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Chapter 1 Microbes in the Marine Environment |
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1 | (28) |
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Origins And Scope Of Marine Microbiology |
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2 | (4) |
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Marine microbiology has developed into one of the most important areas of modern science |
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2 | (1) |
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Microbes include microscopic cellular organisms and non-cellular viruses |
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2 | (1) |
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Marine microorganisms are found in all three domains of cellular life |
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3 | (1) |
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Horizontal gene transfer confounds our understanding of evolution |
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4 | (1) |
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Viruses are non-cellular entities with great importance in marine ecosystems |
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4 | (1) |
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Microbial processes shape the living world |
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5 | (1) |
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Marine microbes show great variation in size |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (8) |
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The world's oceans and seas form an interconnected water system |
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6 | (2) |
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The upper surface of the ocean is in constant motion owing to winds |
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8 | (1) |
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Deep-water circulation systems transport water between the ocean basins |
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8 | (1) |
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Light and temperature have important effects on microbial processes |
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9 | (1) |
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Microbes occur in all the varied habitats found in the oceans |
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10 | (1) |
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Seawater is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds, colloids, and gels |
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10 | (4) |
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The sea surface is covered by a gelatinous biofilm |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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Microbes play a major role in marine sediments |
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14 | (2) |
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Deep marine sediments contain a vast reservoir of ancient microbes |
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16 | (1) |
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Microbes colonize surfaces through formation of biofilms and mats |
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16 | (3) |
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Some Examples Of Special Habitats--The Deep Sea, Polar Oceans, Coral Reefs, And Living Organisms |
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19 | (10) |
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Microbial activity at hydrothermal vents fuels an oasis of life in the deep sea |
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19 | (2) |
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Cold seeps also support diverse life based on chemosynthesis |
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21 | (1) |
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Microbes inhabit the interface of brine pools in the deep sea |
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21 | (1) |
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Microbes in sea ice form an important part of the food web in polar regions |
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22 | (3) |
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Microbial activity underpins productive food webs in coral reefs |
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25 | (1) |
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Living organisms are the habitats of many microbes |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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References and further reading |
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26 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Methods in Marine Microbiology |
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29 | (36) |
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30 | (2) |
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Sampling the marine environment requires special techniques |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (6) |
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Light and electron microscopy are used to study morphology and structure of microbes |
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32 | (1) |
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Epifluorescence light microscopy enables enumeration of marine microbes |
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33 | (2) |
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Confocal laser scanning microscopy enables recognition of living microbes within their habitat |
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35 | (1) |
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Flow cytometry measures the number and size of particles |
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35 | (1) |
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Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allows visualization and quantification of specific microbes |
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36 | (2) |
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Cultivation Of Microorganisms |
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38 | (4) |
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Different microorganisms require specific culture media and conditions for growth |
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38 | (2) |
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Enrichment culture selects for microbes with specific growth requirements |
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40 | (1) |
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Phenotypic testing is used for characterization of many cultured bacteria |
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40 | (2) |
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Analysis of microbial cell components can be used for bacterial classification and identification |
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42 | (1) |
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Methods Based On Dna And Rna Analysis |
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42 | (15) |
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Nucleic acid-based methods have transformed understanding of marine microbial diversity and ecology |
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42 | (1) |
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Amplification and sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes is widely used in microbial systematics and diversity studies |
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42 | (3) |
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Isolation of genomic DNA or RNA is the first step in all nucleic acid-based investigations |
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45 | (1) |
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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) forms the basis of many techniques |
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45 | (2) |
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Genomic fingerprinting can be used to assess diversity of cultured isolates |
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47 | (1) |
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Determination of DNA properties is used in bacterial and archaeal taxonomy |
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48 | (1) |
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DNA sequence data are used for identification and phylogenetic analysis |
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48 | (1) |
