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Making of a New European Legal Culture: The Aarhus Convention: At the Crossroad of Comparative Law and EU Law [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 486 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Europa Law Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 9089521909
  • ISBN-13: 9789089521903
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 486 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Europa Law Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 9089521909
  • ISBN-13: 9789089521903
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Scholars of comparative law and European Union law consider whether and to what extent the common rules and principles enshrined in the 1998 Aarhus Convention will bring about, or at least contribute to, the making of a new European legal culture. The question is based on the premise that law is more than just black-letter rules, but encompasses how rules are interpreted, and even how those interpreting the rules are selected and trained and how legal professions are organized. In addition to discussing general topics, they present country reports for France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Romania, Spain, and Britain. Distributed in the US by ISBS. Annotation ©2018 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

The Aarhus Convention entered into force more than 20 years ago. It lays down the pillars of environmental democracy, that is a governance systems where citizens and civil society organisations are fully involved in the decisions affecting the environment we all live in. On the one hand, the Convention drew on the experience of those jurisdictions where environmental concerns run deeper. On the other hand, once enacted, it was expected to bring about important changes in those jurisdictions which were less sensible to these issues. As such, the Convention is an ideal testing ground upon which to study how legal principles, rules, and institutions behave once they are moved from one jurisdiction to another and how the recipient jurisdiction reacts at receiving a transplant. The analysis, from a legal cultural approach to the law in the EU and 8 Member States, provides a much richer picture about how the Aarhus Convention has been implemented and what are the legal cultural enablers and obstacles to the full development of environmental democracy in different jurisdictions. Additionally, the research assesses how far a common European legal culture has developed in core areas, not just an environmental but in administrative and, to a large extent, constitutional law. The book provides and updated coverage of the implementation of the Aarhus Convention at both EU level and in a relevant number of Member States, and will be useful to academics and practitioners alike. About the editors Roberto Caranta is full professor of Administrative law with the Law Department of the University of Turin (Italy). Anna Gerbrandy professor of Competition Law at the Europa Institute of Utrecht University School of Law, the Netherlands. Dr. Bilun Mueller, LL.M. (Bruges) works at the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Berlin. [ Subject: EU Law, European Law, Comparative Law]
Preface v
Chapter 1 Introduction. The Making of a New European Legal Culture: The Aarhus Convention
Roberto Caranta
Anna Gerbrandy
Bilun Muller
1 The research question
5(4)
2 The Aarhus Convention and legal culture
9(2)
3 Working on the tetes de chapitre of administrative law
11(3)
4 Structure of the book
14(2)
5 The making of a new European legal culture?
16(3)
Chapter 2 The Aarhus-Acquis in the EU. Developments in the Dynamics of Implementing the Three Pillars Structure
Adam Daniel Nagy
1 Introduction
19(1)
2 First pillar: access to information
20(7)
2.1 General framework of access to information at EU level
20(3)
2.2 General framework of access to information at Member State level
23(2)
2.3 The way forward
25(2)
3 The second pillar: public participation
27(8)
3.1 Public participation requirements at EU level, as applied by institutions and bodies
28(1)
3.2 Public participation at Member State level based on EU law
29(2)
3.3 Recent developments in public participation at EU and international levels
31(4)
4 The third pillar: Access to justice in the EU and its Member States in general
35(30)
Access to justice at EU level: the Aarhus Regulation
38(15)
4.2 Access to information and its relation to access to justice at national level
4.3 Public participation and its relation to access to justice at Member States' level
4.4 Access to justice under Article 9(3) and (4) of the Aarhus Convention: options for reforming EU law
53(10)
4.5 Role of national judges-different forms of interpretation requirements to ensure compliance with EU law
63(2)
