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Maritime Pollution Liability and Policy: China, Europe and the US [Hardback]

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  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Sep-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Kluwer Law International
  • ISBN-10: 9041128697
  • ISBN-13: 9789041128690
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Maritime Pollution Liability and Policy: China, Europe and the USPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 496 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 24-Sep-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Kluwer Law International
  • ISBN-10: 9041128697
  • ISBN-13: 9789041128690
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9789041128690.html
Keywords:
Dalian Maritime University in China celebrated its 100th anniversary in June 2009, and the occasion was marked with a conference organized jointly with the Maastrich European Institute for Transnational Legal Research. A previous conference in 2004 resulted in a book that focused mainly on issues of civil liability and compensation in connection with marine pollution. The present volume focuses on prevention and compensation, with considerable attention to the Bunker Convention (recently put into force), the topic of criminal law, and, in particular, developments in the United States and China, which are illustrated with case studies. The approach is legal multi-disciplinary, that is, discussion encompasses maritime, environmental, liability, insurance, and criminal law. It's also comparative and considers implementation of international conventions in China, Europe, and the US. The three editors are affiliated as follows: Michael Faure (Maastrich U. and Erasmus U. Rotterdam, the Netherlands); and Han Lixin and Shan Hongjun (Dalian Maritime U. China). The volume is distributed in North America by Aspen Publishers, Inc. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
List of Contributors
v
Summary of Contents vii
List of Abbreviations
xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(10)
Michael Faure
Han Lixin
Shan Hongjun
1 Origin of this Book
1(1)
2 Defining the Problem
2(3)
2.1 Social Relevance
2(1)
2.2 Legal Relevance
3(1)
2.3 Comparative Research
3(1)
2.4 Recent Evolutions
4(1)
3 Methodology
5(2)
3.1 Focus
5(1)
3.2 Legal Multidisciplinary
5(1)
3.3 The Comparative Approach
6(1)
3.4 Empirical Research
7(1)
4 Topics
7(1)
4.1 Implementation of Conventions in Europe and China
7(1)
4.2 Critical Analysis of the Current Structures
7(1)
4.3 Alternative Routes of Compensation
8(1)
4.4 Prevention and Enforcement
8(1)
5 Framework of the Project
8(1)
6 Structure of the Presentation
9(1)
7 Contributors
9(1)
8 Acknowledgements
10(1)
References
10(1)
Part I General Issues in Prevention and Compensation of Marine Pollution Damage
11(110)
Chapter 2 Prevention and Compensation for Marine Pollution
13(28)
Wang Hui
1 Introduction
13(2)
2 Legal History
15(3)
3 Prevention
18(10)
3.1 General Overview of MARPOL
18(1)
3.2 Oil
19(1)
3.2.1 Discharge Standards in MARPOL Annex I
19(1)
3.2.2 Construction, Design and Equipment Standards
20(3)
3.3 Hazardous and Noxious Substances
23(1)
3.3.1 Definition of HNS
23(1)
3.3.2 Annex II
24(1)
3.3.2 Annex III
25(1)
3.4 Fuel
25(1)
3.5 Comparative Analysis
26(2)
4 Civil Liability
28(7)
4.1 Oil
28(1)
4.2 HNS Convention
29(2)
4.3 Bunker Convention
31(3)
4.4 Comparative Analysis
34(1)
5 A Critical Analysis
35(4)
5.1 Regulation versus Civil Liability
35(1)
5.2 Regulation
35(2)
5.3 Civil Liability
37(1)
5.4 Empirics
38(1)
6 Concluding Remarks
39(2)
References