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DGGE and TRFLP can be used to assess composition of microbial communities |
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49 | (1) |
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Advances in DNA sequencing enable improved microbial community analysis |
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50 | (2) |
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Elucidating the full genome sequence of microbes provides insights into their functional roles |
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52 | (1) |
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Metabarcoding and metagenomics have led to major advances in microbial community analysis |
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53 | (2) |
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Omics technologies provide information about the functional gene composition of a microbial community |
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55 | (1) |
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Genomes can now be obtained from single cells in environmental samples |
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56 | (1) |
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In Situ Activity Of Microbial Communities |
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57 | (8) |
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Microelectrodes and biosensors measure microbial processes at the microhabitat scale |
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57 | (1) |
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Radioisotopes can be used to detect metabolic activity in a community |
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57 | (1) |
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Stable-isotope probing (SIP) tracks fluxes of nutrients in communities |
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58 | (1) |
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NanoSIMS allows metabolic transfers to be measured at subcellular levels |
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58 | (1) |
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Microarrays enable assessment of gene activity in the environment |
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59 | (1) |
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Metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics reveal microbial activities in the environment |
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59 | (1) |
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Microfluidics enables study of microscale processes |
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60 | (1) |
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Mesocosm experiments attempt to simulate natural conditions |
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60 | (1) |
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Remote sensing permits global analysis of microbial activities |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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References and further reading |
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62 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Metabolic Diversity and Ecophysiology |
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65 | (48) |
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A Brief Overview Of Cell Structure And Function |
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66 | (7) |
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Bacteria and archaea show a variety of cell forms and structural features |
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66 | (1) |
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The cytoplasmic membrane controls cell processes via transport of ions and molecules |
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66 | (1) |
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Cells may contain organelles, microcompartments, and inclusion bodies |
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67 | (1) |
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The nature of the cell envelope has a major effect on physiology |
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68 | (1) |
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Genome size and organization determines bacterial and archaeal lifestyles |
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69 | (4) |
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Microbes use a variety of mechanisms to regulate cellular activities |
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73 | (1) |
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Sources Of Energy And Carbon |
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73 | (1) |
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Microbes obtain energy from light or oxidation of compounds |
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73 | (1) |
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Microbes differ in their source of carbon to make cellular material |
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74 | (1) |
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Phototrophyand Chemotrophy |
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74 | (9) |
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Phototrophy involves conversion of light energy to chemical energy |
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74 | (2) |
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Oxygenic photosynthesis involves two distinct but coupled photosystems |
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76 | (1) |
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Anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis uses only one type of reaction center |
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76 | (1) |
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Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy is widespread in planktonic bacteria |
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77 | (1) |
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Some phototrophs use rhodopsins as light-harvesting pigments |
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77 | (2) |
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Chemolithotrophs use inorganic electron donors as a source of energy and reducing power |
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79 | (1) |
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Many bacteria oxidize sulfur compounds |
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80 | (1) |
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Many chemolithotrophs use hydrogen as an electron donor |
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81 | (1) |
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Bacterial and archaeal nitrification is a major process in the marine nitrogen cycle |
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81 | (1) |
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Ammonia can also support anaerobic chemolithoautotrophy |
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82 | (1) |
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Carbon And Nitrogen Fixation |
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83 | (2) |
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The Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle is the main method of carbon fixation in autotrophs |
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83 | (1) |
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Some Archaea and Bacteria use alternative pathways to fix Co2 |
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83 | (1) |
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Fixation of nitrogen makes this essential element available for building cellular material in all life |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Many marine microbes obtain energy by the fermentation of organic compounds |
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85 | (1) |
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Anaerobic respiration has major importance in marine processes |
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86 | (1) |
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Nitrate reduction and denitrification release nitrogen and other gases |
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86 | (1) |
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Sulfate reduction is a major process in marine sediments |
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86 | (1) |
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Microbial Production And Oxidation Of Methane |
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87 | (3) |
