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E-grāmata: Maintenance and Safety of Aging Infrastructure: Structures and Infrastructures Book Series, Vol. 10 [Taylor & Francis e-book]

Edited by (Department of Applied Sciences, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece), Edited by (Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA)
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Maintenance and Safety of Aging Infrastructure: Structures and Infrastructures Book Series, Vol. 10Palielināt
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"This book presents the latest scientific research and application practice findings in the engineering field of "maintenance and safety of aging infrastructure." The selected invited contributions will provide an overview of the use of advanced computational and/or experimental techniques in damage and vulnerability assessment as well as maintenance and retrofitting of aging structures and infrastructures (buildings, bridges, lifelines, etc) for minimization of losses and life-cycle-cost. Cost-competentmaintenance and management of civil infrastructure requires balanced consideration of both the structure performance and the total cost accrued over the entire life-cycle. Another major problem is that the structure performance is usually reduced during its functioning due to environmental and other factors. Thus, current structural condition state is usually assessed by visual inspection or more advanced automatic structural health monitoring techniques. Furthermore, maintenance managers often require alist of prioritized maintenance interventions for civil infrastructure on an annual and/or long-term basis. Various unavoidable uncertainties associated with both randomness (i.e., aleatory uncertainty) and imperfect knowledge (i.e., epistemic uncertainty) also play a crucial role in management and maintenance of engineering systems. Taking into account the aforementioned issues, this volume aims to present the recent developments of life-cycle maintenance and management planning for deteriorating civil infrastructure considering simultaneously multiple and often competing criteria in terms of condition, safety and life-cycle cost"--



This book presents the latest research findings in the field of maintenance and safety of aging infrastructure. The invited contributions provide an overview of the use of advanced computational and/or experimental techniques in damage and vulnerability assessment as well as maintenance and retrofitting of aging structures and infrastructures such as buildings, bridges, lifelines and ships. Cost-efficient maintenance and management of civil infrastructure requires balanced consideration of both structural performance and the total cost accrued over the entire life-cycle considering uncertainties.

In this context, major topics treated in this book include aging structures, climate adaptation, climate change, corrosion, cost, damage assessment, decision making, extreme events, fatigue life, hazards, hazard mitigation, inspection, life-cycle performance, maintenance, management, NDT methods, optimization, redundancy, reliability, repair, retrofit, risk, robustness, resilience, safety, stochastic control, structural health monitoring, sustainability, uncertainties and vulnerability. Applications include bridges, buildings, dams, marine structures, pavements, power distribution poles, offshore platforms, stadiums and transportation networks.

This up-to-date overview of the field of maintenance and safety of aging infrastructure makes this book a must-have reference work for those involved with structures and infrastructures, including students, researchers and practitioners.

Editorial xix
About the Book Series Editor xxi
Preface xxv
About the Editors xxxv
Contributors List xxxvii
Author Data xli
Chapter 1 Reliability-based Durability Design and Service Life Assessment of Concrete Structures in a Marine Environment
1(26)
Mitsuyoshi Akiyama