40(1)
Chapter 3 Marine Pollution and the Right of Entry in Maritime Ports for Ships in Distress
41(14)
Eddy Somers
1 Introduction
41(1)
2 Maritime Port Concept
42(1)
3 The Right of Access
42(1)
4 A Right of Access to Maritime Ports is Generally Based on Conventional Agreement (or National Legislation or Regulations)
43(1)
5 Right of Access for Ships in Distress
44(5)
5.1 Multilateral Treaties
44(2)
5.2 Customary International Law
46(2)
5.3 No General Right of Access
48(1)
6 Distress, Force Majeure and Immunity
49(1)
7 Conclusion
50(5)
References
51(4)
Chapter 4 Lost Ecosystem Goods and Services as a Measure of Marine Damages
55(20)
James Boyd
1 Introduction
55(2)
2 Liability for Damages to Public Trust Natural Resources
57(2)
3 Current Damage Assessment Practices
59(1)
4 Ecosystem Services Assessment
60(12)
4.1 Ecological Endpoints
62(2)
4.2 Causality and Biophysical Production Functions
64(3)
4.3 From Physical to Economic Damages
67(3)
4.4 Economic Damage Indicators
70(2)
5 Conclusion
72(3)
References
73(2)
Chapter 5 Liability and Compensation for Environmental Damage Caused by Ship-Source Oil Pollution: Actionability of Claims
75(22)
Proshanto K. Mukherjee
1 Introduction
75(2)
2 Environmental Damage under the Convention Regime
77(4)
3 Locus Standi
81(12)
3.1 Property Rights or Proprietary Interest
82(2)
3.2 Public Trust Doctrine
84(1)
3.2.1 Principles of Trust Law
84(1)
3.2.2 Ancient Origins of the Doctrine
84(1)
3.2.3 Roots of the Doctrine in English Law
85(1)
3.2.4 Application of Public Trust Doctrine in Various States
86(1)
3.2.5 Application of the Public Trust Doctrine in the United States
87(1)
3.3 Parens Patriae
88(1)
3.4 Statutes and Case Law on Public Trust and Parens Patriae
89(3)
3.5 Locus Standi of Private Entities
92(1)
4 Summary and Conclusion
93(4)
References
94(3)
Chapter 6 Funds' Admissibility Criteria for Pure Economic Loss Claims versus British Judicial Stand: Complementary or Contradictory?
97(14)
Baris Soyer
1 Introduction
97(2)
2 Funds' Approach to Pure Economic Loss
99(3)
3 British Courts' Approach to Pure Economic Loss
102(3)
4 Relationship between the Funds' Admissibility Criteria and the Stand taken by British Courts
105(3)
5 Conclusion
108(3)
Chapter 7 Is the Polluter Pays Principle Really Fundamental? An Economic Explanation of the Relative Unimportance of Environmental Liability and Taxes in US Environmental Law
111(10)
Jason Scott Johnston
1 The Polluter Pays Principle and the Paradoxical Insignificance of Environmental Taxes and Liability
111(2)
2 Environmental Taxes and Liability in the United States
113(2)
3 Limits to Implementing the Polluter Pays Principle with Effluent Taxes and Ex Post Liability: Economic Lessons from the American Experience
115(3)
3.1 Environmental Taxes
115(1)
3.2 Ex Post Environmental Liability
116(2)
4 Conclusion
118(3)
References
119(2)
Part II The Bunker Convention
121(38)
Chapter 8 The Era after the Bunker Convention: Is the Gap in China's Regime for Compensating Victims of Vessel-Source Oil Spills Filled?
123(22)
Shan Hongjun
1 Preface
123(1)
2 General Situation of China's Regime before the Bunker Convention
124(10)
2.1 Pollution Damages Governed by CLC 92
126(1)
2.2 Pollution Damages Governed by Domestic Laws
127(4)
2.3 The Gap in the Chinese Regime before the Bunker Convention
131(1)
2.3.1 CLC 92 Oil Pollution Situation
131(1)
2.3.2 Non-CLC 92 Oil Pollution Situation
131(1)
2.3.2.1 No Domestic Compensation Fund
131(1)
2.3.2.2 No Compulsory Insurance Rule
131(1)
2.3.2.3 No Freestanding Liability Limitation Rule
131(1)
2.3.2.4 Unlimited Liability for Oil Pollution Caused by Seagoing Ships of Less Than 20 Tonnes Gross Tonnage
