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Management of Strabismus and Amblyopia: A Practical Guide 2nd ed. [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 308 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Dec-2000
  • Izdevniecība: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0865779929
  • ISBN-13: 9780865779921
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Management of Strabismus and Amblyopia: A Practical Guide 2nd ed.Palielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 308 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 31-Dec-2000
  • Izdevniecība: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0865779929
  • ISBN-13: 9780865779921
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780865779921.html
Written for the general ophthalmologist, orthoptist, ophthalmic technologist, and subspecialists in strabismus, this guide outlines the most successful diagnostic and treatment methods. It also provides recommendations for consideration in treating patients. Chapters discuss the development of the disorder, diagnosis and evaluation, varieties of the problem and related difficulties, surgery, common mistakes, and the status of treatment in developing countries. A glossary is also included. Pratt-Johnson is professor emeritus in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of British Columbia. Tillson is director of the Orthoptic Training Programme at the University of British Columbia. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Foreword to the First Edition xxi
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Preface to the Second Edition xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
The Development of Vision, Fusion, and Stereopsis
1(6)
How Vision, Fusion, and Stereopsis Develop
1(1)
Visual Maturity (Visual Adult)
1(1)
Development of Normal Monocular Visual Acuity
2(1)
Development of Normal Binocular Vision
2(1)
Normal Binocular Fusion (Bifoveal)
2(1)
Retinal Correspondence, Fusion, and Stereopsis
3(4)
Normal Retinal Correspondence
3(1)
Fusion
4(1)
Motor Side of Fusion
4(1)
The Connection Between Sensory and Motor Fusion
4(1)
Visual Acuity
5(1)
Stereopsis
5(2)
What Happens if the Development of Vision, Fusion, and Stereopsis Is Interrupted?
7(10)
Asymmetric Optokinetic Nystagmus
7(1)
Amblyopia
8(1)
Suppression
8(2)
Innate Inability to Fuse
10(1)
How the Patient Functions if Fusion and Stereopsis Do Not Develop
11(1)
The Monofixation Syndrome
11(1)
Abnormal Retinal Correspondence
12(1)
Failure to Develop Fusion or Suppression (Intractable Diplopia)
12(1)
Loss of Fusion in Visual Adults
12(1)
Sensory Deprivation Resulting in the Loss of Fusion in Visual Adults (Central Fusion Disruption)
13(1)
Social Implications of Strabismus
13(4)
Looking for Strabismus: The First Visit
17(10)
``You Cannot Get Anywhere without the Full Data''
17(1)
What You Need to Know from the History
17(1)
The Examination
18(3)
Sensory Evaluation
19(1)
Motor Evaluation
19(1)
Refraction and Fundus Examination
20(1)
The Uncooperative Child
21(1)
Action at the End of the First Visit
22(2)
Treatment of Amblyopia
22(1)
The Prescription of Glasses if a Significant Refractive Error Is Present
22(1)
What Is the Full Optical Correction?
22(1)
Guidelines for the Prescription of Plus Lenses
23(1)
Subsequent Visits
24(1)
Action if a Strabismus Is Present
24(1)
Prognosis and Treatment
25(1)
Is the Goal to Obtain Fusion or Just to Improve the Appearance?