Dan M. Frangopol
Hiroshi Matsuzaki
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Durability Design Criterion of RC Structures in a Marine Environment
2(11)
1.2.1 Reliability Prediction
2(6)
1.2.2 Durability Design Criterion based on Reliability
8(5)
1.3 Life-Cycle Reliability Estimation of Deteriorated Existing RC Structures
13(10)
1.3.1 Effect of Spatial Distribution of Rebar Corrosion on Flexural Capacity of RC Beams
13(7)
1.3.2 Updating the Reliability of Existing RC Structures by Incorporating Spatial Variability
20(3)
1.4 Conclusions
23(1)
1.5 References
24(3)
Chapter 2 Designing Bridges for Inspectability and Maintainability
27(28)
Sreenivas Alampalli
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Bridge Inspection
28(3)
2.3 Bridge Maintenance
31(3)
2.4 Role of Planning and Design
34(2)
2.5 Designing for Inspectability and Maintainability
36(11)
2.5.1 Bridge Type Selection
36(1)
2.5.1.1 Redundancy
36(3)
2.5.1.2 Jointless Bridges
39(1)
2.5.1.3 Weathering Steel
40(1)
2.5.1.4 Skew
40(1)
2.5.1.5 Material Type
41(1)
2.5.2 Bridge Details
41(1)
2.5.2.1 Bearings and Jacking Details
41(1)
2.5.2.2 Deck Drainage and Scuppers
42(1)
2.5.2.3 Joints
43(1)
2.5.2.4 Steel Details
43(1)
2.5.3 Access
44(1)
2.5.3.1 Abutments and Piers
44(1)
2.5.3.2 Trusses and Arches
45(2)
2.5.3.3 Girder Bridges
47(1)
2.5.3.4 Bridge Railing and Fencing
47(1)
2.6 Complex, Unique and Signature Bridges
47(5)
2.6.1 Specialized Procedures Requirement for Complex and Unique Bridges
48(2)
2.6.2 Movable Bridges
50(1)
2.6.3 Signature Bridges
51(1)
2.6.4 Bridge Security
52(1)
2.7 Conclusions
52(1)
2.8 References
53(2)
Chapter 3 Structural Vulnerability Measures for Assessment of Deteriorating Bridges in Seismic Prone Areas
55(40)
Alice Alipour
Behrouz Shafei
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 Numerical Modeling of Chloride Intrusion
56(7)
3.2.1 Evaporable Water Content
57(2)
3.2.2 Chloride Binding Capacity
59(3)
3.2.3 Reference Chloride Diffusion Coefficient
62(1)
3.3 Chloride Diffusion Coefficient
63(5)
3.3.1 Ambient Temperature
63(1)
3.3.2 Relative Humidity
64(3)
3.3.3 Age of Concrete
67(1)
3.3.4 Free Chloride Content
67(1)
3.4 Estimation of Corrosion Initiation Time
68(3)
3.5 Extent of Structural Degradation
71(3)
3.6 Reinforced Concrete Bridge Models
74(5)
3.6.1 Material Properties
76(1)
3.6.2 Superstructure
76(1)
3.6.3 Columns
77(1)
3.6.4 Abutments
77(1)
3.6.5 Foundation
78(1)
3.7 Structural Capacity Evaluation of Deteriorating Bridges
79(3)
3.8 Seismic Performance of Deteriorating Bridges
82(10)
3.8.1 Probabilistic Life-Time Fragility Analysis
83(5)
3.8.2 Seismic Vulnerability Index for Deteriorating Bridges
88(4)
3.9 Conclusions
92(1)
3.10 References
92(3)
Chapter 4 Design Knowledge Gain by Structural Health Monitoring
95(26)
Stefania Arangio
Franco Bontempi
4.1 Introduction
95(1)
4.2 Knowledge and Design
96(3)
4.3 System Engineering Approach & Performance-based Design
99(3)
4.4 Structural Dependability
102(3)
4.5 Structural Health Monitoring
105(4)
4.5.1 Structural Identification
107(1)
4.5.2 Neural Network-based Data Processing
108(1)
4.6 Knowledge Gain by Structural Health Monitoring: A Case Study
109(8)
4.6.1 Description of the Considered Bridge and Its Monitoring System
109(1)
4.6.2 Application of the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition
110(3)
4.6.3 Application of a Neural Networks-based Approach
113(4)
4.7 Conclusions
117(1)
4.8 References
117(4)
Chapter 5 Emerging Concepts and Approaches for Efficient and Realistic Uncertainty Quantification
121(42)
Michael Beer
Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou
Edoardo Patelli
5.1 Introduction
121(1)
5.2 Advanced Stochastic Modelling and Analysis Techniques
122(7)
5.2.1 General Remarks
122(1)
5.2.2 "Versatile Signal Processing Techniques for Spectral Estimation in Civil Engineering
123(1)
5.2.2.1 Spectral Analysis: The Fourier Transform
123(1)
5.2.2.2 Non-Stationary Spectral Analysis
124(2)
5.2.3 Spectral Analysis Subject to Limited and/or Missing Data
126(1)