132(2)
2.3.2.5 Unlimited Liability for Oil Pollution Caused by Inland-Water Ships
134(1)
3 The Gaps in the International Regime Filled by Bunker Convention
134(1)
4 Situation of the Chinese Regime after the Bunker Convention
135(5)
4.1 Spills of CLC 92 Oil from CLC 92 Ships
136(1)
4.2 Spills of Bunker Oil from Non-CLC 92 Ships
136(1)
4.3 Spills of Persistent Oil as Cargo from Non-CLC 92 Ships (Coastwise Ships)
136(1)
4.4 Spills of Non-CLC 92 Oil from CLC 92 Ships
137(1)
4.5 Oil Spills from Ships of Less than 20 Tonnes Gross Tonnage
137(1)
4.6 Oil Spills from Inland-Water Ships (Cargo/Bunker)
138(2)
5 The Gap to Be Filled by the Vessel Pollution Prevention Regulations and the China Fund Regulations
140(2)
5.1 Liability Limitation Rule for Non-CLC 92 Pollution Damages and Non-Bunker Pollution Damages Will Be Established
140(1)
5.2 Compulsory Insurance Rule for Non-CLC 92 Vessels Except Those of Less Than 1,000 Tonnes Gross Tonnage and Carrying Non-Oil Cargo Will Be Established
140(2)
5.3 A COPC Fund Will Be Established
142(1)
6 Conclusion
142(3)
Reference
143(2)
Chapter 9 Discussion on Limitation of Liability and Compulsory Insurance of Compensation for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage from Ships in China
145(14)
Han Lixin
Wang Dapeng
1 Introduction
145(2)
2 Shipowners' Limitation of Liability Stated in Domestic Laws
147(6)
2.1 When CLC 1992 Will Apply
147(1)
2.1.1 Ships under the Scope of the Conventions
148(1)
2.1.2 Oil under the Scope of the Conventions
149(1)
2.2 The Application of Domestic Law: CMC and the Provisions Promulgated by Ministry of Transport of the PRC
150(1)
2.3 The Amount of the Limitation of Liability in Domestic Laws
151(1)
2.3.1 Relevant Provisions in
Chapter 11 of the CMC
151(1)
2.3.2 The Provisions Promulgated by the Pre-Ministry of Communication
151(2)
3 The Limitation Regulated in the 1976 LLMC and its Protocols
153(2)
3.1 Ships under the Scope of the Convention
153(1)
3.2 The Amount for Limitation of Liability
153(2)
4 The Establishment of a Limitation Fund for Compensation for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage
155(1)
5 Compulsory Insurance or Financial Security
156(2)
5.1 Ships Applied
156(1)
5.2 The Amount of Compulsory Insurance or Financial Security
157(1)
5.3 The Name List of the Insurers
157(1)
6 Conclusion
158(1)
Reference
158(1)
Part III Criminal Law
159(102)
Chapter 10 Criminal Liability for Oil Pollution Damage: An Economic Analysis
161(32)
Michael Faure
1 Introduction
161(2)
2 Why Criminal Law for Oil Pollution Damage?
163(8)
2.1 Arguments in Favour of Public Enforcement
163(1)
2.2 Low Probability of Detection
164(2)
2.3 Administrative or Criminal Law?
166(2)
2.4 Alternatives?
168(1)
2.5 Criminal Law for Marine Pollution?
169(2)
3 Optimal Sanctions for Marine Pollution
171(4)
3.1 Fines or Imprisonment?
171(1)
3.2 Determining the Optimal Sanction
172(1)
3.3 Non-Monetary Sanctions
173(1)
3.3.1 Imprisonment or Restoration?
173(1)
3.3.2 Publicity
174(1)
3.3.3 Forfeiture of Illegal Gains
174(1)
3.3.4 Confiscation
175(1)
4 Corporate Criminal Liability for Oil Pollution?
175(3)
4.1 The Economic Case for Corporate Criminal Liability
175(2)
4.2 ...and on Individuals?
177(1)
4.3 Limits of Corporate Criminal Liability
177(1)
5 Criminal Liability for Oil Pollution Damage: Legal Practice
178(9)
5.1 Insurance of Fines
178(2)
5.2 Ship Source Pollution in the EU
180(3)
5.3 Erika
183(2)
5.4 Empirical Evidence
185(2)
6 Conclusion
187(6)
References
188(5)
Chapter 11 Criminal Liability and Vessel-Source Pollution in the European Union and the United States: Inspiration for the Prevention of Vessel-Source Pollution in China?