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Methanogenesis is unique to the Archaea |
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87 | (1) |
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Methane is produced in the surface ocean by bacterial cleavage of phosphonates |
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88 | (1) |
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Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in sediments is coupled to sulfate reduction |
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88 | (2) |
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Many marine microbes oxidize methane and other C, compounds |
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90 | (1) |
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Nutrient Acquisition And Microbial Growth |
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90 | (15) |
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Microbial metabolism depends on nutrient uptake |
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90 | (2) |
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Acquisition of iron is a major challenge for marine microbes |
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92 | (1) |
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Marine bacterioplankton use two trophic strategies |
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92 | (1) |
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Growth rate and turnover of organic material depend on nutrient concentrations |
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93 | (1) |
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Copiotrophic marine bacteria may show rapid growth in culture |
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93 | (1) |
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Bacteria adapt to starvation by coordinated changes to cell metabolism |
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94 | (1) |
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Some bacteria enter a "viable but nonculturable" state in the environment |
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95 | (1) |
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Many bacteria use motility to search for nutrients and optimal conditions |
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95 | (2) |
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Flagella also have a mechanosensory function |
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97 | (3) |
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Microbes also respond to light, magnetic fields, and other stimuli |
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100 | (1) |
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Gliding and twitching motility occur on surfaces |
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100 | (1) |
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Microbes colonize surfaces via formation of biofilms |
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101 | (1) |
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Pili are important for bacterial attachment to surfaces and genetic exchange |
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102 | (1) |
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Antagonistic interactions between microbes occur on particles or surfaces |
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102 | (1) |
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Quorum sensing is an intercellular communication system for regulation of gene expression |
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102 | (3) |
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Physical Effects On Microbial Growth And Survival |
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105 | (8) |
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Most marine microbes grow at low temperatures |
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105 | (1) |
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Microbes growing in hydrothermal systems are adapted to very high temperatures |
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105 | (1) |
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Microbes that inhabit the deep ocean must withstand a very high hydrostatic pressure |
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106 | (1) |
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Ultraviolet irradiation has lethal and mutagenic effects |
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107 | (1) |
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Bacterial bioluminescence may protect bacteria from ROS and UV damage |
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108 | (1) |
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Microbes use various mechanisms to prevent osmotic damage |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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References and further reading |
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109 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Diversity of Marine Bacteria |
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113 | (36) |
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Overview Of Bacterial Diversity |
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114 | (6) |
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Understanding of diversity has been revolutionized by phylogenetic and genomic techniques |
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114 | (1) |
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Bacterial systematics is in transition due to application of genomic methods |
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115 | (3) |
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OTUs and ASVs are used to represent diversity in community analyses |
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118 | (1) |
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Marine microbial communities show high alpha diversity |
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119 | (1) |
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A Tour Of The Bacterial Aquarium |
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120 | (29) |
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The Proteobacteria account for about half of all bacterial ocean diversity |
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121 | (1) |
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Members of the class Alphaproteobacteria are the most abundant marine bacteria |
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121 | (1) |
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The order Caulobacterales contains prosthecate bacteria |
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121 | (2) |
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Several alphaproteobacterial genera show magnetotaxis |
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123 | (1) |
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Magnetotaxis is also found in other classes and phyla |
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124 | (1) |
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The order Betaproteobacteriales includes many rare OTUs |
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124 | (1) |
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The Gammaproteobacteria is a very large and diverse class |
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124 | (2) |
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The Gammaproteobacteria includes many uncultivated species of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) |
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126 | (1) |
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The family Vibrionaceae includes many important pathogens and symbionts |
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127 | (1) |
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Members of the order Oceanospirillales break down complex organic compounds |
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127 | (1) |
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The family Thiotrichaceae includes some important SOB |
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128 | (1) |
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The proposed phylum Desulfobacterota contains anaerobic sulfate - or sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) |
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129 | (1) |
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The proposed phylum Epsilonbactereota contains major contributors to productivity at hydrothermal vents |
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129 | (3) |
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Myxobacteria have a complex life cycle |