25(1)
Discussion with Parents
25(2)
Questions Frequently Asked by the Parents
25(1)
Commitment and Compliance
26(1)
Sensory Evaluation of Strabismus
27(24)
``You Cannot Get Anywhere Without the Full Data''
27(1)
Observation of the Patient
27(1)
The Cover Test
27(9)
Fixation Targets
28(1)
Occluder
29(1)
Cover-Uncover Test to Detect a Manifest Deviation (Heterotropia)
29(1)
Cover-Uncover Test to Detect a Latent Deviation
30(1)
Cross-Cover Test (Alternate Cover Test)
30(1)
The Best Combination of the Cover Test
30(1)
Monofixation Syndrome and the Cover Test
30(2)
Major Amblyoscope: Synoptophore and Troposcope
32(2)
Measuring the Deviation with a Major Amblyoscope
34(1)
Angle Kappa Measurement and the Major Amblyoscope
34(1)
Assessing Fusion with the Major Amblyoscope
35(1)
Assessing Stereopsis with the Major Amblyoscope
35(1)
Assessing Retinal Correspondence with the Major Amblyoscope
36(1)
The Bruckner Test
36(1)
Visual Acuity
36(2)
Tests of Visual Acuity
37(1)
Recording Visual Acuity
37(1)
Stereopsis
38(3)
Tests for Stereopsis
39(1)
Stereopsis Tests for Use at Near
39(1)
Stereopsis Tests for Use at Distance
40(1)
Stereopsis as an Indicator of Fusion
41(1)
Tests for Fusion
41(3)
Worth Four-Dot Test (Worth Four-Light Test)
41(2)
Fusional Amplitudes Measured with Prisms in Free Space
43(1)
Fusion Assessment with Major Amblyoscope, Synoptophore, or Troposcope
43(1)
Tests of Retinal Correspondence
44(1)
Afterimage Test
44(4)
Results
44(2)
Bagolini Striated Glasses or Lenses
46(1)
Results
46(2)
Four-Diopter Prism Test
48(1)
Near Point of Convergence
48(1)
Near Point of Accommodation
48(1)
Special Tests
49(2)
Contrast Sensitivity
49(1)
Visually Evoked Potential
49(1)
Electroretinogram
49(1)
Photographic Screening for Strabismus and Refractive Errors
49(2)
Motor Evaluation of Strabismus
51(16)
Tests Used in Motor and Sensory Evaluation
51(1)
Tests to Measure the Deviation
51(8)
Hirschberg's Test (Corneal Reflections Test)
51(1)
Krimsky's Test (Prism Reflex Test, Prism Reflection Test)
52(1)
Prism and Cover Test
52(5)
The Maddox Rod
57(1)
The Maddox Wing
58(1)
Double Maddox Rod Test
59(1)
Tests to Assess Ocular Movement
59(8)
Ductions: Does Each Eye Move Normally?
59(1)
Versions: Do the Eyes Move in Unison?
60(2)
Tests for Paresis
62(5)
Esophoria, Exophoria, and Convergence Insufficiency
67(8)
Esophoria
67(2)
Definition
67(1)
General Characteristics
67(1)
Diagnostic Tests
67(1)
Treatment
68(1)
Exophoria
69(1)
Definition
69(1)
General Characteristics
69(1)
Diagnostic Tests
69(1)
Treatment
70(1)
Convergence Insufficiency
70(3)
General Characteristics
70(1)
Tests
71(1)
Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency
71(2)
Convergence Weakness that Does Not Respond to Orthoptics
73(1)
Treatment of Patients with Abnormal Near Point of Accommodation and Convergence (Convergence Paresis)
73(1)
Convergence Paralysis
73(2)
Amblyopia
75(18)
Causes and Types of Amblyopia
75(3)
Deviated Eye
76(1)
Defocused Eye
76(1)
Deprived Eye
77(1)
Organic Amblyopia
77(1)
Investigation
78(3)
Assessment of Visual Acuity
78(1)
The Crowding Phenomenon (Separation Difficulties)
78(1)
Pinhole
78(1)
Assessment of Visual Acuity in Infants and Other Patients Unable to Cooperate with Subjective Tests
79(1)
Eccentric Fixation Assessment with a Fixation Ophthalmoscope
80(1)
Neutral Density Filters
80(1)
Visual Fields
81(1)
Contrast Sensitivity
81(1)
Electrodiagnostic Tests
81(1)
Prognosis
81(1)
Treatment
81(1)
Types of Occlusion
82(1)
Age Limits for Occlusion
82(1)
Occlusion
82(11)
Method
82(1)
Reversal of Amblyopia (Occlusion Amblyopia)
83(1)
Occlusion Programs
83(2)
Management of Problems Associated with Occlusion
85(1)
Occlusion to Maintain Recovered Vision: Suggestions for Success
86(1)
When to Stop Occlusion
87(1)
Patients with Nystagmus
88(1)
Special Remarks about Congenital Esotropia
88(1)
Refractive Amblyopia
88(1)
Special Remarks about Anisometropic Amblyopia
89(1)
The Unilaterally Aphakic Infant
89(1)
Esotropia Precipitated by Occlusion
89(1)
Penalization
89(1)
Will the Vision Stay Up?
