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E-grāmata: Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Hydrogels and Polymer-based Scaffolds

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Edited by Alina Maria Holban (Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Romania), Edited by Alexandru Grumezescu (Assistant Professor, Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Sci)

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 20-Mar-2019
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128169025

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 20-Mar-2019
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128169025

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Materials for Biomedical Engineering: Hydrogels and Polymer-based Scaffolds discusses the use of a wide variety of hydrogels as bioactive scaffolds in regenerative medicine, including updates on innovative materials and their properties. Various types of currently investigated scaffolding materials and hydrogels are discussed, as is their future roles and applications, the main techniques for scaffold fabrication, and their characterization procedures. Readers will be able to use this book as a guide for the selection of the best materials for a specific application.

Provides a valuable resource of recent scientific progress, highlighting the most well-known applications of hydrogels as bioactive scaffolds in regenerative medicine
Includes novel opportunities and ideas for developing or improving technologies in biomaterials, and in related biomedical industries
Features at least 50% of references from the last 2-3 years

List of Contributors

Series Preface

xxi

Preface

xxiii

Chapter 1 Interactions between tissues, cells, and biomaterials: an advanced evaluation by synchrotron radiation-based high-resolution tomography

(34)

Alessandra Giuliani

Serena Mazzoni

Adrian Manescu

Giuliana Tromba

1.1 Conduction, Induction, and Cell Transplantation in Tissue Engineering: The Limitations of Cross-talk Studies by Conventional Techniques

(4)

1.2 X-Ray Computed Microtomography: A Challenging Diagnostic Tool

(2)

1.3 Innovative Approaches to High-Resolution Tomography by Synchrotron Radiation

(4)

1.4 Skeletal Tissue Engineering

(7)

1.4.1 Bone

(4)

1.4.2 Cartilage

(2)

1.4.3 Tendons

(1)

1.5 Muscle Tissue Engineering

(6)

1.5.1 Skeletal Muscles

(2)

1.5.2 Heart

(4)

1.6 New Frontiers

(4)

1.6.1 Central and Peripheral Nervous System

(1)

1.6.2 Vascularization

(3)

1.7 Conclusions

(1)

References

(6)

Further Reading

(1)

Chapter 2 Bioprinted scaffolds

(26)

Florin Iordache

2.1 Introduction

(5)

2.1.1 Prebioprinting

(1)

2.1.2 Bioprinting

(1)

2.1.3 Postbioprinting

(1)

2.1.4 Geometry of Scaffolds

(1)

2.1.5 Surface Properties

(1)

2.1.6 Pore Size

(1)

2.1.7 Adherence and Biocompatibility

(1)

2.1.8 Degradation Rates

(1)

2.2 Mechanical Properties

(12)

2.2.1 Hydrogel-Derived Scaffolds

(3)

2.2.2 Agarose Hydrogel

(1)

2.2.3 Alginate Hydrogel

(1)

2.2.4 Chitosan Hydrogel

(1)

2.2.5 Cellulose Hydrogel

(1)

2.2.6 Fibrin Hydrogel

(1)

2.2.7 Gelatin/collagen Hydrogel

(2)

2.2.8 Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel

(1)

2.2.9 Matrigel Hydrogel

(2)

2.2.10 Synthetic Hydrogels

(1)

2.3 Fibrous Polymer-Derived Scaffolds

(1)

2.4 Porous Polymer-Derived Scaffolds

(1)

2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives

(1)

Acknowledgment

(1)

References

(6)

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of chitosan-based hydrogels: elaboration and characterization techniques

(22)

Rejane Andrade Batista

Caio Gomide Otoni

Paula J.P. Espitia

3.1 Introduction

(3)

3.2 Chitosan Nature and Main Properties

(2)

3.3 Fundamentals of Chitosan Hydrogels

(3)

3.3.1 Physical Hydrogels

(2)

3.3.2 Chemical Hydrogels

(1)

3.4 Characterization Techniques

(7)

3.4.1 Structural Analysis

(3)

3.4.2 Property Measurements

(2)

3.4.3 Specific Properties for Biomedical Engineering Applications

(1)

3.5 Potential Applications and Future Trends of Chitosan Hydrogels

(1)

References

(6)

Chapter 4 Bioreabsorbable polymers for tissue engineering: PLA, PGA, and their copolymers

(34)

Ana Carolina B. Benatti

Ana Flavia Pattaro

Ana Amelia Rodrigues

Mariana Vitelo Xavier

Andreas Kaasi

Maria Ingrid Rocha Barbosa

Andre Luiz Jardini

Rubens Maciel Filho

Paulo Kharmandayan

4.1 Tissue Engineering

(2)

4.2 Scaffolds

(1)

4.3 Biomaterials

(5)

4.3.1 Polymeric Biomaterials

(1)

4.3.2 Bioreabsorbable Biopolymers

(1)

4.4 Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)

(1)

4.5 Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids) Synthesis

(6)

4.6 Copolymerization of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)

(1)

4.7 Mechanisms of Degradation of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)

(1)

4.8 Biocompatibility

(1)

