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Marine Mammal Observer and Passive Acoustic Monitoring Handbook [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 350 pages, height x width: 244x170 mm, weight: 1110 g, 41 Tables, black and white; 124 Figures
  • Sērija : Conservation Handbooks
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Mar-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Pelagic Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1907807675
  • ISBN-13: 9781907807671
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Marine Mammal Observer and Passive Acoustic Monitoring HandbookPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 350 pages, height x width: 244x170 mm, weight: 1110 g, 41 Tables, black and white; 124 Figures
  • Sērija : Conservation Handbooks
  • Izdošanas datums: 02-Mar-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Pelagic Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1907807675
  • ISBN-13: 9781907807671
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781907807671.html
Keywords:
Marine Mammal Observer and Passive Acoustic Monitoring Handbook is the ultimate instruction manual for mitigation measures to minimise man-made acoustical and physical disturbances to marine mammals from industrial and defence activities.





Based on more than two decades of offshore experience, and a decade of supplying MMO and PAM services (commercial and scientific), the Handbook is a long-overdue reference guide that seeks to improve standards worldwide for marine operations such as seismic and drilling exploration, wind farm and civil engineering piling, dredging, trenching, rock-dumping, hydrographical surveys, and military/defence exercises. By popular request, this manual will also form an accompaniment to MMO and PAM courses.





The Handbook consolidates all aspects of this discipline into one easily accessible resource, to educate all stakeholders (e.g. MMOs, PAM operators, suppliers, recruitment agencies, clients, contractors, regulators, NGOs, consultants, scientists, academia and media), regardless of experience.





Topics include worldwide legislation, compliance, anthropogenic noise sources and potential effects, training, offshore life, visual and acoustic monitoring (theory and practice), marine mammal distribution, hearing and vocalisations, and report writing.





Advice is provided on implementing sensible and practical mitigation techniques, appropriate technologies, data collection, client and regulator liaison, and project kick-off meetings.





"The Handbook is an indispensable How To guide to the growing and increasingly important occupation of marine mammal monitoring, written with clarity and humor by scientists who have extensive experience in this field." Dr Phillip J. Clapham, world-renowned cetologist and Director of the Cetacean Assessment and Ecology Program at the National Marine Mammal Laboratory in Seattle.

Recenzijas

Marine Mammal Observer & Passive Acoustic Monitoring Handbook represents an instruction manual of mitigation measures to minimize acoustical and physical disturbances to marine mammals from industrial and military activities, and is based on some two decades of offshore experience and a decade of supplying commercial and scientific services.





Until now, there's been little written in the way of world standards for various marine operations that impact mammals; but as drilling, dredging, pumping and more take place increasingly on and under the world's waters, the need for this book becomes much more acute.





Suppliers, recruitment agencies, businesses, contractors, regulators and more will find the Marine Mammal Observer & Passive Acoustic Monitoring Handbook pairs scientific research with advice and tested solutions to common problems, educating readers about the increased need for monitoring operations and routine adjustments to reduce noise and disturbance.





From PAM theories to best practices and devices, this is no light coverage, but a technical guide that pulls together data and projects from various disciplines and pairs them with charts, graphs, and scientific discussions key to making decisions about modifications. No marine operator or marine science collection should be without this detailed, in-depth technical reference. -- Diane Donovan * California Bookwatch * Most of the information required for MMO and PAM work is distilled into this handbook. It is highly recommended as a training aid for new workers, and as a detailed reference for the experienced. It may also be of interest to offshore crew, environmental consultants, and scientists interested in cetacean acoustics and ocean noise. At present there are no similar handbooks, making this the current bible for the industry. -- John R. Gibbens * Marine Mammal Science * ...an indispensable How To guide to the growing and increasingly important occupation of marine mammal monitoring, written with clarity and humor by scientists who have extensive experience in this field. -- Phil Clapham, Cetacean Assessment and Ecology Program, Marine Mammal Laboratory