90(1)
When Occlusion Is Stopped
90(3)
Congenital (or Infantile) Esotropia Syndrome
93(16)
General Features
93(5)
Deficient Abduction in Congenital Esotropia: Does the Infant Have a Sixth Nerve Palsy?
94(1)
Dissociated Vertical Divergent Strabismus
94(1)
Inferior Oblique Overaction
95(2)
Unilateral Superior Oblique Paresis and Congenital Esotropia
97(1)
Does Primary Overaction of the Inferior Obliques Exist?
97(1)
Nystagmus
97(1)
Convergence Block Nystagmus
98(1)
Refractive Errors
98(1)
Natural History of Untreated Congenital Esotropia
98(1)
Conditions Misdiagnosed as Congenital Esotropia
98(1)
Broad Epicanthal Folds
98(1)
Unilateral Sixth Nerve Palsy
99(1)
Accommodative Esotropia
99(1)
High Accommodative Convergence-to-Accommodation Ratio
99(1)
Diagnostic Tests
99(5)
Tests for Amblyopia
100(1)
Eye Movements
100(1)
Refraction and Fundus Examination
100(1)
Tests Used When a Head Tilt or Face Turn Is Present
100(1)
Goals in the Treatment of the Congenital Esotropia Syndrome
100(1)
Treatment
101(1)
Glasses
101(1)
Occlusion
101(1)
Surgery
101(1)
Treatment of Special Features
102(1)
Alternatives to Surgery for the Treatment of DVD
103(1)
Surgery for Dissociated Vertical Strabismus
104(1)
Why Do Over Half of the Patients with Congenital Esotropia Fail to Fuse?
104(1)
How Does the Patient without Fusion Function?
104(1)
Follow-Up Care of the Congenital Esotropia Syndrome
105(1)
Prescription of Glasses in Follow-Up Cases
105(1)
Occlusion
105(1)
Further Surgery
105(1)
Poor Prognosis for Fusion
105(1)
Potential Danger of Good Alignment Under the Age of 2 Years
106(1)
Follow-Up Care after the Age of 4 Years
106(1)
Strabismus and Cerebral Palsy
106(1)
Management of Strabismus Patients with Cerebral Palsy
106(1)
Adult Patients Who Have Had Congenital Esotropia
106(3)
Spontaneous Alternation
107(2)
Acquired Esotropia
109(18)
General Features
109(3)
Acquired Esotropia in a Young Child is a Daytime Emergency
109(1)
How to Prevent Delay in Treatment
109(1)
Treatment of Cases Seen Shortly after Onset
110(1)
Occlusion to Eliminate Suppression in Acquired Esotropia
110(1)
Long-Standing Untreated Acquired Esotropia without Amblyopia
111(1)
Prognosis for Sensory Cure
111(1)
Fully Accommodative Esotropia
111(1)
Treatment
111(1)
Will Glasses Be Worn for the Rest of the Child's Life?
111(1)
Orthoptic Treatment and Fully Accommodative Esotropia
112(1)
Partially Accommodative Esotropia
112(1)
Prognosis
112(1)
Occlusion and Surgery for a Bifoveal Cure
112(1)
Monofixation Syndrome
113(1)
Treatment
113(1)
Amblyopia Associated with the Monofixation Syndrome
114(1)
Nonaccommodative Esotropia
114(1)
Treatment
114(1)
Prism Adaptation
114(1)
Esotropia with a High AC:A Ratio (Convergence Excess)
114(2)
Suppression and the High AC:A Ratio
115(1)
Management of High AC:A Ratio
115(1)
Treatment
116(1)
Patients with Fusion Potential
116(1)
Patients with No Fusion Potential
116(1)
Bifocals
116(3)
Logic
116(1)
Prescription
117(1)
If a Child Will Not Wear Bifocal Glasses
117(1)
How Long Should the Child Use Bifocals
118(1)
Children Who Fail to Use the Bifocal Adds
118(1)
Why Use Bifocals at All?