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132 | (1) |
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The Bdellovibrionales contains predatory bacteria |
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132 | (1) |
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Members of the Zetaproteobacteria are microaerophilic iron-oxidizers |
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133 | (1) |
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Members of the Cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis |
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133 | (1) |
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A genome-based classification of the Cyanobacteria is under development |
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134 | (1) |
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Prochlorococcus is the most abundant photosynthetic organism |
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134 | (2) |
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Synechococcus spp. dominate the upper photic zone |
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136 | (1) |
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Some free-living and symbiotic cyanobacteria fix nitrogen |
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136 | (3) |
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Filamentous cyanobacteria are important in the formation of microbial mats |
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139 | (1) |
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Members of the Planctomycetes have atypical cell structure |
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139 | (1) |
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The phylum Bacteroidetes has a major role in nutrient cycling via degradation of polymers |
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140 | (1) |
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Members of the phylum Chloroflexi are widespread but poorly characterized |
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141 | (1) |
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The phyla Aquificae and Thermotogae are deeply branching primitive thermophiles |
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141 | (1) |
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The Firmicutes are a major branch of Gram-positive Bacteria |
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142 | (1) |
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Members of the Actinobacteria are a rich source of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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References and further reading |
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144 | (5) |
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149 | (16) |
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Several aspects of cell structure and function distinguish the Archaea and Bacteria |
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150 | (1) |
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New phylogenomic methods have led to recognition of multiple phyla of the Archaea |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (5) |
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Many members of the Euryarchaeota produce methane |
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151 | (2) |
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Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in sediments is carried out by syntrophic archaea |
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153 | (1) |
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The class Thermococci contains hyperthermophiles found at hydrothermal vents |
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154 | (1) |
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Archaeoglobus and Ferroglobus are hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducers and iron-oxidizers |
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155 | (1) |
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The Euryarchaeota contains extreme halophiles |
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155 | (1) |
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Uncultivated members of the Euryarchaeota are abundant in the plankton |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Members of the Crenarchaeota are thermophiles occurring in hydrothermal vents |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (4) |
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A single clade of ammonia-oxidizing archaea comprises 20% of the picoplankton |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (4) |
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Nanoarchaeum is an obligate parasite of another archaeon |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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References and further reading |
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162 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Marine Eukaryotic Microbes |
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165 | (30) |
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166 | (20) |
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Protists are a highly diverse collection of unicellular eukaryotic microbes |
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166 | (1) |
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Protists show enormous diversity and classification systems are regularly revised |
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167 | (1) |
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The - omics approaches have some limitations for understanding protist diversity |
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168 | (1) |
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Picoeukaryotes play a major role in ocean food webs |
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169 | (1) |
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Heterotrophic flagellated protists play a major role in grazing of other microbes |
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169 | (1) |
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Heterotrophic flagellated protists have different feeding mechanisms |
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170 | (2) |
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Many protists are mixotrophic |
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172 | (1) |
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The choanoflagellates have a unique morphology and feeding mechanism |
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172 | (1) |
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Dinoflagellates have several critical roles in marine systems |
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173 | (2) |
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Dinoflagellates and other protists undertake diel vertical migration |
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175 | (1) |
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Some dinoflagellates exhibit bioluminescence |
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176 | (1) |
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The ciliates are voracious grazers of other protists and bacteria |
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177 | (1) |
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The haptophytes (prymnesiophytes) are some of the most abundant components of ocean phytoplankton |
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178 | (3) |
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Diatoms are extremely diverse and abundant primary producers in the oceans |
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181 | (2) |
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Other stramenopiles may cause harmful blooms |
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183 | (1) |
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Thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids are active degraders of organic matter |
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183 | (1) |
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Photosynthetic prasinophytes are abundant members of the picoplankton |
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184 | (1) |
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Amoebozoa are important grazers of particle-associated bacteria |
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184 | (1) |
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Radiolarians and foraminifera have highly diverse morphologies with mineral shells |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (9) |