About the Authors xviii
Foreword xx
Acknowledgements xxii
List of Acronyms, Units, Prefixes and Symbols xxiii
Preface xxxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(32)
1.1 General Overview
1(1)
1.2 Marine Mammal Classification
2(3)
1.2.1 Cetaceans
3(1)
1.2.2 Pinnipeds
3(1)
1.2.3 Sirenians
4(1)
1.2.4 Marine mustelids
4(1)
1.2.5 Polar bear
5(1)
1.3 Marine Mammal Distribution
5(12)
1.4 Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals
17(4)
1.4.1 Temporary Threshold Shift and Permanent Threshold Shift
17(1)
1.4.2 Behavioural alterations
18(1)
1.4.3 Stress
19(1)
1.4.4 Masking
19(1)
1.4.5 Strandings
20(1)
1.4.6 Indirect effects
21(1)
1.5 Marine Mammal Hearing
21(12)
1.5.1 Audiograms
21(2)
1.5.2 Hearing ranges
23(6)
1.5.3 Sound exposure criteria
29(4)
Chapter 2 Mitigation Measures 33(13)
2.1 Introduction
33(1)
2.2 Protective Legislation
34(1)
2.3 Marine Protected Areas
35(1)
2.4 Project Planning
36(1)
2.5 Control of Operational Procedures
36(1)
2.6 Noise Reduction Methods
37(1)
2.7 Acoustic Mitigation Devices
37(1)
2.8 Active SONAR
37(1)
2.9 Visual and Acoustic Watches
38(5)
2.10 MMO and PAM Operator Requirements
43(1)
2.11 Species for which Mitigation Applies
43(1)
2.12 Exclusion Zones
43(1)
2.13 Pre-Watch
43(1)
2.14 Soft-Starts
44(1)
2.15 Sound Source Testing
44(1)
2.16 Operation Issues and Breaks in Sound Production
44(1)
2.17 Delays and Shut-Downs
44(1)
2.18 Night-Time and Low Visibility Working
45(1)
2.19 Report Writing
45(1)
Chapter 3 Sources of Anthropogenic Noise 46(16)
3.1 Introduction
46(1)
3.2 Shipping
47(1)
3.3 Offshore Wind Farms
48(1)
3.4 Tidal Turbines
49(1)
3.5 Dredging
49(2)
3.6 Drilling and Production
51(3)
3.7 Floating Production Storage Offloading
54(1)
3.8 Acoustic Mitigation Devices
54(1)
3.9 Seismic
55(2)
3.10 Pile Driving
57(1)
3.11 SONAR
58(1)
3.12 Whale Finders
59(1)
3.13 Explosions
60(1)
3.14 Electromagnetic
60(2)
Chapter 4 Training 62(10)
4.1 Introduction
62(1)
4.2 Background Reading and Scientific Organisations
62(2)
4.3 Becoming a Certified MMO or PAM Operator
64(2)
4.3.1 MMO training
65(1)
4.3.2 PAM Operator
65(1)
4.4 Courses
66(4)
4.4.1 UK and Ireland
66(1)
4.4.2 USA (GoM)
66(1)
4.4.3 Greenland
66(1)
4.4.4 New Zealand
67(1)
4.4.5 Offshore sea survival
67(2)
4.4.5.1 BOSIET
68(1)
4.4.5.2 Minimum Industry Safety Training
68(1)
4.4.5.3 Safe Gulf safety training
69(1)
4.4.6 Offshore medicals
69(19)
4.4.6.1 Netherlands, Norway and UK
70(1)
4.4.6.2 Seafarers' medicals
70(1)
4.5 Insurance
70(1)
4.6 Curriculum Vitae
71(1)
4.7 Gaining Offshore Experience
71(1)
Chapter 5 Offshore Life 72(37)
5.1 Introduction
72(1)
5.2 Contract Award
73(2)
5.3 Pay
75(1)
5.4 Documentation
75(1)
5.5 Vantage Cards
76(1)
5.6 Packing
76(2)
5.7 Personal Protective Equipment
78(1)
5.8 Pre-Project Research
79(1)
5.9 Discretion
79(1)
5.10 Mobilisation
79(1)
5.11 Helicopters
80(1)
5.12 Arrival
81(1)
5.13 Offshore Personnel
82(1)
5.14 Personal Conduct
83(1)
5.15 Phone and Internet
84(1)
5.16 Drugs and Alcohol
85(1)
5.17 Safety Management Systems
85(2)
5.18 T-Card System
87(1)
5.19 Safety Drills
87(1)
5.20 Demobilisation
88(1)
5.21 Vessels
88(11)
5.21.1 Kick-off meeting
88(1)
5.21.2 Dealing with seasickness
88(1)
5.21.3 Baseline surveys
89(1)
5.21.4 Dredging
90(1)
5.21.5 Hydrographical surveys
91(1)
5.21.6 Seismic surveys
92(5)