5.2.3.1 Fourier Transform with Zeros
126(1)
5.2.3.2 Clean Deconvolution
126(1)
5.2.3.3 Autoregressive Estimation
126(1)
5.2.3.4 Least Squares Spectral Analysis
126(1)
5.2.3.5 Artificial Neural Networks: A Potential Future Research Path
127(1)
5.2.4 Path Integral Techniques for Efficient Response Determination and Reliability Assessment of Civil Engineering Structures and Infrastructure
127(1)
5.2.4.1 Numerical Path Integral Techniques: Discrete Chapman-Kolmogorov Equation Formulation
128(1)
5.2.4.2 Approximate/Analytical Wiener Path Integral Techniques
129(1)
5.3 Generalised Uncertainty Models
129(12)
5.3.1 Problem Description
129(1)
5.3.2 Classification of Uncertainties
130(1)
5.3.3 Imprecise Probability
131(1)
5.3.4 Engineering Applications of Imprecise Probability
132(6)
5.3.5 Fuzzy Probabilities
138(3)
5.3.6 Engineering Applications of Fuzzy Probability
141(1)
5.4 Monte Carlo Techniques
141(12)
5.4.1 General Remarks
141(1)
5.4.2 History of Monte Carlo and Random Number Generators
142(1)
5.4.2.1 Random Number Generator
143(1)
5.4.3 Realizations of Random Variables and Stochastic Processes
143(2)
5.4.4 Evaluation of Integrals
145(1)
5.4.5 Advanced Methods and Future Trends
146(1)
5.4.5.1 Sequential Monte Carlo
147(2)
5.4.6 High Performance Computing
149(1)
5.4.7 Approaches to Lifetime Predictions
150(1)
5.4.7.1 Monte Carlo Simulation of Crack Initiation
151(1)
5.4.7.2 Monte Carlo Simulation of Crack Propagation
151(1)
5.4.7.3 Monte Carlo Simulation of Other Degradation Processes
152(1)
5.4.7.4 Lifetime Prediction and Maintenance Schedules
152(1)
5.5 Conclusions
153(1)
5.6 References
154(9)
Chapter 6 Time-Variant Robustness of Aging Structures
163(38)
Fabio Biondini
Dan M. Frangopol
6.1 Introduction
163(2)
6.2 Damage Modeling
165(4)
6.2.1 Deterioration Patterns
166(1)
6.2.2 Deterioration Rate
167(1)
6.2.3 Local and Global Measures of Damage
168(1)
6.3 Structural Performance Indicators
169(4)
6.3.1 Parameters of Structural Behavior
169(1)
6.3.2 Pseudo-Loads
170(2)
6.3.3 Failure Loads and Failure Times
172(1)
6.4 Measure of Structural Robustness
173(1)
6.5 Role of Performance Indicators and Structural Integrity
174(4)
6.5.1 A Comparative Study
174(3)
6.5.2 Structural Integrity Index
177(1)
6.6 Damage Propagation
178(1)
6.6.1 Propagation Mechanisms
178(1)
6.6.2 Fault-Tree Analysis
179(1)
6.7 Structural Robustness and Progressive Collapse
179(3)
6.8 Structural Robustness and Static Indeterminacy
182(4)
6.9 Structural Robustness, Structural Redundancy and Failure Times
186(8)
6.9.1 Case Study
188(1)
6.9.2 Corrosion Damage and Failure Loads
188(1)
6.9.3 Robustness and Redundancy
189(4)
6.9.4 Failure Times
193(1)
6.10 Role of Uncertainty and Probabilistic Analysis
194(2)
6.11 Conclusions
196(1)
6.12 References
197(4)
Chapter 7 Extending Fatigue Life of Bridges Beyond 100 Years by using Monitored Data
201(16)
Eugen Bruhwiler
7.1 Introduction
201(1)
7.2 Proposed Approach
202(3)
7.2.1 Introduction
202(1)
7.2.2 Structural Safety Verification Format
203(1)
7.2.3 Determination of Updated Action Effect
203(1)
7.2.4 Safety Requirements
204(1)
7.3 Case Study of a Riveted Railway Bridge
205(6)
7.3.1 Description of the Bridge
205(1)
7.3.2 Model for Structural Analysis
205(1)
7.3.3 Monitoring
206(1)
7.3.4 Fatigue Safety Verification
207(2)
7.3.4.1 Step 1: Fatigue Safety Verification with Respect to the Fatigue Limit
209(1)
7.3.4.2 Step 2: Fatigue Damage Accumulation Calculation and Fatigue Safety Verification
209(1)
7.3.5 Discussion of the Results
210(1)
7.4 Case Study of a Highway Bridge Deck in Post-tensioned Concrete
211(3)
7.4.1 Motivation
211(1)
7.4.2 Monitoring System
212(1)
7.4.3 Investigation of Extreme Action Effects
213(1)
7.4.4 Investigation of Fatigue Action Effects
213(1)
7.4.5 Discussion of the Results
213(1)
7.5 Conclusions
214(1)
7.6 References
214(3)
Chapter 8 Management and Safety of Existing Concrete Structures via Optical Fiber Distributed Sensing
217(30)
Joan R. Casas
Sergi Villalba
Vicens Villalba
8.1 Introduction
218(1)