193(22)
Liu Nengye
Frank Maes
1 Introduction
193(3)
2 Practice of the European Union
196(8)
2.1 Background
196(2)
2.2 Relevant Cases
198(1)
2.2.1 Operational Discharges
198(1)
2.2.2 Accidental Discharges
199(1)
2.3 The European Court of Justice Case C-308/06 Concerning the Validity of EU Directive 2005/35/EC on Ship Source Pollution
200(3)
2.4 Conclusions
203(1)
3 Practice of the United States
204(4)
3.1 Background
204(1)
3.2 Domestic Legal Regime
204(2)
3.3 Relevant Cases
206(1)
3.3.1 Operational Discharges
206(1)
3.3.2 Accidental Discharges
207(1)
3.4 Conclusions
208(1)
4 What about China?
208(4)
4.1 Background
208(1)
4.2 Domestic Legal Regime
209(2)
4.3 Challenges
211(1)
5 Conclusion
212(3)
References
213(2)
Chapter 12 Criminal Liability of Master and Crew in Oil Pollution Cases: A Possible Conflict between the Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS), MARPOL and the European Directive 2005/35/EC
215(16)
Marc A. Huybrechts
1 Introduction
215(1)
2 General Features of Civil Liabilty in Oil Pollution Cases
216(2)
3 Some of the Special Features of the MARPOL Treaties 73/78
218(1)
4 Ratifications of MARPOL 73/78
218(1)
5 The Introduction of the EU Dirctive 2005/35
219(1)
6 But Where is the Conflict between UNCLOS/MARPOL and the EU Directive 2005/35?
220(2)
7 Possible Violations with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982
222(1)
8 The Attack on the European Directive 2005
222(1)
9 The Decision of the European Court on the Legality of European Directive 2005/35 - Case C-308/06 - Grand Chamber of 30 June 2009
223(1)
10 How did the Court Come to These Conclusions?
223(1)
11 The Compatibility of the Directive with UNCLOS 1982
224(1)
12 The Requirement of Legal Certainty
225(1)
13 The Consequences of This Decision
226(1)
14 The IMO Guidelines on the Fair Treatment of Seafarers
227(1)
15 The French Erika Decision
227(1)
16 Let us have a Look at the French Criminal Code
228(1)
17 An Actual Assessment with Reference to the Treatment of Seafarers
229(1)
18 Conclusion
229(2)
References
230(1)
Chapter 13 Criminal Liabilities for Ship-Source Pollution Based on the Laws of China
231(16)
Jiang Yuechuan
1 Preface
231(2)
2 What Kind of Ship-Source Pollution Accidents Will Involve Criminal Liabilities under the Present PRC Legislation?
233(7)
2.1 Legal Basis for Investigations into Criminal Liabilities for Ship-Source Pollution Accidents under the Present Laws of the PRC
233(6)
2.2 Conditions for Investigations into Ship-Source Pollution Accidents for Criminal Liabilities
239(1)
2.2.1 The Ship-Source Pollution Accident Causes Serious Consequences of Marine Environmental Pollution
239(1)
2.2.2 The Ship-Source Pollution Accident or the Pollution Consequence is Caused by a Violation of the Law Committed by the Actor
239(1)
2.3 Examples of Ship-Source Pollution Accidents That May Be Investigated for Criminal Liabilities
240(1)
3 What Kind of Person Will Be Investigated for Criminal Liabilities as a Result of Ship-Source Pollution Accidents under the Laws of the PRC?