118(1)
Miotics
119(1)
Patients with Straight Eyes for Distance but Markedly Esotropic at Near (Full Optical Correction in Place)
119(1)
Decompensated High AC:A Ratio (Increased Esotropia at Distance)
119(1)
Surgery for High AC:A Ratio
119(1)
Follow-Up Care
120(1)
Summary of the Management of the High AC:A Ratio Problem
120(1)
Esotropia without any Fusion Potential
120(1)
Management
120(1)
Aim of Surgery in Patients with Esotropia without Fusion
121(1)
Emotional Esotropia
121(1)
Malingering and Esotropia
121(1)
Giveaway Features of Voluntarily Produced Esotropia
121(1)
Esotropia Following Recovered Sixth Nerve Palsy
121(1)
Acute Concomitant Esotropia
122(1)
Diagnostic Features of Acute Esotropia
122(1)
Cyclic Esotropia
123(1)
Treatment
123(1)
Occlusion Esotropia
123(1)
Treatment
124(1)
Secondary Esotropia
124(3)
Exotropia
127(16)
Congenital Exotropia
127(1)
General Features of Congenital Exotropia
127(1)
Congenital Exotropia Associated with Neurologic Problems and Syndromes
127(1)
Differentiating Between Congenital Exotropia and Intermittent Exotropia
127(1)
Treatment of Congenital Exotropia
128(1)
Prognosis and Management Goal
128(1)
Intermittent Exotropia
128(2)
History
128(1)
Etiology
128(1)
Suppression and Intermittent Exotropia
129(1)
Symptoms
129(1)
Why Don't the Patients Notice the Loss of Stereopsis?
129(1)
Types of Intermittent Exotropia
130(1)
Divergence Excess Type
130(1)
Simulated Divergence Excess (+3.0 Lenses at Near)
130(1)
Convergence Weakness (Convergence Insufficiency) Type of Intermittent Exotropia
130(1)
Basic Type
130(1)
Diagnostic Tests
130(1)
Tests for Suppression to Differentiate Between Exophoria and Intermittent Exotropia
131(1)
Motor Tests
131(1)
Stereopsis and the Monofixation Intermittent Exotropia Syndrome
131(1)
Intermittent Exotropia and Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy
131(1)
How Important Is Lateral or Side Gaze Incomitance?
132(1)
Management and Goals of Treatment in Intermittent Exotropia
132(1)
Which Patients Require Treatment?
132(1)
Treatment Options
133(4)
No Treatment
133(1)
Optical Treatment
133(1)
Orthoptic Treatment
133(2)
Surgery
135(1)
Treatment of Persistent Postoperative Esotropia
135(1)
Treatment of Recurrence of Intermittent Exotropia
136(1)
Problem of the Small-Angle Intermittent Exotropia Under 20 Prism Diopters
137(1)
Criteria for Cure of Intermittent Exotropia
137(2)
Treatment of the Closure of One Eye in Sunshine
138(1)
Monofixation Intermittent Exotropia
138(1)
Prognosis for Intermittent Exotropia
139(1)
Convergence Paralysis
139(1)
Consecutive Constant Exotropia (Following an Esotropia)
139(1)
Large Angle Consecutive Exotropia
140(1)
Treatment of Consecutive Exotropia
140(1)
A, V, and X Patterns and Exotropia
140(1)
Exotropia in Adults
140(1)
Secondary Exotropia
140(3)
Management
140(3)
A, V, Y, and X Pattern Strabismus
143(6)
Specific Precautions in Testing
143(1)
When Is It Necessary to Treat the Pattern?