5 Recent developments and trends-a political opening for further environmental governance?
65(3)
5.1 Complementary alternatives to meet the requirements of the Aarhus Convention
66(2)
6 Conclusions
68(5)
Chapter 3 The Aarhus Convention-The Legal Cultural Picture. Country report for France
Giulia Parola
1 Introduction
73(2)
2 Right to access to documents/information
75(1)
2.1 Before the implementation of the Aarhus convention
75(1)
3 Implementation of access to environmental information
76(7)
3.1 Subject matter of the right to access
76(2)
3.2 The interaction of right of access with duties to make some information generally available and with Directive 2003/98/EC on the re-use of public sector information
78(1)
3.3 User friendliness of the environmental information (Art. 5(2) AC)
79(1)
3.4 Information held by some private law entities (e.g. concessionaires)
80(1)
3.5 The exceptions to the right of access (with specific reference to the "confidentiality of the proceedings of public authorities")
81(1)
3.6 The costs for exercising the right to access
82(1)
4 Public participation
83(7)
4.1 Before the implementation of the Aarhus Convention
83(2)
4.2 The implementation of participation rights granted by the Aarhus Convention
85(5)
4.2.1 Different participation rules applicable to specific activities, plans, programs and policies, and normative instruments
85(2)
4.2.2 Participation beyond defence and consultation, as negotiation or co-decision, and compensation mechanisms to avoid NIMBY and facilitate compromise
87(1)
4.2.3 eNGOs participation rights (also considering Art. 7-"public which may participate")
87(1)
4.2.4 A reasonable timeframe for the different phases
88(1)
4.2.5 A comparison between the Aarhus convention requirements for participation and those of EU EIA and SEA
88(1)
4.2.6 Taking into account the results of public participation
89(1)
5 Access to courts
90(7)
5.1 Pre-implementation
90(1)
5.2 Implementation of the third pillar
91(12)
5.2.1 Alternatives to court procedures
91(2)
5.2.2 Standing, including of eNGOs
93(1)
5.2.3 The review of "substantive and procedural legality" as required by Art. 9(2) of the Aarhus Convention
94(1)
5.2.4 The remedies available
95(1)
5.2.5 Time and costs of judicial remedies and legal aid
96(1)
6 Conclusions
97(6)
Chapter 4 The Aarhus Convention, The Legal Cultural Picture: Country Report for Germany
Bilun Muller
1 Introduction
103(1)
2 The right to access to environmental information
103(8)
2.1 Pre-implementation
103(5)
2.1.1 The right to access to environmental information
103(3)
2.1.2 Interaction of the right of access with duties to make some information generally available
106(1)
2.1.3 The duty to provide information and private law entities
107(1)
2.1.4 Influence of German legislation on the Aarhus Convention in the field of access to environmental information
108(1)
2.2 Post-implementation
108(3)
2.2.1 The right to access environmental information and the existing legal framework
108(1)
2.2.2 Reactions to the implementation
109(1)
2.2.3 EU law as an important instrument in easing the implementation of the Aarhus convention
109(1)
2.2.4 The need for further reform
110(1)
3 Participation rights
111(6)
3.1 Pre-implementation
112(1)
3.1.1 Including the public in decision making prior to the implementation of the Aarhus Convention
112(1)
3.1.2 The influence of national legislation on the Aarhus Convention
112(1)
3.2 Post-implementation
113(4)
3.2.1 The right to public participation and the existing legal framework
113(1)
3.2.2 Reactions to the amendments
114(1)
3.2.3 Details of the participation procedures
115(1)
3.2.4 The extent of participation in German law
116(1)
3.2.5 The need for further reform
116(1)
4 Access to the courts
117(9)
4.1 Pre-implementation
118(5)
4.1.1 The system of judicial review
118(1)
4.1.2 Access to justice by environmental NGOs
119(1)
4.1.3 Influence of national legislation on the Aarhus Convention
120(1)
4.1.4 Compatibility of German law with Art 9 para 2 of the Aarhus Convention
121(2)
4.2 Post-implementation
123(17)
4.2.1 Openness of the existing legal framework for the right to access to the courts
123(1)
4.2.2 Reactions to the new provisions
124(1)
4.2.3 The need for further reform
125(1)
5 Conclusion
126(3)
Chapter 5 The Aarhus Convention: A Force for Change in Irish Environmental Law and Policy?