4.9 Toxicity of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)

100

(4)

4.9.1 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Tests

100

(2)

4.9.2 In Vitro Hemocompatibility Test

102

(1)

4.9.3 In Vivo Biocompatibility Tests

103

(1)

4.10 Applications of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)-PLA and PGA

104

(3)

4.10.1 Nonmedical Applications of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)-PLA and PGA

105

(1)

4.10.2 Medical Applications of Poly(α-Hydroxy Acids)-PLA and PGA

105

(2)

4.11 Future Trends in Biofabrication

107

(3)

4.11.1 Electrospinning

107

(1)

4.11.2 3D Bioprinting Rapid Prototyping

108

(1)

4.11.3 Bioresponsive Hydrogels

108

(1)

4.11.4 Biopolymer Composites in Tissue Engineering

109

(1)

4.12 Conclusions

110

(1)

References

110

(6)

Further Reading

116

(1)

Chapter 5 Technological challenges and advances: from lactic acid to polylactate and copolymers

117

(38)

Luciana Fontes Coelho

Susan Michelz Beitel

Jonas Contiero

5.1 Lactic Acid

117

(14)

5.1.1 Factors That Influence Lactic Acid Production

121

(2)

5.1.2 Culture Medium for Lactic Fermentation: Alternative Sources of Carbon and Nitrogen

123

(2)

5.1.3 Production of Lactic Acid by Fermentation

125

(2)

5.1.4 Microorganisms Involved in the Production of Lactic Acid

127

(3)

5.1.5 Extraction and Purification of Lactic Acid

130

(1)

5.2 Poly(lactic Acid)

131

(11)

5.2.1 PLA Chemical and Physical Properties

132

(1)

5.2.2 PLA Synthesis

133

(2)

5.2.3 Kinds of Polymers, Copolymers, and Their Features

135

(2)

5.2.4 PLA Applications

137

(3)

5.2.5 PLA Market Development

140

(1)

5.2.6 PLA Biodegradation, Biocompatibility, and Toxicity

141

(1)

5.3 Conclusion

142

(1)

References

143

(12)

Chapter 6 PLGA scaffolds: building blocks for new age therapeutics

155

(48)

Hafsa Ahmad

Abhishek Arya

Satish Agrawal

Anil Kumar Dwivedi

6.1 Challenges in New Age Therapeutic Strategies

155

(2)

6.2 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide): General Introduction

157

(1)

6.3 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Synthesis

158

(2)

6.4 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Properties

160

(2)

6.5 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

162

(9)

6.5.1 Porous Scaffolds

163

(5)

6.5.2 Fibrous Scaffolds

168

(2)

6.5.3 Hydrogels

170

(1)

6.5.4 Injectable Microparticles

170

(1)

6.6 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Scaffolds in Anticancer Therapy

171

(3)

6.7 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Interventions in Central Nervous System Delivery

174

(6)

6.8 Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Strategies for Gene Therapy and Vaccine Delivery

180

(3)

6.9 Miscellaneous Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) Therapeutics

183

(1)

6.10 Conclusions and Future Trends

184

(2)

Acknowledgments

186

(1)

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

186

(1)

References

187

(16)

Chapter 7 Electrospun biomimetic scaffolds of biosynthesized poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) from Azotobacter vinelandii strains cell viability and bone tissue engineering

203

(32)

Angel Romo-Uribe

7.1 Introduction

203

(5)

7.1.1 Polymers as Medical Devices

203

(1)

7.1.2 Shape Memory Polymers

204

(1)

7.1.3 Smart Polymeric Coatings

204

(1)

7.1.4 Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds

205

(2)

7.1.5 Poly-O-Hydroxybutyrate

207

(1)

7.2 Methods of Characterization

208

(4)

7.2.1 Materials

208

(1)

7.2.2 Scaffold Fabrication

209

(1)

7.2.3 Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy

210

(1)

7.2.4 Thermal Analysis

210

(1)

7.2.5 X-Ray Scattering

210

(1)

7.2.6 Small-Angle Light Scattering

211

(1)

7.2.7 Contact Angle

211

(1)

7.2.8 Polarized Optical Microscopy

211

(1)

7.2.9 Scanning Electron Microscopy

212

(1)

7.3 PHB Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds

212

(9)

7.3.1 Scaffolds Morphology

212

(5)

7.3.2 Wetting Behavior

217

(1)

7.3.3 Aging

218

(2)

7.3.4 Sterilization Methods and Influence on Physical Properties

220

(1)

7.4 Cell Viability and Bone Tissue Regeneration

221

(6)

7.4.1 Cell Viability and HEK293 Cells

221

(2)

7.4.2 Bone Tissue Regeneration and Human Osteoblast Cells

223

(4)

7.5 Concluding Remarks

227

(1)

Glossary of Terms

228

(1)

References

229

(5)

Further Reading

234

(1)

Chapter 8 Polyurethane-based structures obtained by additive manufacturing technologies

235

(24)

Pablo C. Caracciolo

Nayla J. Lores

Gustavo A. Abraham

8.1 Introduction

235

(2)