144(1)
To Improve Head Position
144(1)
To Achieve Fusion
144(1)
Cosmetic Improvement in V Exotropia
144(1)
To Prevent Recurrence of A Exotropia without Fusion
144(1)
Surgery for the A/V Syndrome
145(1)
The V Pattern with Bilateral Inferior Oblique Overaction
145(1)
The A Pattern with Bilateral Superior Oblique Overaction
145(1)
The X Pattern
146(3)
Tight Lateral Rectus Syndrome
146(1)
Summary of Management of A and V Patterns
147(2)
The Patient with a Vertical Strabismus
149(20)
The Four Golden Rules
149(1)
Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy
149(9)
Classic Features of Superior Oblique Palsy
149(1)
Unusual Presentation of Superior Oblique Palsy
150(1)
Diagnosis
151(2)
Treatment of Unilateral Superior Oblique Palsy
153(5)
Superior Oblique Palsy and Acquired Brown's Syndrome
158(1)
Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsies
158(6)
Is the Correction of the Torsion Essential in the Treatment?
160(1)
Masked Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsy
160(1)
Treatment of Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsies
161(1)
Goal of Management
161(1)
Surgical Principles
161(1)
Persistent Excyclotorsion Preventing Fusion in Down Gaze
162(1)
Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsies and Central Fusion Disruption
163(1)
Referral to a Strabismologist
163(1)
When the Vertical Is Not Due to Superior Oblique Palsy
164(3)
Incomitant Vertical Strabismus
164(1)
Skew Deviation: Concomitant Acquired Vertical Strabismus
164(1)
Brown's Syndrome or Inferior Oblique Palsy
164(1)
Mechanical Restriction
164(1)
Congenital Double Elevator Palsy (Monocular Elevation Deficit)
165(1)
Double Depressor Palsy
166(1)
Dissociated Vertical Divergent Strabismus
167(1)
Heimann Bielschowsky Phenomenon
167(1)
Superior Oblique Myokymia
167(1)
Horizontal Muscle Surgery for Vertical Strabismus
167(1)
Surgical Correction of Vertical Strabismus Remaining in Down Gaze
167(2)
Paralytic and Paretic Strabismus
169(18)
General Features
169(1)
Amblyopia
169(1)
Onset in the Visually Mature Patient
169(1)
Importance of Hering's Law
170(1)
Investigation of Paretic Strabismus
171(3)
Neurologic Investigation of Patients with Ocular Motor Palsy
174(1)
Treatment
174(1)
Prisms in the Treatment of Paralytic Strabismus
174(1)
Urgency of Treatment
174(1)
Surgical Treatment Options
174(1)
Acquired Sixth Nerve Palsy (Lateral Rectus Palsy)
175(5)
Surgery for Acquired Sixth Nerve Palsy
176(4)
Bilateral Sixth Nerve Palsy
180(1)
Third Nerve Palsy
180(2)
Special Diagnostic Test
180(1)
Goal of Treatment
180(1)
Treatment of a Total Paralysis of the Third Nerve
181(1)
Treatment of the Ptosis
181(1)
Partial Recovery and Aberrant Regeneration of the Third Nerve
182(1)
Fourth Nerve Palsy
182(1)
Congenital Paralysis of the Inferior Oblique Muscle
182(1)
Congenital Palsy of the Superior Rectus Muscle
182(1)
Ptosis: Real or Pseudo
182(1)
Treatment
183(1)
Congenital Paralysis of the Inferior Rectus Muscle
183(1)
Acquired Traumatic Paralysis of the Inferior Rectus Muscle
183(1)
Lost Medial Rectus Muscle Simulating a Paralysis
184(1)
Acquired Nontraumatic Paresis of Vertical or Medial Recti
184(1)
Convergence Palsy
184(1)
Congenital
184(1)
Acquired
184(1)
Divergence Paralysis
185(1)
Congenital Absence of an Oblique or Rectus Muscle
185(2)
Mechanical Restrictions and Syndromes
187(18)
Duane's Retraction Syndrome
187(3)
Huber's Classification
187(1)
Associated Syndromes
188(1)
Etiology
188(1)
Characteristics of Type I Duane's Retraction Syndrome
188(1)
Typical Findings in Type I
188(1)
Presentation of Type I Duane's Syndrome in Infancy
189(1)
Treatment
189(1)
Brown's Syndrome
190(4)
Congenital Brown's Syndrome
190(1)
Characteristics
190(1)
Congenital Brown's Syndromes that Require Treatment