5.21.7 Piling
97(1)
5.21.8 Military SONAR
98(1)
5.22 Offshore Installations
99(10)
5.22.1 Arrival
99(1)
5.22.2 Layout
99(2)
5.22.3 Kick-off, shift, and rotation meetings
101(1)
5.22.4 Personnel
101(1)
5.22.5 Operational activities
102(2)
5.22.6 Weather
104(1)
5.22.7 General hazards
104(1)
5.22.8 Rig tow
105(1)
5.22.9 Drilling rig and production platform complexes
106(1)
5.22.10 VSP
107(1)
5.22.11 Conductor hammering
107(2)
Chapter 6 MMO Theory and Practice 109(30)
6.1 Introduction
109(1)
6.2 Equipment
110(7)
6.2.1 Fold-over clipboard
110(1)
6.2.2 Stationery
111(1)
6.2.3 Digital watch
111(1)
6.2.4 Marine radio
111(1)
6.2.5 Binoculars
111(1)
6.2.6 GPS
112(1)
6.2.7 Cameras
112(3)
6.2.8 Lenses
115(1)
6.2.9 Plumb-bob
116(1)
6.2.10 Field guides
116(1)
6.3 Conducting an MMO Watch
117(1)
6.4 Observation Platform
117(1)
6.5 Recording Position
118(2)
6.5.1 Ranging software
120(1)
6.6 Recording Vessel Movements
120(1)
6.7 Marine Mammal Identification
120(2)
6.7.1 Cetacean identification
121(1)
6.7.2 Pinniped identification
122(1)
6.8 Range Estimation
122(5)
6.9 Bearing Estimation
127(1)
6.10 Photographing Marine Mammals
128(1)
6.11 Data Collection
128(6)
6.11.1 Cover page
129(1)
6.11.2 Effort
129(3)
6.11.3 Operations data
132(1)
6.11.4 Sightings
132(2)
6.12 MMO at Night
134(2)
6.13 Distance Sampling
136(3)
Chapter 7 PAM Theory 139(19)
7.1 Introduction
139(1)
7.2 Basics of Sound
140(11)
7.2.1 Frequency
141(1)
7.2.2 Amplitude
142(1)
7.2.3 Sound energy, intensity, and power
143(1)
7.2.4 Sound Pressure Level and the decibel scale
143(3)
7.2.5 Source Level
146(1)
7.2.6 Sound propagation and transmission loss
147(3)
7.2.7 Received Level
150(1)
7.2.8 SONAR equation
150(1)
7.2.9 Sound Exposure Level
151(1)
7.2.10 Duty cycle
151(1)
7.3 Displays of Sound
151(7)
7.3.1 Spectrogram
151(1)
7.3.2 Power spectrum and Power Spectral Density
152(1)
7.3.3 Sound pressure density spectrum
153(1)
7.3.4 Frequency bands
154(1)
7.3.5 Percentile levels
155(1)
7.3.6 Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level
156(1)
7.3.7 Waveform
156(2)
Chapter 8 Marine Mammal Vocalisations 158(59)
8.1 Introduction
158(1)
8.2 Marine Mammal Sounds
158(3)
8.2.1 Echolocation and clicks
159(1)
8.2.2 Pulsed sounds
159(1)
8.2.3 Tonal sounds
160(1)
8.2.4 Song
161(1)
8.3 Functions of Sound
161(5)
8.3.1 Hunting and navigation
161(1)
8.3.2 Individual and group recognition
162(1)
8.3.3 Social cohesion and behaviour coordination
163(1)
8.3.4 Mate finding
164(1)
8.3.5 Agonistic and aggressive behaviour
165(1)
8.4 Likelihood of a PAM Detection
166(1)
8.5 Species Identification
167(50)
8.5.1 Physeteridae
190(1)
8.5.1.1 Sperm whale
190(1)
8.5.2 Kogiidae
191(1)
8.5.2.1 Pygmy sperm whale
191(1)
8.5.3 Ziphiidae
191(4)
8.5.3.1 Cuvier's beaked whale
191(1)
8.5.3.2 Arnoux's beaked whale
191(1)
8.5.3.3 Baird's beaked whale
192(1)
8.5.3.4 Longman's beaked whale
192(1)
8.5.3.5 Northern bottlenose whale
192(1)
8.5.3.6 Gervais' beaked whale
193(1)
8.5.3.7 Sowerby's beaked whale
193(1)
8.5.3.8 Hubb's beaked whale
193(1)
8.5.3.9 Stejneger's beaked whale
194(1)
8.5.3.10 Blainville's beaked whale
194(1)
8.5.3.11 Deraniyagala's beaked whale
195(1)
8.5.4 Pontoporiidae
195(1)
8.5.4.1 Franciscana/La Plata dolphin
195(1)
8.5.5 Monodontidae
195(2)
8.5.5.1 Narwhal
195(1)
8.5.5.2 Beluga
196(1)
8.5.6 Delphinidae