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The Fungi form a distinct monophyletic group on a branch within the Nucletmycea |
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186 | (1) |
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Fungi are increasingly recognized to be major components of the marine microbiome |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (3) |
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References and further reading |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (24) |
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Viruses are highly diverse non-cellular microbes |
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196 | (4) |
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Phages are viruses that infect bacterial and archaeal cells |
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200 | (1) |
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The life cycle of phages shows a number of distinct stages |
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201 | (1) |
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Lysogeny occurs when the phage genome is integrated into the host genome |
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201 | (4) |
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Loss of viral infectivity arises from damage to the nucleic acid or capsid |
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205 | (1) |
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Measurement of virus production rates is important for quantifying virus-induced mortality |
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205 | (1) |
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Viral mortality "lubricates" the biological pump |
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206 | (1) |
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Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) are important pathogens of microalgae and other protists |
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206 | (4) |
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Other giant viruses are abundant pathogens of heterotrophic protists |
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210 | (1) |
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RNA viruses also infect protists |
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211 | (1) |
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Viral mortality plays a major role in structuring diversity of microbial communities |
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212 | (2) |
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Marine viruses show enormous genetic diversity |
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214 | (1) |
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Viromes are creators of genetic diversity and exchange |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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References and further reading |
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215 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Microbes in Ocean Processes--Carbon Cycling |
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219 | (16) |
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Physical factors and biotic processes determine the fate of carbon in the oceans |
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221 | (1) |
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Marine phytoplankton are responsible for about half of the global primary production |
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222 | (2) |
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There are wide geographical and seasonal variations in primary production |
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224 | (2) |
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Dark ocean carbon fixation makes a major contribution to primary production |
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226 | (1) |
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Classic food chain and microbial loop processes occur in the epipelagic |
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226 | (1) |
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The microbial loop results in retention of dissolved nutrients |
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227 | (1) |
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The biological pump transports fixed carbon to the deep ocean and sediments |
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228 | (1) |
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Carbon export of primary production may change due to ocean warming and acidification |
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228 | (1) |
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Ingestion of bacteria by protists plays a key role in the microbial loop |
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229 | (1) |
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The viral shunt catalyzes nutrient regeneration in the upper ocean |
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230 | (1) |
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Microbial processes alter the composition of DOM |
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231 | (1) |
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Eutrophication of coastal waters stimulates microbial activity |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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References and further reading |
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233 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Microbes in Ocean Processes--Nitrogen, Sulfur, Iron, Phosphorus, and Silicon Cycling |
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235 | (24) |
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236 | (5) |
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Key elements act as limiting nutrients for phytoplankton |
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236 | (1) |
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Productivity of surface waters shows marked geographical variations |
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236 | (1) |
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Ocean microbes require iron |
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237 | (1) |
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Terrestrial runoff, dust, and volcanic ash are major sources of iron input |
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237 | (1) |
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Hydrothermal vents and glacial melting also supply iron to the oceans |
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238 | (3) |
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Whales and seabirds play a major role in supply of iron to phytoplankton |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (6) |
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There have been major shifts in our understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle |
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241 | (1) |
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Diazotrophs incorporate atmospheric nitrogen into organic material |
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241 | (2) |
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Fixed nitrogen is returned to the inorganic pool by ammonification and nitrification |
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243 | (1) |
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Assimilation of ammonium and nitrate fuels growth of phytoplankton and other microbes |
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244 | (1) |
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Nitrate reduction, denitrification, and anammox reactions return nitrogen to its elemental form and other gases |
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244 | (1) |
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Diverse microbial metabolic processes occur in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) |
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245 | (2) |
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Microbial processes in sediments are a major contributor to nitrogen cycling |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (5) |
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The oceans and sediments contain large quantities of sulfur compounds |
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247 | (1) |
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Metabolism of organic sulfur compounds is especially important in surface waters |
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248 | (1) |
