Past generations of industrial development and chemical production are still very much with us-through contaminants they've left in all phases of the ecosystem. Especially vulnerable to this damage: water.
Professionals from various disciplines in environmental sciences are becoming increasingly involved in water quality issues. The Manual of Bioassessment of Aquatic Sediment Quality now provides the most current techniques and methods, in the laboratory and the field, to detect and evaluate aquatic contaminants.
Designed to complement the analytical methods presented in the companion volume, Manual of Physico-Chemical Analysis of Aquatic Sediments, the Bioassessment edition offers a comprehensive review of chemical forms, encompassing different elements and compounds in sediments, along with evaluation of their availability to aquatic biota. A discussion about the use of reference materials in sediment analysis also accompanies a review of laboratory safety measures.
While greater environmental conscientiousness has led to sustainable industrial development and the recycling of materials, there remains the "hidden need" to remediate contaminated water sources throughout the world-essential to the continued survival of all life. The Manual of Bioassessment of Aquatic Sediment Quality will help environmental professionals ensure the protection of life-supporting streams, lakes and oceans throughout the world.
Abbreviations ix List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvi Editors xvii Contributors xix Trace Metal Speciation in Aquatic Sediments: Methods, Benefits, and Limitations 1(54) Rudolf Reuther Introduction 1(3) Literature Review 4(4) Historical Development of Chemical Extraction Procedures 4(2) Recent Attempts 6(2) Description of Methods 8(21) Sampling and Sample Preparation 9(1) Direct Measurements 10(1) Indirect Methods 11(1) Total Concentration of Metals 11(1) Binding Capacity 11(2) Partitioning Factors 13(2) Chemical Extraction 15(1) Leaching Tests 16(1) Single-Step Extraction 16(2) Multistep Sequential Extraction Procedures 18(4) Biological Methods 22(1) Combinations of Biological and Chemical Methods 22(2) Limitations and Problems of Speciation Methods 24(1) Sample Handling and Treatment 24(1) Oxidation Effects 25(1) Selectivity 26(1) Redistribution of Metals During Extraction 27(2) Discussion and Recommendations 29(15) Main Binding Forms and Mechanisms 29(1) Sorption 29(3) Hydrous Oxides 32(1) Organic Matter 33(1) Acid-Volatile Sulfide 34(2) Mobility and Reactivity of Metals 36(1) Influence of pH Changes 37(1) Influence of Redox Changes 38(1) Bioavailability and Toxicity 39(1) Leachability of Metals 39(1) Controlling Factors 40(2) Standard Procedures in Metal Speciation 42(2) Recommendations for Future Studies 44(11) References 45(10) Sediment Bacterial Populations and Methodologies to Study the Populations Important to Xenobiotic Degradation 55(28) Gordon Southam Colette MacKenzie Introduction 55(1) Literature Review 56(6) Classification Schemes Based on Physico-Chemical Constraints 58(1) Substratum 58(1) Temperature 58(1) Oxygen 59(1) pH 59(1) Dissolved Organic Compounds 59(1) Dissolved Inorganic Compounds 59(1) Water Availability 60(1) Classification Schemes Based on Microbial Physiology 60(1) Source of Carbon 60(1) Source of Energy 61(1) Terminal Electron Acceptors 61(1) Major Groups of Sediment Bacteria 62(8) Phototrophic Eudacteria 62(1) Cyanobacteria 63(1) Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria 63(1) Chemolithotrophic Eubacteria 63(1) Methylotrophs/ Methanotrophs 63(1) Nitrifying Bacteria 64(1) Iron-and Manganese-Oxidizing Bacteria 64(1) Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria 65(1) Hydrogen-Utilizing Bacteria 65(1) Chemoorganotrophic Eubacteria 66(1) Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria 66(1) Anaerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria 66(1) Proton-Reducing Acetogens 66(1) Dissimilatory Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria 66(1) Dissimilatory Metal-Reducing Bacteria 67(2) Dissimilatory Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 69(1) Archaeobacteria 69(1) Methanogenic Bacteria 69(1) Extremely Halophilic Bacteria 70(1) Hyperthermophilic Bacteria 70(1) General Description of Microbiological Methods 70(1) Descriptions of Bacterial Growth Media 71(3) Chemolithotrophic Eubacteria 71(1) Methylotrophic/ Methanotrophic Bacteria 71(1) Chemoorganotrophic Eubacteria 71(1) Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria 71(2) Anaerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria 73(1) Dissimilatory Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria 73(1) Dissimilatory Iron- and/ or Manganese-Reducing Bacteria 73(1) Dissimilatory Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 74(1) Discussion, Recommendations, and Conclusions 74(9) References 76(7) Laboratory Methods and Criteria for Sediment Bioassessment 83(52) Pilar Rodriguez Trefor B. Reynoldson Introduction 83(2) Criteria for the Selection of the Bioassay 85(11) Single-Species Assay versus Battery of Assays versus Microcosm and Mesocosm 85(6) Sediment Phase 91(1) Exposure Time: Acute versus Chronic Bioassays 92(1) Selection of Relevant End Points 93(2) Selection of the Test Organism 95(1) Sampling Decisions 96(4) Selection of Sampling Locations 96(1) Sampling Devices 97(1) Number of Sites, Sample Volume, and Replicates 98(1) References Sites and Control Sediments 99(1) Sampling Issues: Storage Time, Temperature, Materials, handling 100(1) Preparation of the Bioassay 100(8) Aqueous-Phase Bioassay 100(1) Pore Water Extraction 100(1) Elutriate Preparation 101(2) Dose---Response Water Extract Tests 103(1) Conclusions on Water-Phase Testing 103(1) Bulk Sediment Bioassays 103(1) Dose-Response Tests 104(1) Spiked Sediments 104(2) Artificial or Formulated Sediments 106(1) Methodological Issues 106(1) Removal of Indigenous Fauna 106(1) Feeding 107(1) Exposure Conditions 108(1) Acceptability of Freshwater Sediment Bioassays 108(3) Expression of the Results and Statistical Analysis 111(7) Laboratory Bioaccumulation Tests 118(1) Discussion and Recommendations 119(16) References 121(14) Field Methods and Interpretation for Sediment Bioassessment 135(42) Trefor B. Reynoldson Pilar Rodriguez Introduction 135(2) Overview and Assessment of Field Test Methods 137(22) Tissue Analysis 137(1) Direct Measurement 137(1) Bioaccumulation Models 138(1) Pathology 139(1) Cellular Bioindicators 139(2) Organism Bioindicators 141(4) Population Level 145(1) Ecosystem Level 145(1) Community Structure 146(1) Study Design Considerations 146(1) Sample Colection and Field Measurements 147(1) Number of Replicates 147(1) Stratification 147(1) Sampling Device 147(1) Mesh Size 148(1) Sample Preservation and Transport 148(1) Sample Processing and Analysis 149(1) Subsampling 149(1) Picking 149(1) Identification 149(1) Data Recording, Transcription, and Entry 150(1) Data Analysis and Interpretation 151(1) Univariate Methods 152(3) Multivariate Methods 155(4) Recommended Approaches and Methods 159(1) Guide to Material 159(1) How to Select Methods 159(1) Summary 160(17) References 162(15) Sediment Certified Reference Materials 177(36) Venghout F. Cheam Introduction 177(2) Certified Reference Materials: Literature Review 179(3) Developmental Procedures for Certified Reference Materials 182(7) Criteria for Selecting a Certified Reference Material 182(1) Procedures for Preparing a Sediment Reference Material 183(1) Selection of suitable Sampling site 183(1) Sample Collection 183(1) Drying 183(1) Homogenization and Homogeneity Test on Bulk Sediment 184(1) Subsampling and Homogeneity Test on Subsamples 185(1) Storage and Stability 185(1) Procedures for Certifying a Sediment Reference Material 185(1) Definitive Method within a Laboratory 185(1) Two or More Independent, Reliable Methods within a Laboratory 186(1) Interlaboratory Comparison Studies 186(2) Select Laboratories Method 188(1) ``Quasi-Interlaboratory Procedure 188(1) Single Method, Single Laboratory 189(1) Discussion, Recommendations, and Conclusions 189(24) Role of Certified Reference Materials 189(1) Sediment Certified Reference Materials 189(1) Sediment Certified Reference Materials in Preparation 189(7) Availability 196(9) Recommendations 205(1) Conclusions 206(1) References 206(7) Safety in the Laboratory for Sediment Analysis 213(14) Jose M. Azcue Alena Mudroch Basic Rules for Laboratory Safety 213(3) Safety Considerations in Laboratory Design 216(4) General Considerations 216(1) Safety Equipment and Procedures 217(1) Ventilation and Fume Hoods 217(1) fire Extinguisher Systems 218(1) Emergency Showers and Eyewashes 218(1) Chemical Spill Control 219(1) Emergency Cabinets 219(1) Analytical Laboratory 219(1) Safe Handling of Chemicals and Disposal of Laboratory Wastes 220(3) Perchloric Acid 222(1) Disposal of Laboratory Wastes 223(1) Safety in the Laboratory for Handling Highly Contaminated Sediments 223(4) References 225(2) Index 227
Mudroch\, Alena; Azcue\, Jose M.; Mudroch\, Paul