8.2 OBR Technology: Description and Background
219(2)
8.3 Application to Concrete Structures
221(20)
8.3.1 Laboratory Test in a Reinforced Concrete Slab
222(1)
8.3.1.1 OBR Sensors Application
223(5)
8.3.2 Prestressed Concrete Bridge
228(2)
8.3.2.1 Reading Strains under 400kN Truck
230(1)
8.3.2.2 Reading Strains under Normal Traffic and 400kN Static Load
230(3)
8.3.3 Concrete Cooling Tower
233(3)
8.3.3.1 OBR Sensors Application
236(5)
8.4 Results and Discussion
241(2)
8.5 Conclusions
243(1)
8.6 References
244(3)
Chapter 9 Experimental Dynamic Assessment of Civil Infrastructure
247(44)
Alvaro Cunha
Elsa Caetano
Filipe Magalhaes
Carlos Moutinho
9.1 Dynamic Testing and Continuous Monitoring of Civil Structures
247(1)
9.2 Excitation and Vibration Measurement Devices
248(3)
9.3 Modal Identification
251(13)
9.3.1 Overview of EMA and OMA Methods
251(2)
9.3.2 Pre-processing
253(1)
9.3.3 Frequency Domain Decomposition
254(2)
9.3.4 Stochastic Subspace Identification
256(4)
9.3.5 Poly-reference Least Squares Frequency Domain
260(4)
9.4 Mitigation of Environmental Effects on Modal Estimates and Vibration Based Damage Detection
264(3)
9.5 Examples of Dynamic Testing and Continuous Dynamic Monitoring
267(16)
9.5.1 Dynamic Testing
267(3)
9.5.2 Continuous Dynamic Monitoring
270(1)
9.5.2.1 Continuous Monitoring of Pedro E Inês Lively Footbridge
270(4)
9.5.2.2 Continuous Monitoring of Infante D. Henrique Bridge
274(3)
9.5.2.3 Continuous Monitoring of Braga Stadium Suspension Roof
277(6)
9.6 Conclusions
283(2)
9.7 References
285(6)
Chapter 10 Two Approaches for the Risk Assessment of Aging Infrastructure with Applications
291(16)
David De Leon Escobedo
David Joaquin Delgado-Hernandez
Juan Carlos Arteaga-Arcos
10.1 Introduction
291(1)
10.2 Use of the Expected Life-Cycle Cost to Derive Inspection Times and Optimal Safety Levels
292(8)
10.2.1 Highway Concrete Bridge in Mexico
292(3)
10.2.2 Oil Offshore Platform in Mexico
295(1)
10.2.2.1 Assessment of Structural Damage
296(1)
10.2.2.2 Initial, Damage and Life-Cycle Cost
296(2)
10.2.2.3 Optimal Design of an Offshore Platform
298(1)
10.2.2.4 Effects of Epistemic Uncertainties
298(1)
10.2.2.5 Minimum Life-Cycle Cost Designs
298(2)
10.3 Using Bayesian Networks to Assess the Economical Effectiveness of Maintenance Alternatives
300(3)
10.3.1 Bayesian Networks
300(1)
10.3.2 BN for the Risk Assessment of Earth Dams in Central Mexico
301(2)
10.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
303(1)
10.5 References
304(3)
Chapter 11 Risk-based Maintenance of Aging Ship Structures
307(36)
Yordan Garbatov
Carlos Guedes Soares
11.1 Introduction
307(2)
11.2 Corrosion Deterioration Modelling
309(3)
11.3 Nonlinear Corrosion Wastage Model Structures
312(12)
11.3.1 Corrosion Wastage Model Accounting for Repair
315(1)
11.3.2 Corrosion Wastage Model Accounting for the Environment
316(4)
11.3.3 Corrosion Degradation Surface Modelling
320(4)
11.4 Risk-based Maintenance Planning
324(13)
11.4.1 Analysing Failure Data
325(2)
11.4.2 Optimal Replacement -- Minimization of Cost
327(2)
11.4.3 Optimal Replacement -- Minimization of Downtime
329(1)
11.4.4 Optimal Inspection to Maximize the Availability
330(2)
11.4.5 Comparative Analysis of Corroded Deck Plates
332(1)
11.4.6 Risk-based Maintenance of Tankers and Bulk Carriers
333(4)
11.5 Conclusions
337(1)
11.6 References
337(6)
Chapter 12 Investigating Pavement Structure Deterioration with a Relative Evaluation Model
343(36)
Kiyoyuki Kaito
Kiyosbi Kobayashi
Kengo Obama
12.1 Introduction
343(1)
12.2 Framework of the Study
344(3)
12.2.1 Deterioration Characteristics of the Pavement Structure
344(2)
12.2.2 Benchmarking and Relative Evaluation
346(1)
12.3 Mixed Markov Deterioration Hazard Model
347(8)
12.3.1 Preconditions for Model Development
347(1)
12.3.2 Mixed Markov Deterioration Hazard Model
348(3)
12.3.3 Estimation of a Mixed Markov Deterioration Hazard Model
351(2)
12.3.4 Estimation of the Heterogeneity Parameter
353(2)
12.4 Benchmarking and Evaluation Indicator
355(3)
12.4.1 Benchmarking Evaluation