Aine Ryall
1 Introduction
129(2)
2 Status of Aarhus Convention in Irish law
131(2)
3 Access to environmental information
133(3)
4 Public participation in environmental decision-making
136(4)
5 Access to justice in environmental matters
140(9)
5.1 Irish legislative measures aimed at implementing Aarhus obligations
143(2)
5.2 Aarhus Convention in the Irish courts
145(4)
6 Conclusions and future directions
149(5)
7 Postscript
154(5)
Chapter 6 The Application of the Aarhus Convention in Italy
Alessandro Comino
1 Introduction
159(1)
2 Right to access to information
159(8)
2.1 Anticipating and implementing Aarhus and the EU rules
159(5)
2.2 The case law on the right of access
164(3)
3 Participation
167(5)
3.1 The general rules and their application to environmental cases
167(4)
3.2 Participation in EIA and SEA procedures
171(1)
4 Access to justice
172(8)
4.1 Locus standi
173(3)
4.2 The effectiveness of judicial review
176(3)
4.3 Non-judicial proceedings
179(1)
5 Conclusion
180(5)
Chapter 7 The Aarhus Convention in the Netherlands
Barbara Beijen
1 Introduction
185(2)
2 Access to documents
187(5)
2.1 Pre-implementation
187(1)
2.2 Post-implementation
187(5)
2.2.1 General remarks
188(1)
2.2.2 Procedural changes
189(2)
2.2.3 Substantive changes
191(1)
2.2.4 Directive 2003/4
192(1)
2.2.5 Future developments
192(1)
3 Participation
192(5)
3.1 Pre-implementation
192(1)
3.2 Post-implementation
193(15)
3.2.1 Permits
193(2)
3.2.2 Plans and programmes
195(1)
3.2.3 Future outlook
196(1)
4 Access to courts
197(5)
5 Conclusion
202(5)
Chapter 8 Mimicking Environmental Transparency. The Implementation of the Aarhus Convention in Romania
Bogdana Neamtu
Dacian C. Dragos
Outline of the chapter
207(1)
Reflection of the Aarhus Convention in the national legislation
207(1)
1 Right of access to documents/information
208(11)
1.1 Background
208(1)
1.2 Scope of the right of access to information
209(1)
1.3 Duty to make some information generally available
210(1)
1.4 Format/manner in which environmental information is made generally available
211(3)
1.5 Bodies having the duty to provide information
214(1)
1.6 Exemptions from free access
214(4)
1.7 Costs for exercising the right of access
218(1)
2 Participation rights
219(7)
2.1 Different participation rules applicable to activities, to plans, programs and policies, and to normative instruments
219(1)
2.2 Purpose of participation
220(1)
2.3 NGO participation
220(1)
2.4 Timeframes for the different phases
221(4)
2.5 Utilization of the outcome of public participation
225(1)
3 Access to courts
226(7)
3.1 Administrative appeal. Alternatives to court proceedings
226(2)
3.2 Standing
228(1)
3.3 Review by the courts
228(1)
3.4 Remedies available
229(2)
3.5 Effectiveness of judicial remedies; Legal aid
231(2)
4 Discussion of the main findings
233(8)
4.1 Pre-implementation
233(1)
4.2 Post-implementation
234(7)
Chapter 9 The Implementation and Influence of the Aarhus Convention in Spain
Jorge Agudo Gonzalez
1 Introduction
241(1)
2 First pillar: the right of access to information
241(6)
2.1 The pre-implementation phase: Early and limited acknowledgement connected to a defensive approach
241(2)
2.2 The post-implementation stage: Extensive development of this right through top-down influence
243(4)
3 Second pillar: public participation rights
247(15)
3.1 Pre-implementation phase: a legal tradition with long-standing practices
247(8)
3.2 Post-implementation phase: a paradoxical implementation with steps forward and steps backward
255(7)
3.2.1 Participation of the 'public concerned'
256(2)
3.2.2 Mode and scope of participation
258(2)
3.2.3 Time frames for participation
260(1)
3.2.4 Due account of the results of participation
261(1)
4 Third pillar: access to justice
262(11)
4.1 Pre-implementation phase: a long 'journey' towards the acknowledgement of a broad right of access to justice
262(5)
4.2 Post-implementation phase: an unsatisfactory implementation which amounts to a regressive step
267(6)
5 Final remarks
273(4)
Chapter 10 United Kingdom
Carol Day
1 Access to environmental information
277(11)
1.1 Introduction
277(1)
1.2 Routinely publishable information
278(1)
