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Mammography and Breast Imaging PREP: Program Review and Exam Prep [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 528 pages, height x width x depth: 287x208x20 mm, weight: 1025 g, 50 Illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2012
  • Izdevniecība: McGraw-Hill Medical
  • ISBN-10: 0071749322
  • ISBN-13: 9780071749329
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Mammography and Breast Imaging PREP: Program Review and Exam PrepPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 528 pages, height x width x depth: 287x208x20 mm, weight: 1025 g, 50 Illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2012
  • Izdevniecība: McGraw-Hill Medical
  • ISBN-10: 0071749322
  • ISBN-13: 9780071749329
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780071749329.html
Keywords:
A comprehensive review for the mammography registry examination – from an experienced educator and clinician who knows exactly what it takes to passIncludes new coverage of the latest digital imaging technologies Written by an instructor and mammography specialist at Stamford Hospital Concise narrative text helps you to focus on essential concepts Practice questions with answers referenced to the text allow you to gauge your comprehension of important material Learning aids such as objectives and glossaries at the beginning of each chapter streamline the learning processNumerous radiographs teach you to recognize good and bad films and normal circumscribed lesions and breast calcifications High-quality diagrams help you learn correct patient positioning consistent with the American College of Radiography and the Mammography Quality Control Manual Valuable during coursework to help you recognize and understand concepts that are likely to appear on the exam A complete review for licensure that includes the history of breast imaging, breast cancer detection, and treatment (including new imaging methods and recent advances in digital mammography, MRI, BSGI, DBT, volumtetric ultrasound imaging, and Cone Beam Breast CT)
Reviewers iii
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 The History of Breast Cancer and Breast Imaging
1(22)
Keywords and Phrases
2(1)
Early Incidence of Breast Cancer
3(1)
Breast Cancer Treatment Throughout the Ages
4(2)
The Discovery of X-Rays
6(4)
Mammography in the United States---Quality Versus Quantity
10(1)
ACR Accreditation---Standardized Mammography Equipment and Processing
11(1)
The Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA)
12(1)
Breast Cancer Screening Update
12(5)
Summary
17(1)
Review Questions
18(1)
Chapter Quiz
19(4)
2 Patient Education and Assessment
23(42)
Keywords and Phrases
24(3)
Patient Care and Communication
27(2)
The Environment
29(2)
Medical History and Documentation
31(3)
Breast Examinations
34(3)
Breast Examination Guidelines
37(1)
Benefits Versus Risks of Breast Imaging
37(1)
Risk from Radiation Exposure in Mammography Screening
38(2)
Method of Imaging
40(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mammography Screening
41(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Technology
42(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages Associated with Breast Ultrasound
43(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages Associated with MR Imaging of the Breast
44(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages Associated with Nuclear Imaging of the Breast
45(2)
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
47(6)
Facts Versus Myths and Misconceptions
53(5)
Summary
58(2)
Review Questions
60(1)
Chapter Quiz
61(4)