240(3)
3.1 Masters and Mariners
240(1)
3.2 Shipowners
241(1)
3.3 Ashore Executive Personnel of Shipowners
241(1)
3.4 Functionaries of State Organs Responsible for Environmental Supervision and Control
242(1)
3.5 Inspectors of Classification Society and Other Vessel Inspection Agencies
242(1)
4 Criterion of Liability for Criminal Liabilities in Ship-Source Pollution Accident
243(4)
Reference
246(1)
Chapter 14 Civil and Criminal Liabilities Concerning Marine Pollution in Hong Kong
247(14)
Li Lianjun
Qin Mu
1 Introduction
247(2)
1.1 Ship-Source Marine Pollution
247(2)
1.2 Relevant Legislations in Hong Kong
249(1)
2 Marine Pollution Legislations of Hong Kong
249(6)
2.1 Shipowners' Strict Liability
249(1)
2.1.1 Provisions Regarding Strict Liability under the CLC 1992
250(1)
2.1.2 Hong Kong Legislation
251(1)
2.2 Limitation of Liability and Cover by the IOPC Fund
251(1)
2.2.1 Provisions Regarding Limitation of Liability in the CLC 1992
252(1)
2.2.2 Local Legislation Regarding Limitation of Liability in Hong Kong
253(1)
2.2.3 Limitation Actions in Hong Kong
253(1)
2.2.4 IOPC Fund 1992 Coverage of the Liability of Shipowners
254(1)
2.2.5 Local Legislation Regarding IOPC Fund 1992 in Hong Kong
255(1)
2.3 Summary
255(1)
3 Criminal Liability
255(4)
3.1 The Regime under MARPOL73/78
256(1)
3.2 Local Legislation Regarding Criminal Liability in Hong Kong
257(2)
4 Conclusion
259(2)
References
260(1)
Part IV United States
261(60)
Chapter 15 A Comparison of the Recovery of Compensation for Injury to Natural Resources under the 92 CLC and Fund Conventions with the US Oil Pollution Act of 1990
263(22)
Robert Force
1 Introduction
263(1)
2 Overview of Major Differences Relating to Compensation
264(3)
3 The Approach under the Conventions
267(5)
4 The Approach in the United States
272(2)
5 The Statutes: OPA 90
274(2)
6 Regulations and Judicial Decisions
276(2)
7 Loss of Services Pending Restoration and the Concept of `Compensatory Restoration'
278(3)
7.1 Loss of use
278(1)
7.2 Compensatory Restoration
278(3)
8 The Future
281(1)
9 Conclusion
282(3)
References
283(2)
Chapter 16 National Interests Influence in Compensation for Damages Resulting from Oil Pollution: The Experience of the United States and its Reference to China
285(14)
Li Tiansheng
Han Lixin
1 Introduction
285(1)
2 The US Development of Compensation for Pure Economic Loss Resulting from Oil Pollution and its Reference to China
286(6)
2.1 The US Development of Compensation for Pure Economic Loss Resulting from Oil Pollution
286(2)
2.2 Lessons from the US Development Concerning the Compensation for Pure Economic Loss Resulting from Oil Pollution for China
288(4)
3 The US Practice in Compulsory Insurance and Fund for Damage Resulting from Oil Pollution and its Reference to China
292(5)
3.1 The US Practice in Compulsory Insurance and Fund for Damage Resulting from Oil Pollution
292(1)
3.1.1 The US Practice in Compulsory Insurance for Damage Resulting from Oil Pollution
292(2)
3.1.2 The US Practice in Establishing a Fund for Damage Resulting from Oil Pollution
294(1)
3.2 Lessons from the US Practice Concerning Compulsory Insurance and the Fund for Damage Resulting from Oil Pollution for China
295(1)
3.2.1 The Regime of Compulsory Insurance in China and Ways to Improve it
295(1)
3.2.2 Establishing a Fund for Oil Pollution in China
296(1)
4 Conclusion
297(2)
References
297(2)
Chapter 17 Study on Ocean Pollution Damage Legislation between the United States and China: A Comparative Perspective
299(22)
Guo Ping
1 Introduction
299(1)
2 The Legislation of the United States on Marine Pollution Damage
300(3)
3 The Main Provisions of American Legislation on Liability for Marine Pollution
303(6)
3.1 Scope of Application
303(1)