191(1)
Tenotomy of the Superior Oblique: Important Surgical Details
192(2)
Acquired Brown's Syndrome
194(1)
Inferior Oblique Palsy and Treatment
194(1)
Blow-Out Fractures of the Orbit
195(2)
Management of Acute Cases
195(1)
Old Blow-Out Fractures
195(1)
Fixed Eyeball
196(1)
Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
197(2)
Features
197(1)
Muscles Affected
197(1)
Advice and Generalizations
197(1)
Principles of Surgical Treatment for Thyroid Patients to Reduce the Restriction
198(1)
Potential Problems Associated with Recession of the Inferior Rectus
199(1)
Recession of the Lower Lid
199(1)
Contracture of Both the Superior and the Inferior Rectus Muscles
199(1)
Mechanical Restriction Following Retinal Detachment Surgery
199(1)
General Fibrosis Syndrome
200(1)
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
200(1)
Moebius' Syndrome
201(1)
Strabismus Fixus
201(1)
Treatment
201(1)
Superior Oblique Myokymia
201(1)
Myasthenia Gravis
202(3)
Strabismus in the Adult
205(8)
General Remarks about Adults with Strabismus
205(1)
Special Points in the History Taking
205(1)
Asthenopia
205(1)
Suppression Facts that Must Be Known
206(1)
Adjustable Suture Surgery
207(1)
Special Points in Assessing Adults with Strabismus
207(1)
Acquired Loss of Fusion without Suppression: Central Fusion Disruption
208(1)
Diagnosis of Central Fusion Disruption
208(1)
Treatment of Central Fusion Disruption
208(1)
Uncorrected Refractive Errors and Strabismus Surgery
209(1)
Strabismus Surgery Instead of Glasses
209(1)
Accommodative Esotropia
209(2)
Partially Accommodative Esotropia
209(1)
Stability of Strabismus Surgery in Adults without Fusion
210(1)
Consecutive Exotropia Following Congenital Esotropia without Fusion
210(1)
Large-Angle Exotropia without Fusion Associated with Superior Oblique Overaction
210(1)
Recurrent Congenital Exotropia
210(1)
Intermittent Exotropia
211(2)
Problem of Surgical Overcorrection
211(1)
Can an Intermittent Exotropia in an Adult be Cured?
211(1)
Winking in the Sunlight
211(1)
Refractive Surgery and Strabismus
212(1)
Strabismus and Monovision Contact Lens Correction for Presbyopia
212(1)
General Comments on Extraocular Muscle Surgery
213(22)
Materials and Methods
213(4)
Suture Material
213(1)
Allergy
213(1)
Nonabsorbable Suture
213(1)
Colored Sutures
214(1)
Needles
214(1)
Safest Way to Perform a Recession of an Extraocular Muscle: The Hang-Back Technique
214(3)
Planning Strabismus Surgery
217(2)
What Effect Can Be Expected?
217(1)
Modification with Reoperations or Scarred Muscles
218(1)
Effect of Surgery on Virgin Vertical Rectus Muscles
218(1)
Special Values for a Recession of a Virgin Inferior Rectus
218(1)
Greater Effect from Muscle Surgery than Expected
218(1)
Maximum Effect from Recession of the Rectus Muscles: Hang-Loose Technique
219(1)
Effect of Myectomy of One Inferior Oblique
220(1)
Effect of Tenotomy of One Superior Oblique
220(1)
Effect of Tucking One Superior Oblique Tendon
220(1)
Effect of Vertical Transposition of Both Horizontal Rectus Muscles in the Same Eye
220(1)
Special Indication
221(1)
Unforgiving Inferior Rectus Muscle
221(1)
Abnormal Appearance of Eye Muscles
221(1)
Complicated Reoperation
221(1)
Repeat Muscle Surgery
222(1)
Adjustable Sutures
223(4)
Some Tips for Adjustable Suture Surgery
223(4)
Contraindications to Adjustable Sutures
227(1)
Posterior Fixation Suture (Faden Operation)
228(1)
Theoretical Indications for the Posterior Fixation Suture (Faden Operation)
228(1)
Problems Associated with the Posterior Fixation Suture
228(1)
Practical Value of the Posterior Fixation Suture
228(1)
The ``Lost'' Medial Rectus Muscle
229(6)
Complications of Strabismus Surgery
235(12)
Ocular Alignment Problems
235(1)
Muscle Shock: Fusion Resetting the Muscle Balance?