3 Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Breast
65(22)
Keywords and Phrases
66(2)
The Breast
68(1)
Location of the Breast
68(1)
Surface Anatomy of the Breast
68(1)
Localization Terminology
69(1)
Deep Anatomy of the Breast
70(2)
Vascular Circulation
72(1)
Arterial Circulation
72(1)
Venous Drainage
72(1)
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast
73(2)
Nervous Supply
75(1)
Breast Tissue Composition
75(1)
Factors Affecting Tissue Composition
76(4)
Hormone Fluctuation
77(1)
Menopause
77(2)
HRT---Hormone Replacement Therapy
79(1)
Lactation
79(1)
Parity
80(1)
The Male Breast
80(2)
General Description
80(1)
Male Breast Cancer---Signs and Symptoms
81(1)
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Males
81(1)
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
81(1)
Summary
82(2)
Review Questions
84(1)
Chapter Quiz
85(2)
4 Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Breast
87(30)
Keywords and Phrases
88(5)
Changes in the Breast
93(2)
Breast Augmentation
94(1)
Reduction Mammoplasty
95(1)
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions
95(15)
Circular or Oval Lesion
96(2)
Spiculated or Stellate Lesions
98(2)
Asymmetric Densities
100(3)
Calcifications
103(6)
Skin Thickened Syndrome
109(1)
Types of Breast Cancer
110(3)
Ductal
110(1)
Lobular
110(1)
Other Cancers
111(2)
Summary
113(1)
Review Questions
114(1)
Chapter Quiz
115(2)
5 Mammography Equipment
117(40)
Keywords and Phrases
118(2)
Design Characteristics of Screen-Film and Digital Mammography Units
120(1)
Electron Interaction with Matter---X-Ray Production
121(1)
X-Ray Interaction with Matter
122(3)
Mammography Imaging
125(1)
General Radiography Versus Soft Tissue Imaging
126(1)
Mammography Tube
126(7)
Kilovoltage (kV) Range
133(2)
Exposure Time, mA, and mAs
135(1)
Compression Devices
136(1)
Compression Plate
136(2)
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
138(2)
Grids
140(1)
Beam Restricting Devices
141(1)
System Geometry (SID, OID, Magnification)
142(1)
Magnification
142(1)
Analog Imaging
143(4)
Mammography Films
144(1)
Mammography Screens
145(1)
The Characteristic Curve
145(1)
The Cassette
146(1)
Image Quality: The Screen-Film System
147(3)
Image Quality: Digital and Computed Mammography
150(1)
Summary
151(2)
Review Questions
153(1)
Chapter Quiz
154(3)
6 Mammographic Processing and Quality Management
157(56)
Keywords and Phrases
158(1)
Quality Assurance
159(1)
Benefits of Quality Assurance
160(1)
Agencies Responsible for Safety and Quality of Imaging Practices within the United States
160(1)
Quality Control Testing
161(1)
Mammographer
162(9)
General Quality Control Test
162(4)
Analog QC Tests
166(4)
Digital QC Tests
170(1)
Radiologist
171(1)
Medical Physicist
171(10)
General Quality Control Test
171(9)
Digital-Specific QC Tests
180(1)
Testing Details---General
181(9)
Phantom Test
181(4)
Visual Checklist
185(1)
Repeat Analysis
185(3)
Monitor & Viewing Conditions
188(1)
Compression Test
189(1)
Testing Details---Digital Imaging
190(4)
Testing Details---Analog Imaging
194(13)
Summary
207(2)
Review Questions
209(1)
Chapter Quiz
210(3)
7 Breast Imaging Mammography
213(50)
Keywords and Phrases
214(1)
Breast Imaging Mammography
215(3)
Breast Compression
216(1)
Applying Compression
217(1)
Standard Projections
218(7)
Positioning Guide
219(2)
MLO---The Mediolateral Oblique Projection
221(3)
CC---The Craniocaudal Projection
224(1)
Supplementary Projections
225(14)
ML---Mediolateral or 90 Degrees Lateral
227(1)
LM---Lateromedial
227(2)
LMO---Lateromedial Oblique
229(1)
TAN---Tangential Projection
230(1)
XCCL---Exaggerated Lateral Craniocaudal Projection
230(1)
FB---From Below
231(1)
CV---Cleavage or Valley View