3.1.1 Section 1321(b)(3) of the CWA
303(1)
3.1.2 Section 2702 of OPA 1990
304(1)
3.1.3 Section 9601(8) of CERCLA
304(1)
3.2 Scope of Claims for Marine Pollution Damages
304(1)
3.3 Persons Liable for Marine Pollution Damage
305(1)
3.4 Defences for Marine Pollution Liability
306(1)
3.5 Limitation of Liability for Marine Pollution
307(2)
4 The Legislation of China on Marine Pollution and Damage
309(2)
5 The Main Provisions of Chinese Legislation on Liability for Marine Pollution
311(6)
5.1 China Maritime Code
311(1)
5.2 MEPL
311(1)
5.3 Vessel Pollution Prevention Regulation
312(2)
5.4 Ship-Breaking Pollution Prevention Regulation
314(1)
5.5 Offshore Oil Exploration and Exploitation Regulation
314(1)
5.6 Dumping Regulation
315(1)
5.7 Land-Based Pollution Regulation
316(1)
5.8 Coastal Construction Pollution Regulation and Ocean Construction Pollution Regulation
316(1)
6 Comments on the Characteristics of American Laws and Chinese Laws
317(2)
6.1 Characteristics of US Law
317(1)
6.2 Characteristics of Chinese Laws, Regulations and Rules
318(1)
7 Conclusion
319(2)
References
320(1)
Part V China
321(76)
Chapter 18 China and International Protection of Marine Environment
323(24)
Song Ying
1 Introduction
323(1)
2 Overview of the International Law for the Protection of the Marine Environment
324(5)
2.1 Historical Evolution
324(1)
2.2 Treaty Regime
325(1)
2.2.1 Ocean Dumping
326(1)
2.2.2 Vessel-Based Pollution
326(1)
2.2.3 Land-Based Pollution
327(1)
2.2.4 Intervention in Accidents or Emergency of Oil Pollution
327(1)
2.2.5 Liability and Compensation for Pollution Damages
327(1)
2.2.6 Conservation of Marine Living Resources
328(1)
2.3 Competent Institutions
328(1)
3 China: Challenges and Legal Responses
329(11)
3.1 Challenges of the Costal and Marine Environment
329(1)
3.1.1 Polluted Marine Areas
329(1)
3.1.2 Eutrophication
330(1)
3.1.3 Oil Spills
330(1)
3.1.4 Habitats Destruction
331(1)
3.1.5 Overfishing
331(1)
3.2 Legal Responses: External
331(2)
3.3 Legal Responses: Internal
333(1)
3.4 Select Issues in the Legal Responses
334(1)
3.4.1 Land-Based Sources of Pollution
334(1)
3.4.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment
334(1)
3.4.1.2 Land-use Planning
335(1)
3.4.2 Water Resources and Water Pollution
336(1)
3.4.2.1 Other Sources of Pollution
337(1)
3.4.3 Vessel-Based Pollution
337(1)
3.4.3.1 Regulatory Authority
337(1)
3.4.3.2 Implementation of MARPOL 73/78
337(1)
3.4.4 Dumping of Waste and Other Matters
338(1)
3.4.5 Exploitation of Marine Resources
338(1)
3.4.5.1 Living Resources
338(1)
3.4.5.2 Non-Living Resources at the Sea-Bed
338(1)
3.4.6 Protection of Critical Areas
339(1)
3.4.7 National Marine Environmental Policies and Strategies
339(1)
3.4.7.1 General Economic, Social and Environmental Policies
339(1)
3.4.7.2 Policies and Strategies for Marine Environment and Coastal Development and Management
339(1)
4 Conclusion
340(7)
Annex
342(2)
References
344(3)
Chapter 19 On the Application of CLC 92 in China
347(12)
Chen Qi
1 Introduction
347(3)
2 Reasons to Apply CLC to Chinese Purely Domestic Oil Pollution Cases
350(5)
2.1 The View That `International Conventions Only Regulate Legal Relationships with Foreign-Related Factors' is Inaccurate
350(2)
2.2 The So-Called `Principle of Inside-Outside Distinction' Should not Be the Basic Principle for Applying International Conventions in China
352(1)
2.3 Applying CLC to Purely Domestic Cases Could Accelerate the Development of Chinese Shipping Industry
353(1)
2.4 Applying CLC to Purely Domestic Oil Pollution Cases Could Resolve Some Practical Issues in Chinese Judicial Practice
354(1)
3 Conclusion
355(4)
References
357(2)
Chapter 20 Compensation for the Domestic Oil Pollution in China's Coast: Which Law Shall Apply?