355(1)
12.4.2 Road Surface State Inspection and Benchmarking
355(1)
12.4.3 Relative Evaluation and the Extraction of Intensive Monitoring Sections
356(1)
12.4.4 FWD Survey and the Diagnosis of the Deterioration of a Pavement Structure
357(1)
12.5 Application Study
358(18)
12.5.1 Outline
358(1)
12.5.2 Estimation Results
359(3)
12.5.3 Relative Evaluation of Deterioration Rate
362(3)
12.5.4 FWD Survey for Structural Diagnosis
365(5)
12.5.5 Relation between the Heterogeneity Parameter and the Results of the FWD Survey
370(5)
12.5.6 Perspectives for Future Studies
375(1)
12.6 Conclusions
376(1)
12.7 References
377(2)
Chapter 13 Constructs for Quantifying the Long-term Effectiveness of Civil Infrastructure Interventions
379(28)
Steven Lavrenz
Jackeline Murillo Hoyos
Samuel Labi
13.1 Introduction
379(2)
13.2 The Constructs for Measuring Interventions Effectiveness
381(22)
13.2.1 Life of the Intervention
382(1)
13.2.1.1 Age- based Approach
383(1)
13.2.1.2 Condition-based Approach
384(2)
13.2.1.3 The Issue of Censoring and Truncation on the Age- and Condition-based Approaches
386(1)
13.2.2 Extension in the Life of the Infrastructure due to the Intervention
387(4)
13.2.3 Increase in Average Performance of the Infrastructure over the Intervention Life
391(2)
13.2.4 Increased Area Bounded by Infrastructure Performance Curve due to the Intervention
393(3)
13.2.5 Reduction in the Cost of Maintenance or Operations Subsequent to the Intervention
396(4)
13.2.6 Decrease in Initiation Likelihood or Increase in Initiation Time of Distresses
400(3)
13.3 Conclusions
403(1)
13.4 References
403(4)
Chapter 14 Risk Assessment and Wind Hazard Mitigation of Power Distribution Poles
407(22)
Yue Li
Mark G. Stewart
Sigridur Bjarnadottir
14.1 Introduction
407(1)
14.2 Design of Distribution Poles
408(1)
14.3 Design (Nominal) Load (Sn)
409(1)
14.4 Design (Nominal) Resistance (Rn) and Degradation of Timber Poles
409(1)
14.5 Hurricane Risk Assessment of Timber Poles
410(2)
14.6 Hurricane Mitigation Strategies and Their Cost-effectiveness
412(2)
14.6.1 Mitigation Strategies
412(1)
14.6.2 Cost of Replacement (Crep) and Annual Replacement Rate (δ)
413(1)
14.6.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC) for Cost-effectiveness Evaluation
413(1)
14.7 Illustrative Example
414(10)
14.7.1 Design
414(1)
14.7.2 Risk Assessment
415(1)
14.7.2.1 Hurricane Fragility
416(1)
14.7.2.2 Updated Annual pf Considering Effects of Degradation and Climate Change
417(1)
14.7.3 Cost-effectiveness of Mitigation Strategies
418(6)
14.8 Conclusions
424(1)
14.9 References
425(4)
Chapter 15 A Comparison between MDP-based Optimization Approaches for Pavement Management Systems
429(20)
Aditya Medury
Samer Madanat
15.1 Introduction
430(1)
15.2 Methodology
431(10)
15.2.1 Top-Down Approach
432(1)
15.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
433(1)
15.2.2.1 Two Stage Bottom-Up Approach
433(2)
15.2.2.2 Modified Two Stage Bottom-Up Approach: Incorporating Lagrangian Relaxation Methods
435(5)
15.2.3 Obtaining Facility-Specific Policies using Top-Down Approach: A Simultaneous Network Optimization Approach
440(1)
15.3 Parametric Study
441(4)
15.3.1 Results
443(2)
15.3.2 Implementation Issues
445(1)
15.4 Conclusions and Future Work
445(1)
15.5 References
446(3)
Chapter 16 Corrosion and Safety of Structures in Marine Environments
449(20)
Robert E. Melchers
16.1 Introduction
449(1)
16.2 Structural Reliability Theory
450(3)
16.3 Progression of Corrosion with Time
453(3)
16.4 Plates, Ships, Pipelines and Sheet Piling
456(3)
16.5 Mooring Chains
459(2)
16.6 Extreme Value representation of Maximum Pit Depth Uncertainty
461(2)
16.7 Effect of Applying the Frechet Extreme Value Distribution
463(1)
16.8 Discussion of the Results
464(1)
16.9 Conclusions
465(1)
16.10 References
465(4)
Chapter 17 Retrofitting and Refurbishment of Existing Road Bridges
469(66)
Claudio Modena
Giovanni Teccbio
Carlo Pellegrino
Francesca da Porto
Mariano Angelo Zanini
Marco Dona
17.1 Introduction
469(5)