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DMSP production leads to release of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) |
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248 | (4) |
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252 | (1) |
|
Phosphorus is often a limiting or co-limiting nutrient |
|
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252 | (1) |
|
Marine microbes are adapted to low and variable levels of phosphorus |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (6) |
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Silicification of diatoms is an economic process for construction of a cell wall |
|
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253 | (1) |
|
Diatom blooms depend on the availability of silica in the environment |
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254 | (1) |
|
Eutrophication alters the silicon balance in coastal zones |
|
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
|
References and further reading |
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
Chapter 10 Microbial Symbioses of Marine Animals |
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259 | (32) |
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Symbioses occur in many forms |
|
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260 | (1) |
|
Chemosynthetic bacterial endosymbionts of animals were discovered at hydrothermal vents |
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260 | (4) |
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A wide range of other chemosynthetic endosymbioses occurs in the deep sea |
|
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264 | (2) |
|
Chemosynthetic symbioses are also widespread in shallow-water sediments |
|
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266 | (3) |
|
Animals colonizing whale falls depend on autotrophic and heterotrophic symbionts |
|
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269 | (1) |
|
Sea squirts harbor photosynthetic bacteria |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Endosymbionts of bryozoans produce compounds that protect the host from predation |
|
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270 | (3) |
|
Sponges contain dense communities of specific microbes |
|
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273 | (2) |
|
Many marine invertebrates depend on photosynthetic endosymbionts |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Zooxanthellae (Symbiodiniaceae) show extensive genetic diversity and host specificity |
|
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275 | (1) |
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Many corals are dependent on zooxanthellae for nutrition |
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276 | (2) |
|
Coral bleaching occurs when the host-symbiont interactions are uncoupled |
|
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278 | (2) |
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The coral holobiont contains multiple microbial partners |
|
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280 | (1) |
|
Zooxanthellae boost the growth of giant clams |
|
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281 | (3) |
|
Some fish and invertebrates employ symbiotic bacteria to make light |
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284 | (2) |
|
The bobtail squid uses bacterial bioluminescence for camouflage |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
|
References and further reading |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
Chapter 11 Microbial Diseases of Marine Organisms |
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291 | (40) |
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Diseases of marine organisms have major ecological and economic impact |
|
|
292 | (1) |
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Diseases Of Corals, Sponges, And Echinoderms |
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292 | (12) |
|
Infectious diseases threaten the survival of corals |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Vibrios are associated with many coral diseases |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
The fungus Aspergillus sydowii caused mass mortality of sea fans in the Caribbean Sea |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Black band disease of corals is a disease of corals worldwide |
|
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295 | (3) |
|
White plague and white pox are major diseases affecting Caribbean reefs |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Protistan parasites may cause tissue necrosis and skeletal erosion |
|
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299 | (1) |
|
Viruses have a pivotal role in coral health |
|
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300 | (1) |
|
Sponge disease is a poorly investigated global phenomenon |
|
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301 | (2) |
|
Mass mortalities of echinoderms have caused major shifts in reef and coastal ecology |
|
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
|
Bacteria are a major cause of disease in molluscs |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Several protistan diseases affect culture of oysters and mussels |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Virus infections are a major problem in oyster culture |
|
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
|
Bacteria cause epizootics with high mortalities in crustaceans |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Expansion of crustacean aquaculture is threatened by viral diseases |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Parasitic dinoflagellates also cause disease in crustaceans |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
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|
309 | (11) |
|
Microbial diseases of fish cause major losses in aquaculture and natural populations |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Microbial infections of fish cause a variety of disease signs |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Fish-pathogenic bacteria possess a range of virulence mechanisms |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Vibrios are responsible for some of the main infections of marine fish |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
Pasteurellosis affects warm-water marine fish |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Aeromonas salmonicida has a broad geographic range affecting fish in fresh and marine waters |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Marine flexibacteriosis is caused by a weakly virulent opportunist pathogen |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Piscirickettsia and Francisella are intracellular proteobacteria infecting salmon and cod |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Intracellular Gram-positive bacteria cause chronic infections of fish |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Some Gram-positive cocci affect the central nervous system of fish |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Viruses cause numerous diseases of marine fish |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) is one of the most serious diseases in salmon culture |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) virus infects many species of wild fish |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Lymphocystis virus causes chronic skin infection of fish |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Birnaviruses appear to be widespread in marine fish and invertebrates |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is an emerging disease with major impact |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Protists cause disease in fish via infections, toxins, and direct physical effects |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
Dinoflagellate and diatom toxins affect marine mammals |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Virus disease cause mass mortalities in cetaceans and pinnipeds |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Viruses from nine different families have been linked to diseases of marine mammals |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Several species of bacteria and fungi infect marine mammals |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Sea turtles are affected by a virus promoting growth of tumors |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Diseases Of Seagrasses And Seaweeds |
|
|
324 | (7) |
|
Heterokont protists cause ecologically important mortality of seagrasses |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Bacteria, fungi, and viruses infect marine macroalgae |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