232(1)
AT---Axillary Tail
233(1)
SIO---Superior-Inferior Oblique
234(1)
Rolled Positions
235(1)
Magnification
236(2)
Spot Compression
238(1)
Imaging the Nonconforming Patient
239(11)
Imaging Small Breasts
239(1)
Male Breast Imaging
240(1)
Sectional Imaging of the Extremely Large Breast-Mosaic Breast Imaging
241(1)
Imaging Patients with Obese Upper Arms
241(1)
Patient with an Inframammary Crease That Is not Horizontal
242(1)
Patient with Protruding Abdomen
242(1)
Patient with Thick Axilla
242(1)
The Kyphotic Patient
243(1)
Frozen Shoulder
243(1)
Elderly or Unstable Patients
243(1)
Patients with Pectus Excavatum (Sternum Depressed) or Pectus Carinatum (Pigeon Chest)
243(1)
Barrel Chest
244(1)
Delicate Inframammary Fold
244(1)
Imaging Implants
244(3)
Imaging the Postsurgical Site---Postlumpectomy Imaging
247(1)
Postmastectomy Imaging
247(1)
Mammograms of the Irradiated Breast
248(1)
Imaging the Stretcher Patient
248(2)
Imaging the Wheelchair Patient
250(1)
Specific Imaging Problems
250(6)
Skin Folds or Wrinkling of the Breast
251(1)
Patients with Uneven Breast Thickness
252(1)
Moles, Scars
252(1)
Pacemakers and Implantable Venous Access Systems
252(1)
Triangulation Techniques
253(2)
Before Signing Off
255(1)
Summary
256(4)
Review Questions
260(1)
Chapter Quiz
261(2)
8 Breast Imaging---Digital Mammography, Ultrasound, and MRI
263(70)
Keywords and Phrases
264(8)
Digital Mammography
272(13)
Advantages of Digital Mammography
281(1)
Disadvantages of Digital Mammography
282(1)
Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)
282(1)
Teleradiography
283(1)
Computer-Aided Detection
283(2)
Ultrasound Imaging of the Breast
285(19)
Common Ultrasound Terminologies
289(5)
Uses of Ultrasound
294(1)
Management of Nonpalpable Masses
295(1)
Ultrasound Evaluation of Palpable Masses
295(1)
Doppler Effect
296(1)
Color Doppler
296(1)
Ultrasound Characteristics of Benign Lesions
297(1)
Ultrasound Characteristics of Malignant Masses
297(1)
Ultrasound Characteristics of Intermediate Lesions
297(1)
Typical Appearance of Lesions on Ultrasound
297(4)
Imaging Implants
301(1)
Ultrasound Artifacts
301(1)
Limitations of Breast Ultrasound Imaging
302(1)
Imaging Problems and Solutions
303(1)
Risks of Ultrasound
303(1)
Advantages of Breast Ultrasound
303(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast
304(22)
Operating Console
310(1)
Computer Parameters
310(1)
MRI Parameters
311(1)
Use of Contrast Agents
312(1)
Pulse Sequences and Techniques
313(1)
Postprocessing Technique
314(1)
Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging
315(1)
MRI Artifacts
316(5)
Advantages and Uses of Breast MRI
321(1)
MRI of the Augmented Breast
322(1)
Limits of Breast MRI
322(3)
Risks and Potential Complications
325(1)
MRI Quality Assurance
325(1)
Summary
326(3)
Review Questions
329(1)
Chapter Quiz
330(3)
9 Breast Imaging Emerging Technologies
333(30)
Keywords and Phrases
334(1)
Diagnostic Options
334(1)
Digital Mammography Technologies
335(3)
Digital Tomosynthesis or Three-Dimensional Mammography (DBT)
335(2)
Digital Subtraction Mammogram
337(1)
Dual Energy Mammography
338(1)
Ultrasound Technologies
338(2)
Automated Ultrasound and 3D Breast Ultrasound
338(1)
Ultrasound---Full-Field Breast Ultrasound (FFBU)
339(1)
Elastography
339(1)
Ultrasound Imaging Using Capacitive Microfabricated Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTS)
340(1)
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
340(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologies
340(1)
Magnetic Resonance (MR) Spectroscopy
341(1)
Molecular Imaging Technologies
341(10)
Nuclear Medicine
342(1)
FDG-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