197(17)
8.5.6.1 Commerson's or Kerguelen Islands dolphin
197(1)
8.5.6.2 Chilean dolphin
198(1)
8.5.6.3 Heaviside's dolphin
198(1)
8.5.6.4 South Island or Maui's dolphin/North Island Hector's dolphin
198(1)
8.5.6.5 Rough-toothed dolphin
198(1)
8.5.6.6 Atlantic humpback dolphin
199(1)
8.5.6.7 Pacific humpback dolphin
199(1)
8.5.6.8 Guiana dolphin
199(1)
8.5.6.9 Common or Black Sea bottlenose dolphin
200(1)
8.5.6.10 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
201(1)
8.5.6.11 Offshore or coastal pantropical spotted dolphin
201(1)
8.5.6.12 Atlantic spotted dolphin
202(1)
8.5.6.13 Gray's, eastern, Central American or dwarf spinner dolphin
203(1)
8.5.6.14 Clymene dolphin
203(1)
8.5.6.15 Striped dolphin
204(1)
8.5.6.16 Short-beaked or Black Sea common dolphin
204(1)
8.5.6.17 Long-beaked or Indo-Pacific common dolphin
205(1)
8.5.6.18 Fraser's dolphin
205(1)
8.5.6.19 White-beaked dolphin
206(1)
8.5.6.20 Atlantic white-sided dolphin
206(1)
8.5.6.21 Pacific white-sided dolphin
207(1)
8.5.6.22 African, Fitzroy's, Peruvian/Chilean or New Zealand dusky dolphin
207(1)
8.5.6.23 Peale's dolphin
208(1)
8.5.6.24 Hourglass dolphin
208(1)
8.5.6.25 Northern right whale dolphin
208(1)
8.5.6.26 Risso's dolphin
208(2)
8.5.6.27 Melon-headed whale
210(1)
8.5.6.28 Pygmy killer whale
210(1)
8.5.6.29 False killer whale
210(1)
8.5.6.30 Resident or transient killer whale/orca
211(1)
8.5.6.31 North Atlantic, southern or North Pacific long-finned pilot whale
212(1)
8.5.6.32 Short finned pilot whale
213(1)
8.5.6.33 Irrawaddy dolphin
213(1)
8.5.6.34 Australian snubfin dolphin
214(1)
8.5.7 Phocoenidae
214(5)
8.5.7.1 Indo-Pacific finless porpoise
214(1)
8.5.7.2 East Asian narrow-ridged finless porpoise
214(1)
8.5.7.3 Atlantic, eastern Pacific, Black Sea or western Pacific harbour/common porpoise
214(1)
8.5.7.4 Vaquita
215(1)
8.5.7.5 Dalli-type or Truei-type Dall's porpoise
216(1)
Chapter 9 PAM Practice 217(80)
9.1 Introduction
217(1)
9.2 Existing PAM Technologies
218(1)
9.3 PAM Equipment
219(11)
9.3.1 Tow cable
219(1)
9.3.2 Hydrophones
220(1)
9.3.3 Depth sensor
221(1)
9.3.4 Deck cable
222(1)
9.3.5 Data Acquisition Unit
223(1)
9.3.6 Sound cards
224(1)
9.3.7 Computers
225(1)
9.3.8 Filters and gain
225(1)
9.3.9 GPS
226(1)
9.3.10 Serial-to-USB converter
226(1)
9.3.11 Gender changer
226(1)
9.3.12 Headphones
227(1)
9.3.13 Connectors
227(1)
9.3.14 Oscilloscope
228(1)
9.3.15 Tool kit
229(1)
9.3.16 Tape
229(1)
9.4 PAM Mobilisation
230(2)
9.4.1 Unpacking
230(2)
9.5 Deck Cable Run
232(2)
9.6 PAM Monitoring Station Configuration
234(7)
9.6.1 Data Acquisition Unit
235(1)
9.6.2 DAU connectors
236(1)
9.6.3 Sound cards
237(2)
9.6.4 Computers
239(1)
9.6.5 GPS or NMEA feed
240(1)
9.6.6 Headphones
241(1)
9.7 PAMGuard
241(23)
9.7.1 Starting PAMGuard
241(1)
9.7.2 Configuring PAMGuard: Part I
242(6)
9.7.2.1 Maps and mapping
244(1)
9.7.2.2 Sound processing
244(1)
9.7.2.3 Displays
245(1)
9.7.2.4 Detectors
246(1)
9.7.2.5 Utilities
246(2)
9.7.3 Hydrophone specifications and sampling rate
248(2)
9.7.3.1 Hydrophone frequency range
248(1)
9.7.3.2 Hydrophone sensitivity
248(1)
9.7.3.3 Sampling rate
248(2)
9.7.4 Configuring PAMGuard: Part II
250(10)
9.7.4.1 Maps and mapping
250(1)
9.7.4.2 Sound processing
251(3)
9.7.4.3 Display
254(1)
9.7.4.4 Detectors
255(1)
9.7.4.5 Utilities
256(1)