References and further reading |
|
|
326 | (5) |
|
Chapter 12 Marine Microbes as Agents of Human Disease |
|
|
331 | (24) |
|
|
|
332 | (9) |
|
Pathogenic vibrios are common in marine and estuarine environments |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous aquatic bacterium |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Complex regulatory networks control human colonization and virulence of V. cholerae |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Mobile genetic elements play a major role in the biology of Vibrio spp |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
Non-Ol and non-0139 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae are widely distributed in coastal and estuarine waters |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Vibrio vulnificus is a deadly opportunistic pathogen |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Pathogenicity of V. vulnificus is due to the interaction of multiple gene products |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Environmental factors affect the pathogenicity of V. vulnificus |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Microbes associated with fish and marine mammals can be transmitted to humans |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Diseases Caused By Marine Microbial Toxins |
|
|
341 | (14) |
|
Scombroid fish poisoning results from bacterial enzyme activity |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Botulism is a rare lethal intoxication from seafood |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Fugu poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin of bacterial origin |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
TTX is widespread amongst marine animals |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Some dinoflagellates and diatoms produce harmful toxins |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by saxitoxins produced by dinoflagellates |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
Brevetoxin causes illness via ingestion or inhalation during red tides |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Dinophysiotoxins and azaspiracid toxins from shellfish result in gastrointestinal symptoms |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Amnesic shellfish poisoning is caused by toxic diatoms |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Ciguatera fish poisoning has a major impact on the health of tropical islanders |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
Bacteria influence the production of HAB toxins |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Dinoflagellate and diatom toxins may be antipredator defense mechanisms |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Complex factors affect the incidence of HABs and toxin-associated diseases |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Coastal waters must be regularly monitored to assess the development of HABs |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
References and further reading |
|
|
352 | (3) |
|
Chapter 13 Microbial Aspects of Marine Biofouling, Biodeterioration, and Pollution |
|
|
355 | (32) |
|
Biofouling And Biodeterioration |
|
|
356 | (5) |
|
Microbial biofilms initiate the process of biofouling |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Microbes induce corrosion of metals, alloys, and composite materials |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Microbes cause biodeterioration of timber and marine wooden structures |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Microbial growth and metabolism cause spoilage of seafood products |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Processing, packaging, and inhibitors of spoilage are used to extend shelf-life |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Some seafood products are made by deliberate manipulation of microbial activities |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Marine Pollution By Sewage And Wastewater |
|
|
361 | (11) |
|
Coastal pollution by wastewater is a source of human disease |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Human viral pathogens occur in sewage-polluted seawater |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) are used to assess public health risks |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Coliforms and E. coli are unreliable FIOs for seawater monitoring |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Enterococci are more reliable FIOs for seawater monitoring |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Molecular-based methods permit quicker analysis of indicator organisms and microbial source tracking |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Various alternative indicator species have been investigated |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Countries have different quality standards for bathing waters |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
Shellfish from sewage-polluted waters can cause human infection |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Microbiological standards are used for classification of shellfish production areas |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Direct testing for pathogens in shellfish is possible with molecular methods |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Oil And Other Chemical Pollution |
|
|
372 | (15) |
|
Oil pollution of the marine environment is a major problem |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Microbes naturally degrade oil in the sea |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Physical and biological processes affect the fate of oil spills |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Bioremediation of oil spills may be enhanced by emulsifiers and nutrients |
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
Microbes can detoxify heavy metals from contaminated sediments |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Microbial systems can be used for ecotoxicological testing |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Microbial adsorption and metabolism affect accumulation of mercury |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Microbial cycling is important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Plastic pollution of the oceans is a major global problem |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
References and further reading |
|
|
382 | (5) |
|
Chapter 14 Marine Microbial Biotechnology |
|
|
387 | (22) |
|
Enzymes From Marine Microbes Have Many Applications |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
DNA polymerases from hydrothermal vent organisms are widely used in molecular biology |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Metagenomics and bioinformatics lead to new biotechnological developments |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Polymers from marine bacteria have many applications |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Microalgae can produce biofuels and edible oils |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
Marine microbes are a rich source of biomedical producls |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Many bioactive compounds from marine invertebrates are produced by microbes |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
With so much potential from the sea, why are there so few new drugs? |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Study of complex microbial communities may lead to new antibiotics |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Marine microbes provide various health-promoting products |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Marine microbes have applications in biomimetics, nanotechnology, and bioelectronics |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Microbial biotechnology has many applications in aquaculture |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobial agents are widely used in aquaculture |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major problem in aquaculture |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Vaccination of finfish is widely used in aquaculture |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce vaccines for diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Live attenuated vaccines are effective but not widely used |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
DNA vaccination depends on fish cells expressing a protective antigen |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Probiotics, prebiotics, and immunostimulants are widely used in aquaculture |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
References and further reading |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
Chapter 15 Concluding Remarks |
|
|
409 | (2) |
| Index |
|
411 | |
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