17.2 Retrofitting and Refurbishment of Common RC Bridge Typologies
474(35)
17.2.1 Degradation Processes
476(1)
17.2.1.1 Concrete Deterioration due to Water Penetration
476(2)
17.2.1.2 Cracking and Spalling of Concrete Cover due to Carbonation and Bar Oxidation
478(1)
17.2.2 Original Design and Construction Defects
478(4)
17.2.3 Rehabilitation and Retrofit of Existing RC Bridges
482(1)
17.2.3.1 Rehabilitation and Treatment of the Deteriorated Surfaces
483(2)
17.2.3.2 Static Retrofit
485(16)
17.2.3.3 Seismic Retrofit
501(4)
17.2.3.4 Functional Refurbishment
505(4)
17.3 Assessment and Retrofitting of Common Steel Bridge Typologies
509(10)
17.3.1 Original Design Defects -- Fatigue Effects
509(3)
17.3.2 Degradation Processes
512(3)
17.3.3 Rehabilitation and Retrofit of the Existing Steel Decks
515(1)
17.3.3.1 Repair Techniques for Corroded Steel Members
515(2)
17.3.3.2 Rehabilitation and Strengthening Techniques for Fatigue-induced Cracks
517(2)
17.4 Assessment and Retrofitting of Common Masonry Bridge Typologies
519(10)
17.4.1 Degradation Processes and Original Design Defects
520(4)
17.4.2 Rehabilitation and Retrofit of Existing Masonry Arch Bridges
524(1)
17.4.2.1 Barrel Vault
524(1)
17.4.2.2 Spandrel Walls, Piers, Abutments and Foundations
525(4)
17.5 Conclusions
529(2)
17.6 References
531(4)
Chapter 18 Stochastic Control Approaches for Structural Maintenance
535(38)
Konstantinos G. Papakonstantinou
Masanobu Shinozuka
18.1 Introduction
535(2)
18.2 Discrete Stochastic Optimal Control with Full Observability
537(4)
18.2.1 State Augmentation
540(1)
18.3 Stochastic Optimal Control with Partial Observability
541(5)
18.3.1 Bellman Backups
544(2)
18.4 Value Function Approximation Methods
546(6)
18.4.1 Approximations based on MDP and Q-functions
547(1)
18.4.2 Grid-based Approximations
547(2)
18.4.3 Point-based Solvers
549(1)
18.4.3.1 Perseus Algorithm
549(3)
18.5 Optimum Inspection and Maintenance Policies with POMDPs
552(8)
18.5.1 POMDP Modeling
553(1)
18.5.1.1 States and Maintenance Actions
553(3)
18.5.1.2 Observations and Inspection Actions
556(2)
18.5.1.3 Rewards
558(1)
18.5.1.4 Joint Actions and Summary
559(1)
18.6 Results
560(9)
18.6.1 Infinite Horizon Results
560(5)
18.6.2 Finite Horizon Results
565(4)
18.7 Conclusions
569(1)
18.8 References
570(3)
Chapter 19 Modeling Inspection Uncertainties for On-site Condition Assessment using NDT Tools
573(48)
Franck Schoefs
19.1 Introduction
573(3)
19.2 Uncertainty Identification and Modeling during Inspection
576(25)
19.2.1 Sources of Uncertainties: From the Tool to the Decision
576(1)
19.2.1.1 Aleatory Uncertainties
576(1)
19.2.1.2 Epistemic Uncertainties
577(2)
19.2.2 Epistemic and Aleatory Uncertainty Modelling
579(1)
19.2.2.1 Probabilistic Modeling of PoD and PFA from Signal Theory
580(4)
19.2.2.2 Probabilistic Assessment of PoD and PFA from Statistics (Calibration)
584(2)
19.2.2.3 The ROC Curve as Decision Aid-Tool and Method for Detection Threshold Selection: The α--δ Method
586(7)
19.2.2.4 Case of Multiple Inspections
593(2)
19.2.2.5 Spatial and Time Dependence of ROC Curves and Detection Threshold for Degradation Processes
595(6)
19.3 Recent Concepts for Decision
601(13)
19.3.1 Bayesian Modeling for Introducing New Quantities
601(3)
19.3.2 Discussion on the Assessment of PCE
604(1)
19.3.3 Definition of the Cost Function for a Risk Assessment
604(1)
19.3.3.1 Modelling and Illustration
604(3)
19.3.3.2 Use of the α--δ Method
607(3)
19.3.4 Definition of a Two Stage Inspection Model
610(4)
19.4 Recent Developpements about Spatial Fields Assesment and Data Fusion
614(1)
19.5 Summary
615(1)
19.6 References
616(5)
Chapter 20 The Meaning of Condition Description and Inspection Data Quality in Engineering Structure Management
621(20)
Marja-Kaarina Soderqvist
20.1 Introduction
621(1)
20.2 Engineering Structures
622(1)
20.3 The Inspection System
623(4)
20.3.1 General Description
623(1)
20.3.2 Goals of Inspection
623(1)
20.3.3 Inspection Types and Intervals
623(1)
20.3.4 Handbooks and Guidelines
624(1)
20.3.5 Inspection Data