9.7.4.6 Hydrophone settings
256(2)
9.7.4.7 Filters
258(2)
9.7.5 PAMGuard troubleshooting
260(8)
9.7.5.1 Freezing and/or restarting
261(1)
9.7.5.2 Position fix error
261(2)
9.7.5.3 Erratic cursor
263(1)
9.7.5.4 Spectrogram
264(1)
9.8 Tap (Noise) Test
264(1)
9.9 Earthing
265(1)
9.10 Depth Sensor Calibration
266(2)
9.11 Tow Cable Deployment
268(9)
9.11.1 General deployment
269(4)
9.11.2 Seismic survey vessels
273(3)
9.11.3 Offshore support vessels
276(1)
9.11.4 Vertical deployment
276(1)
9.12 PAM Monitoring
277(4)
9.12.1 Shifts
277(1)
9.12.2 Monitoring methods
278(1)
9.12.3 Data collection
279(1)
9.12.4 Detection metrics
280(1)
9.12.5 Sound playback
281(1)
9.13 PAM Detections During Industrial Operations
281(8)
9.13.1 Localising animals
282(2)
9.13.2 Zero marine mammal detections: possible explanations
284(2)
9.13.3 Non-target noise
286(3)
9.14 Equipment Responsibilities: Routine Housekeeping
289(2)
9.14.1 Retrieval in bad weather
290(1)
9.14.2 Loss of propulsion
290(1)
9.14.3 Wiring, soldering and potting
290(1)
9.15 PAM Demobilisation
291(6)
9.15.1 Handover notes
291(1)
9.15.2 Tow cable
291(1)
9.15.3 Connectors, hydrophones and depth sensors
292(2)
9.15.4 Deck cable removal
294(1)
9.15.5 Cable reels and drums
294(1)
9.15.6 PAM monitoring station
295(1)
9.15.7 Pallet preparation
295(1)
9.15.8 Documentation
296(1)
Chapter 10 Report Writing 297(6)
10.1 Introduction
297(1)
10.2 Content
298(1)
10.3 Summary
298(1)
10.4 Introduction
298(1)
10.5 Methodology
299(1)
10.6 Results
300(2)
10.6.1 Sightings
301(1)
10.6.2 Delays or shut-downs
301(1)
10.6.3 Weather
301(1)
10.7 Discussion and Conclusion
302(1)
10.8 Recommendations
302(1)
10.9 Acknowledgements, References and Data Submission
302(1)
Glossary of Terms 303(23)
References 326(45)
Index 371
Dr Victoria Todd is a founding Managing Director and Marine Science Consultant at Ocean Science Consulting (OSC), and is a Visiting Scientist at Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR, Southampton University, UK). She undertook a post doc in commercial aquaculture at Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS, UK), planning and directing a comprehensive series of acoustic trials on seal scarers. She holds degrees in the ecology and acoustics of bats (PhD, Leeds University, UK), Oceanography (MSc, scholarship-funded by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI, US, and National Oceanography Centre, UK), and Marine Biology (BSc Hons, Liverpool University, UK). Dr Todd is also a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London. She is experienced in Galįpagos fish taxonomy, marine mammal acoustics and marine mammal visual and acoustic surveys worldwide for scientific, commercial and defence contracts. Research interests include bioacoustics, the North Sea rigs-to-reefs concept, harbour porpoise foraging ecology around offshore oil and gas installations, and the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine life, all of which are core research topics at OSC. Dr Todds current scientific duties include training, survey design and project management, fieldwork, data analysis, reports, literature reviews, advice documents, Marine Mammal Mitigation Plans or Protocols (MMMPs), and publishing. As the Chief Scientist, she also coordinates most research.