1.3 What does the public have the right of access to?
278(2)
1.4 The definition of public authorities
280(2)
1.5 How quickly must the information be provided?
282(1)
1.6 Exemptions to disclosure
282(3)
1.7 Scotland
285(1)
1.8 What is in the public interest?
285(1)
1.9 Partial refusal and redaction of documents
286(1)
1.10 Appealing against refusals
286(1)
1.11 Charging for environmental information
286(2)
2 Participation rights
288(13)
2.1 Introduction
288(1)
2.2 The effect of the Aarhus Convention
289(1)
2.3 Public participation in relation to specific activities (Article 6)
290(1)
2.4 Third party right of appeal
291(1)
2.5 GMOs
291(1)
2.6 Public participation in relation to plans, programmes and policies relating to the environment (Article 7)
292(1)
2.7 The town and country planning system
292(3)
2.8 National infrastructure projects
295(1)
2.9 Scotland
296(1)
2.10 Opportunities for participation in relation to normative instruments (Article 8)
296(3)
2.11 Are consultation processes effective?
299(1)
2.12 Case-Law on consultations
300(1)
2.13 The role of NGOs in decision-making
301(1)
3 Access to environmental justice
301(20)
3.1 Introduction
301(1)
3.2 The System for decision-making and administrative appeals
302(1)
3.3 Judicial review (JR)
302(3)
3.4 Other routes to redress
305(1)
3.5 Standing
305(1)
3.6 Scotland and Northern Ireland
306(1)
3.7 Standing for groups
307(1)
3.8 The effectiveness of JR as a remedy-"substantive and procedural legality"
308(2)
3.9 Costs in the environmental procedure
310(1)
3.10 Court fees
310(1)
3.11 Lawyers' fees
311(4)
3.11 Scotland and Northern Ireland
315(1)
3.12 Cross undertakings in damages and injunctive relief
315(1)
3.13 Legal Aid
316(1)
3.14 Brexit implications
317(4)
Chapter 11 Towards a Common European Legal Culture under the 'First Pillar' of the Aarhus Convention
Franziska Grashof
1 Introduction
321(1)
2 The beginning: diversity in national legal rules and the legal culture on access to information
322(5)
2.1 Sweden, the Netherlands and France: Rules on access to information and the legal culture of openness
323(1)
2.2 Italy, the UK and Ireland: Some rules on access to environmental information and legal culture of secrecy
324(1)
2.3 Germany and Spain: no rules on access to environmental information and legal culture of secrecy
325(1)
2.4 Romania: Rules on access to information but legal culture of secrecy
326(1)
2.5 Conclusion
326(1)
3 The first step towards the creation of a common legal culture on access to environmental information: Directive 90/313/EEC
327(4)
3.1 Sweden, the Netherlands and France: no significant changes in law and legal culture of openness
327(1)
3.2 Italy, the UK and Ireland: broadening of legislation and enhancing the legal culture of openness
328(1)
3.3 Germany and Spain: creation of rules on access to environmental information and break with the legal culture of secrecy
329(1)
3.4 Romania: Even though not a Member State at the time, still enacting laws on access to information
330(1)
3.5 Conclusion
331(1)
4 The second step towards the creation of a common legal culture on access to environmental information: Aarhus Convention and Directive 2003/4/EC
331(12)
4.1 The creation of the Aarhus Convention and Directive 2003/4/EC
331(3)
4.2 The implementation of the rules of the Aarhus Convention and Directive 2003/4/EC
334(17)
4.2.1 Sweden, the Netherlands and France: little change in the legal framework and the legal culture on access to environmental information
335(2)
4.2.2 Italy, UK and Ireland: modifying rules and enhancing the legal culture on access to environmental information
337(3)
4.2.3 Germany and Spain: modifying rules and enhancing the legal culture on access to environmental information
340(2)
4.2.4 Romania: modifying rules but only modest impact on the legal culture on access to environmental information
342(1)
4.2.5 Conclusion
342(1)
