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E-grāmata: Mankind and Deserts 3 - Wind in Deserts and Civilizations: Wind in Deserts and Civilizations [Wiley Online]

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  • Formāts: 208 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Jun-2021
  • Izdevniecība: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119824028
  • ISBN-13: 9781119824022
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 168,05 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formāts: 208 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Jun-2021
  • Izdevniecība: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119824028
  • ISBN-13: 9781119824022
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
The wild beauty of deserts has always been a source of fascination the world over. Mankind and Deserts 3 ? the third and final volume ? focuses on wind, frequently present in all deserts, either hot or cold. Wind plays a major role in aridity and landscapes bear numerous forms due to its action, erosion, transportation and surface formations, some discreet and others spectacular, such as vast expanses of towering yardangs. Aeolian dynamics lead to dune formation, simple or associated with sand ridges or ergs, as in the Sahara. Mankind has attempted, to varying degrees of success, to cope with sand accumulation; ignoring aeolian dynamics has led many development projects to failure. This is developed by Yann Callot, a Professor at Lyon University who studied aeolian dynamics in the Sahara.

Traditional societies have adapted to live in deserts, establishing vibrant civilizations with original ways of living, managing water resources and creating routes for trade, especially for salt. In a changing environment, useful lessons can be drawn from the genius of mankinds adaptation to such diverse and fragile environments. This is explained by Marc C?te, who was a Professor at Constantine (Algeria) and Aix-en-Provence Universities.

From ancient, almost mythical, exploration to modern scientific studies, deserts have come to be better known yet still hold great appeal. This book traces the history of their knowledge while providing a basis for understanding their features and the tools needed for their protection, in an ever-changing world.

Foreword ix
Yvette Dewolf
Introduction: Aeolian Dynamics and Processes xiii
Yann Callot
Chapter 1 Aeolian Landforms in Deserts
1(78)
Yann Callot
1.1 Forms and surface states
1(1)
1.2 Ablation forms
2(14)
1.2.1 Desert pavement
2(3)
1.2.2 Coherent rock landforms
5(10)
1.2.3 A mixed ablation shape: hydro-aeolian depressions
15(1)
1.3 Accumulation formations
16(31)
1.3.1 Amorphous accumulations
18(3)
1.3.2 Smaller aeolian formations
21(6)
1.3.3 Sandy accumulations without sharp crests
27(1)
1.3.4 Dunes with sharp crests
28(8)
1.3.5 Combinations of sifs
36(7)
1.3.6 Non-sandy aeolian accumulations
43(4)
1.4 Aeolian systems
47(13)
1.4.1 Initial combinations: arrow, elb and draa
48(2)
1.4.2 Interdune spaces
50(2)
1.4.3 Polygenic formations
52(8)
1.5 Ergs, the most complex aeolian systems
60(10)
1.5.1 Definition
60(1)
1.5.2 The formation of ergs
61(4)
1.5.3 From the stability of forms to a whole new scale: the Grand Erg Occidental
65(5)
1.6 Conclusion: a new paradigm to explain the organization and orientation of active dunes
70(2)
1.7 Martian dunes, still mobile
72(3)
1.8 References
75(4)
Chapter 2 Humans and Winds in Deserts
79(28)
Yann Callot
2.1 Traditional societies and the wind
80(3)
2.2 The battle against sand encroachment, or the Barrel of the Danaids: the Zouerate railroads (Mauritania)
83(4)
2.3 The Dust Bowl, the first ecological disaster of the 20th century in a developed country
87(4)
2.4 The western Algerian Green Barrier, or an error in management
91(14)
2.4.1 A "barrier" in an unfavorable physical environment
91(2)
2.4.2 Difficult implementation
93(5)
2.4.3 A basic error in understanding aeolian dynamics
98(7)
2.5 References
105(2)
Chapter 3 Living in Deserts
107(50)
Marc Cote
3.1 Humans and the desert
108(5)
3.1.1 A "desert civilization"
108(1)
3.1.2 There are deserts and then there are deserts
108(2)
3.1.3 The desert, Islam and oil
110(1)
3.1.4 Antagonistic and complementary civilizations
110(3)
3.2 Bedouin civilizations
113(13)
3.2.1 Nomads
113(1)
3.2.2 The power of the group
114(1)
3.2.3 Astonishing knowledge
114(1)
3.2.4 The fundamentals of pastoralism
115(2)
3.2.5 Nomad territories
117(1)
3.2.6 Collective lands
118(2)
3.2.7 Dromedaries and Bactrian camels
120(2)
3.2.8 A large-scale ecological transformation: desertification
122(1)
3.2.9 Social transformation: sedentarization
123(1)
3.2.10 New forms of pastoralism
123(2)
3.2.11 The new faces of group structure
125(1)
3.3 Hydraulic civilization
126(14)
3.3.1 Oasis life
126(1)
3.3.2 The fundamentals of hydraulic civilizations
126(1)
3.3.3 Water territories
127(1)
3.3.4 Cradles of hydraulic civilizations
127(2)
3.3.5 Hydraulic techniques
129(3)
3.3.6 Collective and individual hydraulic systems
132(2)
3.3.7 Modes of sharing a rare resource
134(1)
3.3.8 The diffusion of techniques
134(3)
3.3.9 Hot deserts and cold deserts
137(1)
3.3.10 Today: from small wells to deep drilling
138(2)
3.4 A salt civilization?
140(4)
3.4.1 Societies in quest of salt
140(1)
3.4.2 Salt territories
141(1)
3.4.3 The logistics of salt
142(1)
3.4.4 An important period in the history of the Sahara
143(1)
3.4.5 A salt civilization?
144(1)
3.5 Urban civilizations in the desert
144(9)
3.5.1 Cities
144(1)
3.5.2 The fundamentals of urban life
145(2)
3.5.3 The city and the road
147(1)
3.5.4 Networks of urban centers
148(1)
3.5.5 Capitals under the sun
149(1)
3.5.6 The city and water
150(3)
3.5.7 The city and the desert today
153(1)
3.6 Conclusion
153(1)
3.7 References
154(3)
List of Authors 157(2)
Index 159
Fernand Joly (1917–2010) studied the Sahara at the Institut Scientifique Chérifien (Institut Scientifique de Rabat) in Morocco. He then entered the CNRS and Paris VII University, where he developed geomorphology and guidelines for cartography, pioneering digital data treatment. He is the author of Glossaire de géomorphologie.

Guilhem Bourrié, a member of the Académie dAgriculture de France, is a pedologist and geochemist. He has worked on water quality in soils in Brittany, Provence, Algeria, Brazil, Chile and Mexico.