Ian Todd is a founding Managing Director and Marine Science Consultant at OSC, and is undertaking part-time postgraduate research in harbour porpoise (and other marine mammal) interactions with offshore installations and the environment at ISVR (PhD, Southampton University, UK). He holds degrees in Marine Resource, Development & Protection (NERC-funded MSc scholarship, Heriot-Watt University, UK) and Business & Economics (BCom with Honours, Edinburgh University, UK), various diplomas including Marine Engineering (HND, Glasgow College of Nautical Studies, UK), and a Marine Engineering Officer Certificate of Dual Competency (Class IV Steam and Motor Plants, Maritime & Coastguard Agency, UK). As a former Third Engineer Officer (including Health and Safety Officer) in the Merchant Navy, Mr Todd served deep-sea and worldwide with P&O Nedlloyd, then the worlds largest container-shipping company. He organises and supervises visual and acoustic surveys of marine mammals worldwide for scientific, commercial and defence contracts. Mr Todds research interests are as per OSCs core research topics, but include distance sampling, and his current scientific duties are similar to Dr Victoria Todd, but include recruitment, procurement, logistics, finance, brand development, environmental risk assessments, and Health & Safety (H&S).





Erica Morrin is a Marine Science Consultant at OSC. She holds degrees in Marine Mammal Science (MRes, University of St Andrews, UK) and Biology (BSc with Honours, Queens University, Canada). Ms Morrin is involved with commercial consultancy, and has served Lead (field position) for visual and acoustic surveys of marine mammals worldwide for scientific and commercial contracts. Ms Morrins research interests are as per OSCs core research topics and her current scientific duties are similar to Ms Gardiner, but include data analysis, and personnel supervision.





Jane Gardiner is a Research Assistant at OSC. She holds degrees in Applied Marine Science (MSc) and Marine Biology (BSc with Honours), both from University of Plymouth. Ms Gardiner is involved with peer-reviewed research publications, and has served Lead (field position) for visual and acoustic surveys of marine mammals worldwide for scientific and commercial contracts. Ms Gardiners research interests are as per OSCs core research topics and her current scientific duties include fieldwork, literature reviews, social media, and H&S.