235(1)
Case Histories
235(1)
Diplopia
236(1)
Conjunctival Complications
236(6)
Prolapse of Tenon's Capsule
236(1)
Suture Granuloma
237(1)
Suture Abscess
237(1)
Allergic Reaction to Sutures
237(1)
Cysts
237(1)
Dellen Formation
237(1)
Mobile Conjunctiva
237(1)
Conjunctival Scarring and the Plica
238(2)
Red Lumpsy Subconjuctival Appearance from Fat Pad Disturbance
240(2)
Mechanical Restriction as a Complication of Strabismus
242(1)
Multiple Surgery
242(1)
Postoperative Restriction of Up Gaze after Surgery on the Inferior Oblique Muscle
242(1)
``Lost'' Muscle
242(1)
Lost Muscle at the Time of Surgery
242(1)
Lost Medial Rectus Muscle Recognized after the Patient Has Recovered from General Anesthesia
243(1)
Postoperative Infection
243(1)
Prophylaxis
243(1)
Conjunctivitis
243(1)
Orbital Cellulitis
244(1)
Endophthalmitis
244(1)
Perforation of the Globe
244(1)
Anterior Segment Ischemia
245(1)
Prophylaxis
245(1)
Signs
245(1)
Treatment
245(1)
Malignant Hyperthermia
245(2)
Why Does the Patient Have a Head Tilt or Turn?
247(4)
Head Tilt or Turn to Fuse and Avoid Diplopia
247(1)
Occlusion Test
247(1)
Head Tilt or Turn to Improve Vision: Nystagmus Null Zone
247(1)
Occlusion Test and Micronystagmus
248(1)
Mechanical Restrictions
248(1)
Ptosis
249(1)
Optical Causes
249(1)
Wider Separation of Diplopic Images
249(1)
Congenital Fibrosis of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle on One Side
249(1)
Unilateral Deafness
249(1)
Habit and Idiopathy
249(2)
Why Does the Patient Have Double Vision?
251(6)
Is the Diplopia Monocular or Binocular?
251(1)
Is the Diplopia Functional or Real?
251(1)
Does the Patient Have the Ability to Fuse?
252(1)
If the Patient Is Unable to Fuse, There Are Several Possibilities: Changes in Suppression
252(1)
Is the Diplopia Caused by a Disruption of Suppression?
252(1)
Has Suppression Been Weakened by Antisuppression Exercises or by the Patient Making a Deliberate Attempt to Use the Deviating Eye on a Regular Basis?
252(1)
Changes in Fixation
253(1)
Is Diplopia Caused by Patient Switching Fixation with the Habitually Nonfixing Eye Now Being Used for Fixation?
253(1)
Rapid Alternation of Fixation
253(1)
Central Fusion Disruption
253(1)
Other Causes of Diplopia
254(3)
Could It Be Metamorphopsia?
