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E-grāmata: Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration

  • Formāts: 132 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-May-2008
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309113847
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  • Formāts: 132 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-May-2008
  • Izdevniecība: National Academies Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309113847
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As part of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), NASA is planning for humans to revisit the Moon and someday go to Mars. An important consideration in this effort is protection against the exposure to space radiation. That radiation might result in severe long-term health consequences for astronauts on such missions if they are not adequately shielded. To help with these concerns, NASA asked the NRC to further the understanding of the risks of space radiation, to evaluate radiation shielding requirements, and recommend a strategic plan for developing appropriate mitigation capabilities. This book presents an assessment of current knowledge of the radiation environment; an examination of the effects of radiation on biological systems and mission equipment; an analysis of current plans for radiation protection; and a strategy for mitigating the risks to VSE astronauts.
Summary 1(6)
Introduction
7(12)
Hazards of Radiation
7(1)
Study Process
8(1)
Organization of This Report
8(1)
Overview of Mission Architecture
9(1)
NASA's Space Radiation Program
9(1)
Overview of Radiation Protection
10(5)
Overview of Guidance on Radiation Limits Provided to NASA
15(3)
Historical Guidance
15(1)
Space Radiation Research Recommendations of 2006
16(1)
Current Radiation Limits and Guidance
16(2)
References
18(1)
Current Knowledge of The Radiation Environment
19(30)
State of Radiation Environment Knowledge
19(2)
Galactic Cosmic Radiation
21(4)
Solar Particle Events
25(7)
Energy Spectra
27(1)
Compostion
28(2)
Frequency of Events
30(1)
Near-Term Forecasts and Nowcasting
30(2)
Statistical Analyses of SPEs
32(1)
Space Radiation Climatology
32(7)
Ice-Core Results on Galactic Cosmic Radiation
32(1)
Ice-Core Results on Solar Particle Events
32(3)
Knowledge Gaps
35(4)
Trapped Radiation
39(1)
Secondary Radiation
40(3)
Knowledge Gaps
43(1)
Radiation from Nuclear Ground Power
43(2)
Development and Use of Nuclear Ground Power Plants
43(1)
Radiation from Terrestrial Nuclear Ground Power Plants
44(1)
Radiation Shielding and Control
44(1)
Regulations and Policy
44(1)
References
45(4)
Radiation Effects
49(13)
Effects on Humans
49(9)
Some Elementary Concepts in Radiation Biology
49(6)
Knowledge Gaps
55(3)
Effects on Materials and Devices
58(2)
Effects on Mission
60(1)
References
60(2)
Shielding Approaches And Capabilities
62(18)
Basic Shielding Concepts
62(1)
Shielding for Project Constellation's Orion
62(2)
Lunar Lander
64(1)
Surface Infrastructure
64(10)
Habiats
65(1)
Robots
65(1)
Unpressurized Rover
65(1)
Pressurized Rover
66(1)
In Situ Shielding
66(2)
Extravehicular Activity
68(2)
Nuclear Power
70(4)
Nuclear Propulsion
74(1)
Alternative Methods
75(3)
Active Shielding
75(2)
Radioprotectants
77(1)
Summary
78(1)
References
78(2)
Strategy For Radiation Risk Mitigation
80(15)
Technology Investments to Enable Lunar Missions
80(9)
Radiation Biology Research
80(2)
Radiation Protection in Orion
82(1)
Validation and Verification of Transport Calculations
82(1)
Research on Solar Particle Events
83(1)
Empirical Data for Shielding Design
83(1)
In Situ Monitoring and Warning
84(2)
Multifunctional Materials
86(1)
In Situ Shielding Tradeoffs
87(1)
Review of Exiting Neutron Albedo Datasets
87(1)
Surface Fission Power Demonstration---Nuclear Power for Mars
88(1)
Strategies for Keeping Radiation Risk Within NASA Guidelines
89(4)
Transition from Research to Operations
89(1)
Human Capital Infrastructure
90(1)
Integration of Radiation Protection into Design of Vehicles and Missions
91(2)
References
93(2)
Findings And Recommendations
95(8)
Appendixes
A Statement of Task
103(1)
B Biographies of Committee Members
104(4)
C Committee Meeting Agendas and Speakers
108(3)
D Glossary and Acronyms
111
Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration, National Research Council