359(12)
Zhang Liying
1 Introduction
359(1)
2 The Application of CLC in the Domestic Oil Spills
360(3)
3 The Reasons for the Application of the Domestic Law
363(1)
4 The Rationale for the Application of Domestic Law
364(4)
4.1 The Limitations of the Marine Environment Protection Law
364(1)
4.2 The Strict Liability and Compensatory Damage in the General Principles of the Civil Law is not Applicable to Domestic Oil Spill Disputes
365(1)
4.3 The Application of the Maritime Code in the Coastal Oil Spills Compensation
366(2)
5 The Solution: The Establishment of a Lex Specialis and a Compensation Fund
368(1)
6 Conclusion
368(3)
References
369(2)
Chapter 21 Compulsory Liability Insurance on Carriage of Liquid and Dangerous Cargo by Coastal and Inland Waters in China
371(14)
Chu Beiping
Zhang Jinlei
1 Introduction
371(1)
2 The Functions of the Compulsory Liability Insurance
372(2)
2.1 The Function of Strong Social Administration
372(1)
2.2 The Function of Extensive Economical Indemnification
373(1)
3 Necessity of Compulsory Liability Insurance on Carriage of Liquid and Dangerous Cargo Transporation
374(1)
4 Glance on the Current Laws on the Prevention of Pollution to the Ocean
375(4)
4.1 International Conventions
375(1)
4.1.1 MARPOL73/78
375(1)
4.1.2 CLC 1992
376(1)
4.1.3 HNS Convention 1996
376(1)
4.1.4 The Bunker Convention 2001
377(1)
4.2 Domestic Laws
377(2)
5 Obstacles
379(3)
5.1 The Scope of Liquid and Dangerous Cargo is Difficult to Define
379(1)
5.2 Companies' Lack of Strong Sense of Responsibility for Obtaining Public Liability Insurance
380(1)
5.3 Disadvantages of Compulsory Liability Insurance
380(1)
5.4 Limitation of Insurance Product
381(1)
5.5 Obstacles in Law
381(1)
6 Prospect
382(1)
6.1 The Joint Effort of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission and the Ministry of Transport of China
382(1)
6.2 Experiment on Selected Industries
382(1)
6.3 Development of Insurance Product
383(1)
7 Conclusion
383(2)
References
384(1)
Chapter 22 The Factors Affecting Judicial Authentication on Maritime Oil Pollution and Relevant Solving Measures
385(12)
Sun Guang
1 Introduction
385(1)
2 Basic Legal Provisions of Judicial Authentication
386(2)
3 Factors Affecting Impartiality of Judicial Authentication
388(1)
4 Controversy on the Scope of Maritime Oil Pollution Authentication
389(3)
5 Difficulties of Determining Authentication Reports and Relevant Solving Measures
392(5)
References
395(2)
Part VI Case Studies
397(46)
Chapter 23 Legal Issues from the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill Incident
399(14)
Hu James Zhengliang
1 Introduction
399(1)
2 The Incident
400(2)
3 Investigation into the Incident and Litigations
402(5)
3.1 Investigation into the Incident
402(1)
3.1.1 Investigation Conducted by KMST
402(1)
3.1.2 Investigation Conducted by MARDEP
403(1)
3.2 Criminal Litigations in Korea
404(1)
3.2.1 The First Trial
404(1)
3.2.2 The Second Trial
404(1)
3.2.3 The Third Trial
404(1)
3.2.4 Strong Reactions from the International Community
405(1)
3.3 Civil Litigations in Korea
406(1)
3.3.1 Claims for Pollution Damages against SHI Etc. and SHI's Application for Limitation
406(1)
3.3.2 Owners' Application for Limitation of Liability
406(1)
3.4 Recourse Litigations in China
407(1)
4 Assessment and Settlements of Oil Pollution Claims
407(1)
5 Measures Taken by Korean Government
408(1)
5.1 Special Law for the Support of the Victims of the Hebei Spirit Oil Pollution Incident
408(1)
5.2 Korean Government's Decision to `Stand Last in the Queue'
408(1)
5.3 Hardship Payments Made by the Korean Government
408(1)