343(1)
Positron Emission Mammography (PEM)
344(2)
Radionuclide Imaging with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
346(1)
Breast Scintigraphy or Scintimammography
346(3)
Lymphoscintigraphy---Sentinel Node Mapping
349(2)
Other Imaging Modalities
351(4)
Computerized Tomographic Laser Mammography (CTLM)
352(1)
Transscan or T Scan
353(1)
Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy (MI)
354(1)
Neutron-Simulated Emission Computed Tomography (NSECT)
354(1)
Summary
355(3)
Review Questions
358(1)
Chapter Quiz
359(4)
10 Interventional Procedures
363(34)
Keywords and Phrases
364(1)
The Need for Interventional Techniques
365(1)
Cytologic Analysis
365(1)
Histologic Analysis
365(1)
General Patient Preparation
366(1)
Cyst Aspiration
367(1)
Stereotactic Breast Localization and Biopsy
367(3)
Stereotactic Procedure
370(1)
Preoperative Needle Localization
370(2)
Breast Biopsy
372(12)
Comparison of the Various Biopsy Methods
383(1)
Specimen Radiography
384(1)
Ductography or Galactography
385(1)
Nipple Aspiration
385(1)
Ductal Lavage
386(1)
Pathology Review
386(1)
Mammoplasty
387(2)
Summary
389(4)
Review Questions
393(1)
Chapter Quiz
394(3)
11 Treatment Options
397(40)
Keywords and Phrases
398(2)
Breast Cancer Treatment
400(6)
Staging Breast Cancer
402(1)
Mastectomy as an Option
402(2)
Lumpectomy as an Option
404(1)
Comparisons of Surgical Treatment Options
405(1)
Radiation Therapy
406(7)
Indications for Radiation Treatment
408(1)
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
409(1)
Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
410(1)
Internal Radiation or Partial Radiation
411(2)
Chemotherapy
413(4)
Drugs used in Chemotherapy
414(1)
Chemotherapy Regimens
415(1)
Method of Giving Chemotherapy
415(1)
Side Effects of Chemotherapy
415(2)
Molecular or Hormone Treatment
417(2)
Tamoxifen
417(2)
Other Treatment Options
419(6)
Ablative Hormone Therapy
420(1)
Gene Therapy
421(3)
Photodynamic Therapy
424(1)
Thermal Ablation
424(1)
Cryotherapy
425(1)
Surgical Reconstruction Using Implants
425(5)
Implant Procedures
426(1)
Other Reconstruction Options
427(1)
Autologous Tissue Reconstruction
428(2)
Summary
430(2)
Review Questions
432(1)
Chapter Quiz
433(4)
12 The US Mammography Quality Standard Act (MQSA)
437(64)
Keywords and Phrases
438(2)
Purpose of the Mammography Quality Standards
440(1)
Interim Regulation
440(1)
Final Regulations
440(1)
Accreditation and Certification
441(1)
Lawful Mammography Services in the United States
442(1)
Quality Assurance Program in Regulation of MQSA
442(11)
Clinical Images
442(1)
Levels of Findings
443(2)
Withdrawal of Accreditation
445(1)
Suspension or Revocation
446(1)
Full-Fielded Digital Mammograms (FFDM)
446(1)
Printers and Monitors
447(1)
Monitors
447(1)
Mobile Units
447(1)
Infection Control
448(1)
Xeroradiography
448(2)
Certificate Placement
450(1)
Consumer Complaints Mechanism
451(1)
Self-Referrals
451(1)
Record Keeping
451(1)
Content of Records and Reports
452(1)
Assessment Categories
452(1)
MQSA Assessment Categories
452(1)
Communication of Results To the Patient
453(1)
Medical Audit
453(1)
MQSA and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
454(1)
Final Regulation Documentation
454(9)
Requirements for the Radiologic Technologist (Mammographer)
455(1)
Requirements for the Interpreting Physician
456(3)
Requirements for the Medical Physicist
459(4)
Breast Cancer Screening Today
463(4)
Summary
467(3)
Review Questions
470(1)
Chapter Quiz
471(30)
Index 501
About the Author Olive Peart (Stamford, CT) is a Clinical and Academic Instructor and Mammograpy Specialist at The Stamford Hospital Program in Radiography.