254(1)
Patients with Abnormal Retinal Correspondence
254(1)
Aniseikonia
255(1)
Physiologic Diplopia
255(1)
Visual Confusion
255(1)
Inexplicable Diplopia
255(2)
The Patient with Nystagmus
257(12)
Classification of Congenital Nystagmus
257(1)
Sensory Nystagmus
257(1)
Motor Nystagmus
257(1)
Diagnostic Importance of the Null Zone
258(1)
General Features of Congenital Motor Nystagmus
258(2)
Convergence Blocked Nystagmus
258(1)
Exaggeration of Nystagmus with Stress
258(1)
Latent Nystagmus
258(1)
Spasmus Nutans or Head Nodding and Nystagmus
259(1)
Types of Oscillations Found in Congenital Motor Nystagmus
259(1)
Investigations in the Preverbal Age Group
259(1)
Clinical Associations of Motor Nystagmus
260(1)
Motor Nystagmus without Strabismus
260(1)
Motor Nystagmus Associated with the Congenital Strabismus Syndrome
260(1)
Head Tilt or Face Turn Acquired in Later Life
260(1)
Periodic Alternating Nystagmus
261(1)
Acquired Nystagmus and other Types
261(1)
Treatment of Congenital Nystagmus
261(1)
Refractive Errors
261(1)
Surgery to Move the Null Zone Nearer to the Primary Position
262(4)
Kestenbaum Procedure
262(1)
Explaining Informed Consent
262(1)
Indications for Surgery in Patients with Nystagmus and a Face Turn
263(1)
Surgery
263(1)
Surgery for the Nystagmus Block Syndrome
264(1)
Surgery for the Null Zone in Older Children or Adults
264(1)
Surgery for the Null Zone in Patients with Horizontal Strabismus without Fusion
264(1)
Chin-Up or Chin-Down Abnormal Head Position and Nystagmus
265(1)
Head Tilt and Nystagmus
265(1)
Driver's License and Nystagmus
266(3)
Common Mistakes in the Management of Strabismus
269(14)
Failure to Recognize that Refractive Errors Influence Strabismus in Adults as well as Children
269(2)
Effects of Refractive Errors on Muscle Balance
270(1)
Failure to Realize the Effect that Refractive Surgery, Intraocular Lenses, Contact Lenses, or Glasses Have on Adult Strabismus
271(1)
Changes in Refractive Error Precipitating Fixation Switch Diplopia
271(1)
Refractive Error Correction Premitting Alternation
271(1)
Refractive Error Correction Precipitating Asthenopia and Diplopia
272(1)
Anisophoria Induced by Correction of Anisometropia
272(1)
Monocular Diplopia Induced by Uncorrected or Poorly Corrected Refractive Errors
272(1)
Failure to Recognize that Anisometropic Amblyopia and Bilateral Ametropic Amblyopia May Improve with Correction of the Refractive Error Alone
272(1)
Problems Associated with Presbyopia
273(1)
Monovision Correction of Presbyopia
273(1)
Monovision Precipitating Fixation Switch Diplopia in Presbyopes
273(1)
Failure to Recognize the Importance of Assessing the Patient's Sensory Status
274(1)
Failure to Check Strabismic Patients for the Risk of Postoperative Diplopia
275(1)
Failure to Recognize that Amblyopia Does Not Protect a Patient from Binocular Diplopia
275(2)
Failure to Check for Torsion and to Understand Its Significance
277(1)
Inappropriate Use of Orthoptic Exercises
278(1)
Patients Can Be Taught to Maximize What Fusion Ability They Have but They Cannot Be Taught to Fuse
278(1)
Failure to Assess Preoperatively the Difficulties Involved in Postoperative Follow-Up
279(1)
Failure to Recognize that a Small Residual or Consecutive Esotropia Increases the Risk of Amblyopia in Children
279(1)
Failure to Recognize the Potential Advantage from Delaying Surgery to Correct an Abnormal Head Posture
279(1)
Failure to Recognize the Role of Active Duction Exercises in the Prevention of some Forms of Restrictive Strabismus
280(1)
Inappropriate Prolonged Occlusion of an Eye with a Recently Acquired Paresis of an Extraocular Muscle
280(3)
Vision 20-20: The Right to Sight and the Prevention of Amblyopia in Developing Countries
283(8)
Vision 20/20: The Right to Sight
283(1)
Prevention of Amblyopia in Developing Nations
283(1)
Measures to Reduce Amblyopia from Cataracts, Microphthalmos, Glaucoma, and Strabismus
284(1)
Prevention of Amblyopia Due to Trauma in Children under 8 Years of Age
285(1)
Vital Role of Orthoptics and Optometry
285(1)
Intractable Amblyopia and Congenital Cataracts
286(1)
Unilateral Congenital Cataract
286(1)
Bilateral Congenital Cataracts
286(1)
Ketamine Anesthesia
287(1)
Mechanism of Action
287(1)
Method of Administration
287(1)
Summary
288(1)
Sequence of a Ketamine Anesthetic
288(1)
Telemedicine and Treatment of Strabismus and Amblyopia
288(1)
Suggested Consultant's Disclaimer
289(1)
Orbis E-Consultation
289(2)
Glossary 291(6)
Index 297