6 What May Be Learnt in Legal Perspectives by China?
409(3)
6.1 Oil Water-Borne? Transport and Legislations in China
409(1)
6.2 The Necessity of Setting up a Domestic Oil Pollution Compensation Fund
410(1)
6.3 Improvement of Statutory Provisions Regarding Compensation for Oil Pollution Damages from Ships
411(1)
6.4 Improvement of Law Regarding Criminal Liability of Offending Seafarers
411(1)
6.5 Improvement of Emergency Response System
411(1)
7 Conclusion
412(1)
Chapter 24 A Review and Critical Analysis on the MSC Ilona Oil Spill Incident at Pearl River Estuary
413(10)
Li Zhonghua
Zhou Zhujun
1 Incident Review
413(1)
2 Critical Analysis to the Incident Emergency Treatment
414(3)
2.1 Potential Efficiency of Regional Emergency Resources has not Been Fully Deployed
414(2)
2.2 Establishing a Collaboration System of Oil Spill Emergency Treatment at the Pearl River Estuary Could Greatly Enhance the Oil Spill Emergency Treatment Efficiency
416(1)
3 Lodging of Claims Exposes the Distempereness of Compensation Laws and Systems
417(2)
3.1 The Process of Claim Lodging
417(1)
3.2 Divergence on How Entity Responsible for Incident Should Assume Liability is the Main Barrier to Compensation Negotiations
417(1)
3.3 Analysis on How to Assume Liability
418(1)
3.4 Divergence on Whether Cleanup Cost has the Priority of Gaining Compensation Leads to Dispute on the Distribution of Compensation
419(1)
4 Countermeasures and Suggestions
419(4)
4.1 To Accelerate the Completeness of Relevant Legislations Such as `CMC' in Order to Effectively Protect the Benefit of Aggrieved Party of Pollution and Participants of Cleanup Operations
420(1)
4.2 To Implement Measures as Establishing Exclusive Funds for Oil Spill Damage to Increase the Emergency Power to Deal with Oil Spills
421(1)
4.3 To Enhance Efficiency of Emergency Treatment by Rationalizing the Managing System and Completing Emergency Evaluation System
421(1)
References
421(2)
Chapter 25 A Case Study of Compensation for Marine Oil Pollution Damage: Centring in the Compensation Claim of the Amorgos Oil Pollution Accident
423(20)
Wang Yuh-Ling
1 MV Amorgos Claims Process
423(13)
1.1 Background
423(2)
1.2 Disputes
425(1)
1.2.1 An International or Domestic Case
425(1)
1.2.2 Time-Consuming Nature of International Maritime Claims
426(1)
1.2.3 The High Cost of International Maritime Claims
426(1)
1.2.4 The Amount Claimed for Damages
426(1)
1.2.5 Regulations Limiting the Liability of the Country in Which the Shipowner and the Ship Operator are Registered
427(1)
1.2.6 Wreckage Removal
428(1)
1.3 Relevant International Regimes
429(1)
1.3.1 Scope of Application
429(1)
1.3.1.1 Ship
429(1)
1.3.1.2 Bunker Oil
429(1)
1.3.1.3 Geographical Coverage
429(1)
1.3.2 Party or Parties Liable for Compensation
429(1)
1.3.3 Basis of Liability and Criteria of Exclusions
430(1)
1.3.4 Scope of Compensation
430(1)
1.3.5 Limitation of Liability
431(1)
1.3.6 Compulsory Insurance or Financial Security
432(1)
1.3.7 Direct Litigation Regime
432(1)
1.3.8 Time Limits for Claiming Compensation
433(1)
1.3.9 Jurisdiction
433(1)
1.4 Analysis and Assessment of the Case
433(1)
1.4.1 Applicable Laws and Court with Jurisdiction
433(1)
1.4.2 Who Should Be the Claimant
433(1)
1.4.3 Claim for Compensation and Scope of Liability
434(1)
1.4.4 Party or Parties against Which Pollution Damage is Claimed
435(1)
1.4.5 Appropriateness to Restrict the Crew from Leaving Taiwan
435(1)
2 Discussion on Applicable Taiwan Legal Regimes of Compensation for Marine Oil Pollution
436(5)
2.1 Liability to Damage Compensation for Tort in the Civil Law of Taiwan
436(1)
2.2 Application of International Conventions on the Oil Pollution Cases in Taiwan
437(1)
2.2.1 Restricted Affirmation
437(1)
2.2.2 Affirmation
437(1)
2.2.3 Negation
437(2)
2.3 Discussion and Review of Taiwan's Legislation on Marine Oil Pollution
439(2)
3 Conclusion
441(2)
Part VII Comparative Conclusions
443
Chapter 26 Comparative Conclusions
445
Michael Faure
Han Lixin
Shan Hongjun
1 Introduction
445(1)
2 Prevention
446(1)
3 Compensation Issues
447(2)
4 The Bunker Convention
449(1)
5 Criminal Law
450(1)
6 The United States as Example?
451(2)
7 Damage Assessment, Claims Handling and Insurance in China
453(1)
8 Case Studies
454(1)
9 The Way Forward
454