625(1)
20.3.6 Use of Inspection Results
625(2)
20.4 Condition Indicators
627(1)
20.4.1 General
627(1)
20.4.2 Data Estimated in Inspections
627(1)
20.4.3 Data Processed by the Owner
628(1)
20.5 The Management of Bridge Inspection Data Quality
628(7)
20.5.1 General Rules
628(1)
20.5.2 Tools for Data Quality Control
628(1)
20.5.3 Training of Inspectors
629(1)
20.5.4 Quality Measurement Process: A Case Application
630(1)
20.5.4.1 Bridge Inspector Qualifications
630(1)
20.5.4.2 Day for Advanced Training
630(2)
20.5.4.3 Quality Measurements
632(1)
20.5.4.4 Quality Reports of the Bridge Register
633(1)
20.5.4.5 Follow up of Quality Improvement Methods
633(2)
20.6 Prediction of Structure Condition
635(2)
20.6.1 Age Behaviour Modelling
635(1)
20.6.2 The Finnish Reference Bridges
636(1)
20.6.2.1 Model Simulation
636(1)
20.7 Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation Policy
637(2)
20.7.1 Goals and Targets
637(1)
20.7.2 Central Policy Definitions in the Management Process
638(1)
20.7.3 Maintenance and Repair Planning
638(1)
20.8 Conclusions
639(1)
20.9 References
639(2)
Chapter 21 Climate Adaptation Engineering and Risk-based Design and Management of Infrastructure
641(44)
Mark G. Stewart
Dimitri V. Val
Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga
Alan O'Connor
Xiaoming Wang
21.1 Introduction
641(3)
21.2 Modelling Weather and Climate-related Hazards in Conditions of Climate Change
644(4)
21.2.1 Climate Modelling
644(2)
21.2.2 Modelling Extreme Events under Non-Stationary Conditions
646(1)
21.2.2.1 Generalised Extreme Value Distribution for Block Maxima
646(1)
21.2.2.2 Generalised Pareto Distribution for Threshold Exceedance
647(1)
21.2.2.3 Point Process Characterisation of Extremes
648(1)
21.3 Impacts of Climate Change
648(3)
21.3.1 Corrosion and Material Degradation
648(1)
21.3.2 Frequency and Intensity of Climate Hazards
649(1)
21.3.3 Sustainability and Embodied Energy Requirements for Maintenance Strategies
650(1)
21.4 Risk-based Decision Support
651(8)
21.4.1 Definition of Risk
651(7)
21.4.2 Cost-Effectiveness of Adaptation Strategies
658(1)
21.5 Case Studies of Optimal Design and Management of Infrastructure
659(18)
21.5.1 Resilience of Interdependent Infrastructure Systems to Floods
659(2)
21.5.2 Strengthening Housing in Queensland Against Extreme Wind
661(4)
21.5.3 Climate Change and Cost-Effectiveness of Adaptation Strategies in RC Structures Subjected to Chloride Ingress
665(5)
21.5.4 Designing On- and Offshore Wind Energy Installations to Allow for Predicted Evolutions in Wind and Wave Loading
670(6)
21.5.5 Impact and Adaptation to Coastal Inundation
676(1)
21.6 Research Challenges
677(1)
21.7 Conclusions
678(1)
21.8 References
678(7)
Chapter 22 Comparing Bridge Condition Evaluations with Life-Cycle Expenditures
685(22)
Bojidar Yanev
22.1 Introduction: Networks and Projects
685(1)
22.2 Network and Project Level Condition Assessments
686(4)
22.2.1 Potential Hazards (NYS DOT)
688(1)
22.2.2 Load Rating (AASHTO, 2010)
688(1)
22.2.3 Vulnerability (NYS DOT)
689(1)
22.2.4 Serviceability and Sufficiency (NBI)
689(1)
22.2.5 Diagnostics
690(1)
22.3 Bridge-Related Actions
690(2)
22.3.1 Maintenance
691(1)
22.3.2 Preservation
692(1)
22.3.3 Repair and Rehabilitation
692(1)
22.4 The New York City Network -- Bridge Equilibrium of Supply/Demand
692(2)
22.5 Network Optimization/Project Prioritization
694(9)
22.5.1 The Preventive Maintenance Model
695(6)
22.5.2 The repair model
701(2)
22.6 Conclusions
703(1)
22.7 References
704(3)
Chapter 23 Redundancy-based Design of Nondeterministic Systems
707(32)
Benjin Zhu
Dan M. Frangopol
23.1 Introduction
707(2)
23.2 Redundancy Factor
709(2)
23.2.1 Definition
709(1)
23.2.2 Example
709(2)
23.3 Effects of Parameters on Redundancy Factor
711(8)
23.4 Redundancy Factors of Systems with Many Components
719(7)
23.4.1 Using the RELSYS program
719(2)
23.4.2 Using the MCS-based program
721(5)
23.5 Limit States for Component Design
726(2)
23.6 A Highway Bridge Example
728(7)
23.6.1 Live Load Bending Moments
