |
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Magnetism in Small Particles |
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517 | (4) |
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Neel and Stoner--Wohlfarth Models |
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517 | (3) |
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520 | (1) |
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521 | (66) |
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521 | (2) |
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Band Theoretical Results for the Transition Metals |
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523 | (7) |
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Basic Results for the Density of States |
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523 | (2) |
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Prediction of Magnetic Properties |
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525 | (5) |
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The Rare Earth Metals: Band Theory versus Atomic Behavior |
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530 | (4) |
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Spectroscopic Tests of the Band Model of Ferromagnetism |
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534 | (14) |
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Spin Resolved Inverse Photoemission |
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535 | (4) |
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Spin Resolved Photoemission |
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539 | (9) |
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Resistivity of Transition Metals |
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548 | (10) |
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Conduction in Nonmagnetic Metals |
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548 | (5) |
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553 | (3) |
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Anisotropic Magnetoresistance of Metals |
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556 | (2) |
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Spin Conserving Electron Transitions in Metals |
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558 | (15) |
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Spin Conserving Transitions and the Photoemission Mean Free Path |
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558 | (4) |
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Determination of the Spin-Dependent Mean Free Path using the Magnetic Tunnel Transistor |
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562 | (3) |
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Probability of Spin-Conserving relative to Spin-Non-Conserving Transitions |
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565 | (4) |
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The Complete Spin-Polarized Transmission Experiment |
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569 | (4) |
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Transitions Between Opposite Spin States in Metals |
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573 | (9) |
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Classification of Transitions Between Opposite Spin States |
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573 | (2) |
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The Detection of Transitions between Opposite Spin States |
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575 | (7) |
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582 | (5) |
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Part V Topics in Contemporary Magnetism |
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Surfaces and Interfaces of Ferromagnetic Metals |
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587 | (50) |
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587 | (1) |
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Spin-Polarized Electron Emission from Ferromagnetic Metals |
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588 | (13) |
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Electron Emission into Vacuum |
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588 | (5) |
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Spin-Polarized Electron Tunneling between Solids |
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593 | (5) |
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Spin-Polarized Electron Tunneling Microscopy |
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598 | (3) |
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Reflection of Electrons from a Ferromagnetic Surface |
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601 | (12) |
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Simple Reflection Experiments |
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603 | (5) |
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The Complete Reflection Experiment |
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608 | (5) |
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Static Magnetic Coupling at Interfaces |
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613 | (24) |
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614 | (1) |
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Direct Coupling between Magnetic Layers |
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615 | (2) |
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617 | (12) |
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Induced Magnetism in Paramagnets and Diamagnets |
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629 | (3) |
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Coupling of Two Ferromagnets across a Nonmagnetic Spacer Layer |
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632 | (5) |
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Electron and Spin Transport |
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637 | (42) |
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Currents Across Interfaces Between a Ferromagnet and a Nonmagnet |
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637 | (19) |
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The Spin Accumulation Voltage in a Transparent Metallic Contact |
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638 | (4) |
|
The Diffusion Equation for the Spins |
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642 | (2) |
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Spin Equilibration Processes, Distances and Times |
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644 | (3) |
|
Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) |
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647 | (4) |
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Measurement of Spin Diffusion Lengths in Nonmagnets |
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|
651 | (3) |
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Typical Values for the Spin Accumulation Voltage, Boundary Resistance and GMR Effect |
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654 | (1) |
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The Important Role of Interfaces in GMR |
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655 | (1) |
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Spin-Injection into a Ferromagnet |
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656 | (16) |
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Origin and Properties of Spin Injection Torques |
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657 | (8) |
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Switching of the Magnetization with Spin Currents: Concepts |
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665 | (2) |
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Excitation and Switching of the Magnetization with Spin Currents: Experiments |
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667 | (5) |
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Spin Currents in Metals and Semiconductors |
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672 | (3) |
|
Spin-Based Transistors and Amplifiers |
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675 | (4) |
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Ultrafast Magnetization Dynamics |
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679 | (84) |
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679 | (3) |
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Energy and Angular Momentum Exchange between Physical Reservoirs |
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682 | (5) |
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Thermodynamic Considerations |
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682 | (2) |
|
Quantum Mechanical Considerations: The Importance of Orbital Angular Momentum |
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684 | (3) |
|
Spin Relaxation and the Pauli Susceptibility |
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687 | (3) |
|
Probing the Magnetization after Laser Excitation |
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690 | (15) |
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Probing with Spin-Polarized Photoelectron Yield |
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|
691 | (5) |
|
Probing with Energy Resolved Photoelectrons With or Without Spin Analysis |
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|
696 | (6) |
|
Probing with the Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect |
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|
702 | (3) |
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Dynamics Following Excitation with Magnetic Field Pulses |
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705 | (18) |
|
Excitation with Weak Magnetic Field Pulses |
|
|
712 | (3) |
|
Excitation of a Magnetic Vortex |
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715 | (8) |
|
Switching of the Magnetization |
|
|
723 | (36) |
|
Precessional Switching of the In-Plane Magnetization |
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|
725 | (8) |
|
Precessional Switching of the Magnetization for Perpendicular Recording Media |
|
|
733 | (11) |
|
Switching by Spin Injection and its Dynamics |
|
|
744 | (7) |
|
On the Possibility of All-Optical Switching |
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|
751 | (2) |
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The Hubner Model of All-Optical Switching |
|
|
753 | (4) |
|
All-Optical Manipulation of the Magnetization |
|
|
757 | (2) |
|
Dynamics of Antiferromagnetic Spins |
|
|
759 | (4) |
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763 | (14) |
|
The International System of Units (SI) |
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|
763 | (2) |
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765 | (1) |
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766 | (1) |
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767 | (1) |
|
Sum Rules for Spherical Tensor Matrix Elements |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
Polarization Dependent Dipole Operators |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
Spin--Orbit Basis Functions for p and d Orbitals |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
Quadrupole Moment and the X-ray Absorption Intensity |
|
|
771 | (3) |
|
Lorentzian Line Shape and Integral |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Gaussian Line Shape and Its Fourier Transform |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Gaussian Pulses, Half-Cycle Pulses and Transforms |
|
|
775 | (2) |
| References |
|
777 | (28) |
| Index |
|
805 | |
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