5 A legal culture of openness at the Union level?
343(2)
6 Conclusion: Has a common European legal culture developed under the 'first pillar' of the Aarhus Convention?
345(4)
Chapter 12 The Second Pillar of the Aarhus Convention and Beyond. Comparative Analysis of the Implementing Systems Vis-A-Vis their Legal Culture
Margherita Poto
1 Introductory remarks
349(2)
2 A participatory Convention and the threefold shift in mentality: political, diplomatic and legal
351(3)
2.1 The political shift
351(1)
2.2 The shift in diplomatic relations
352(1)
2.3 The legal shift
352(2)
3 The Aarhus Convention Compliance: internal mechanisms and national outputs
354(16)
3.1 The Compliance Committee: a new participatory approach to monitor compliance
354(2)
3.2 The European Union: a good level of compliance due to the legal tradition
356(2)
3.3 The National Reports
358(12)
3.3.1 Comparative data
358(2)
3.3.2 United Kingdom: participation and political interests take it in turns
360(2)
3.3.3 Southern Europe: individualism and centralisation as obstacles to substantial change
362(1)
3.3.4 France: participatory rights in the tissue of representative democracy
363(2)
3.3.5 Germany: talking the talk and (not always) walking the walk
365(1)
3.3.6 The Dutch consensus culture: a stagnant "polder model"?
366(1)
3.3.7 Ireland: a lukewarm reception of the AC
367(1)
3.3.8 Romania: an initial acceleration followed by a sharp slowdown
368(1)
3.3.9 Recommendations for the "not-fully compliant" countries
369(1)
4 Reasons behind the delayed or poor compliance
370(1)
4.1 Endogenous factors
370(1)
5 Conclusion and way forward
371(4)
Chapter 13 Access to Justice under the Aarhus Convention: the Comparative View
Dacian C. Dragos
Bogdana Neamtu
1 Introduction
375(1)
2 Systems of remedies in different jurisdictions
375(6)
3 Standing
381(8)
3.1 Individual standing
383(2)
3.2 Standing for NGOs, groups and actio popularis
385(4)
4 The intensity and scope of the review
389(5)
5 Injunctive relief, damages
394(3)
6 Costs
397(4)
7 Conclusions: a mixed picture in need of unity?
401(6)
Chapter 14 Environmental NGOs (eNGOs) or Filling the Gap between the State and the Individual under the Aarhus Convention
Roberto Caranta
1 Introduction.
407(3)
2 The eNGOs in the Aarhus Convention.
410(3)
3 Environmental NGOs and EU law
413(18)
3.1 Rules applicable to the EU institutions
416(5)
3.1 Rules applicable to the public authorities of the Member States
421(10)
4 The role of eNGOs in selected Member States
431(3)
5 Comparative conclusions
434(9)
Chapter 15 The Impact of the Convention of Aarhus on the Emerging European Legal Culture
Anna Gerbrandy
Laurens van Kreij
1 Introduction
443(1)
2 European legal culture
443(4)
3 The legal culture of the Aarhus Convention
447(3)
4 The Aarhus Convention's influence on European legal culture
450(4)
4.1 Transparency
450(1)
4.2 Public Participation
451(2)
4.3 Effectiveness through environmental justice
453(1)
5 Conclusion
454(4)
Table of Cases 458(8)
Index 466