729(1)
23.6.2 Dead Load Moments
730(1)
23.6.3 Mean Resistance of Girders
730(3)
23.6.4 An Additional Case: βsys, target = 4.0
733(2)
23.7 Conclusions
735(1)
23.8 References
736(3)
Author Index 739(2)
Subject Index 741(4)
Structures and Infrastructures Series 745
Professor Dan M. Frangopol is the first holder of the Fazlur R. Khan Endowed Chair of Structural Engineering and Architecture at Lehigh University. His main research interests are in the application of probabilistic concepts and methods to civil and marine engineering, including structural reliability, probability-based design and optimization of buildings, bridges and naval ships, structural health monitoring, life-cycle performance maintenance and management of structures and infrastructures under uncertainty, risk-based assessment and decision making, infrastructure resilience to disasters, and stochastic mechanics. Prof. Frangopol is the Founding President of the International Association for Bridge Maintenance and Safety (IABMAS) and of the International Association for Life Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE). He is also the founder of the recently created ASCE-SEI Technical Council on life-cycle performance, safety, reliability and risk of structural systems. He has held numerous leadership positions in national and international professional societies. Prof. Frangopol is the Founding Editor of Structure and Infrastructure Engineering an international peer-reviewed journal. He is also the Founding Editor of the Book Series Structures and Infrastructures. Prof. Frangopol is the author or co-author of more than 300 books, book chapters, and refereed journal articles, and more than 500 papers in conference proceedings. He has edited or co-edited 34 books. Prof. Frangopol has supervised the dissertations of 35 Ph.D. students (seven under current supervision) and the thesis and reports of 50 M.S. students. Many of his former students are university professors in the United States and abroad, and several are prominent in professional practice and research laboratories.



Dr Yiannis Tsompanakis completed his studies (diploma in civil engineering and PhD in computational mechanics) in NTUA, and afterwards he is lecturing in Technical University of Crete (TUC), firstly as a visiting professor (2000-2003) and since 9/2003 as an Assistant Professor and since 9/2010 as an Associate Professor of Structural Dynamics in the Department of Applied Sciences of TUC having a permanent academic employment in TUC. He is expert in development and application of advanced computational models for the numerical simulation structures and infrastructures. His research interests include structural and geotechnical earthquake engineering, geoenvironmental engineering, dynamic soil-structure-fluid interaction, foundations and retaining structures, structural optimization, probabilistic mechanics, structural assessment and retrofitting as wells as artificial intelligence methods in engineering. He has over 150 publications (journal papers, conference papers, book chapters, edited books and journal special issues and conference proceedings. He has organized several conferences and minisymposia. He has participated in many research (Greek and EU) projects as researcher and/or coordinator. Dr Tsompanakis has excellent leadership, interpersonal and negotiating skills and many cooperations with other scientific groups in Greece, USA, UK, Italy, Germany, Serbia, etc. He is reviewer in many archival scientific engineering journals and member of the Editorial Board in several scientific journals. He is the Technical Editor of Structure and Infrastructure Engineering (SIE) Journal, Taylor&Francis Publ. He is the co-editor of the first two volumes in the same Taylor & Francis book series: Structures & Infrastructures Book Series, Book Series Editor Dan M. Frangopol.
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780429220586_pe.html
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