8.2 Bioresorbable Polyurethanes in Biomedical Devices

237

(3)

8.3 Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Polyurethane Processing

240

(1)

8.3.1 Inkjet Printing

240

(1)

8.3.2 Extrusion-Based Methods

240

(1)

8.3.3 Particle Binding

241

(1)

8.4 Additive Manufacturing of Composite Polyurethanes

241

(12)

8.4.1 Inkjet Printing

241

(2)

8.4.2 Extrusion-Based Methods

243

(10)

8.4.3 Particle Binding

253

(1)

8.5 Remarks and Perspectives

253

(1)

Acknowledgment

254

(1)

References

254

(5)

Chapter 9 Composites based on bioderived polymers: potential role in tissue engineering: Vol VI: resorbable polymer fibers

259

(38)

Monika Yadav

Kunwar Paritosh

Nidhi Pareek

Vivekanand Vivekanand

9.1 Introduction

259

(1)

9.2 Polyesters

260

(11)

9.2.1 Poly(Lactic Acid)

261

(8)

9.2.2 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymers

269

(2)

9.3 Collagen

271

(5)

9.3.1 Collagen Bioactive Ceramic Composites

272

(2)

9.3.2 Medical Applications of Collagen

274

(2)

9.4 Silk Fibroin

276

(3)

9.4.1 Structure of Silk Fibroin

276

(1)

9.4.2 Processing of Silk Fibroin

277

(1)

9.4.3 Medical Applications of Silk Fibroin

278

(1)

9.5 Biocellulose

279

(5)

9.5.1 Biocellulose Fibril Structure

279

(1)

9.5.2 Properties of Biocellulose

280

(1)

9.5.3 Biomedical Applications of Biocellulose

281

(3)

9.6 Conclusions

284

(1)

References

285

(12)

Chapter 10 Composite scaffolds for bone and osteochondral defects

297

(42)

Vincenzo Guarino

Silvia Scaglione

Monica Sandri

Simone Sprio

Anna Tampieri

Luigi Ambrosio

10.1 Introduction

297

(2)

10.2 Biodegradable Matrices

299

(3)

10.3 Bioresorbable Matrices

302

(2)

10.4 Applications in Tissue Engineering

304

(21)

10.4.1 Composite Scaffolds for Bone

304

(9)

10.4.2 Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Defects

313

(12)

10.5 Conclusions

325

(2)

References

327

(10)

Further Reading

337

(2)

Chapter 11 Plasma treated and untreated thermoplastic biopolymers/biocomposites in tissue engineering and biodegradable implants

339

(32)

Binay Bhushan

Rakesh Kumar

11.1 Introduction

339

(1)

11.2 Structure of PLA and PHAs

340

(1)

11.3 Synthesis of PLA and PHAs

341

(3)

11.4 Properties of PLA and PHAs

344

(6)

11.4.1 Mechanical Properties

345

(1)

11.4.2 Thermal Properties

346

(2)

11.4.3 Transparency

348

(1)

11.4.4 Biocompatibility

349

(1)

11.4.5 Processability

349

(1)

11.5 Application of PLA and PHAs in Tissue Engineering

350

(1)

11.6 Biodegradability of PLA and PHAs

351

(3)

11.7 Plasma Treatment of PLA and PHAs

354

(10)

11.7.1 Plasma and Plasma-Surface Interactions

355

(1)

11.7.2 Characterization Techniques for Plasma Treated Polymer Surfaces

356

(2)

11.7.3 Plasma Treatment of PLA

358

(3)

11.7.4 Plasma Treatment of PHAs

361

(2)

11.7.5 Disadvantages of Plasma Treatment

363

(1)

11.8 Conclusions

364

(1)

References

365

(6)

Chapter 12 The design of two different structural scaffolds using 3-tricalcium phosphate (3-TCP) and collagen for bone tissue engineering

371

(32)

Takaaki Arahira

Mitsugu Todo

12.1 Introduction

371

(3)

12.2 Collagen-Based Porous Scaffold

374

(4)

12.2.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Particle Distributed Scaffold

374

(2)

12.2.2 In Vitro Cell Experiment

376

(2)

12.3 Experimental Results

378

(4)

12.3.1 Characterization of Particle Distributed Scaffold

378

(1)

12.3.2 Results of In Vitro Cell Experiment

379

(3)

12.4 Mechanism of Variational Mechanical Behavior Between Scaffold Structure and Cell Response

382

(3)

12.5 13-TCP-Based Porous Scaffold

385

(1)

12.5.1 Fabrication and Characterization of Two Phase Structural Scaffold

385

(1)

12.6 In Vitro Cell Experiment

386

(2)

12.6.1 Cell Culture

386

(1)

12.6.2 Evaluation of Mechanical Characteristics

387

(1)

12.6.3 Microstructural Characterization

387

(1)

12.6.4 Evaluation of Cell Number and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

387

(1)

12.6.5 Gene Expression Analysis

388

(1)

12.6.6 Alizarin Red S Staining

388

(1)

12.6.7 Statistics

388

(1)

12.7 Experimental Results

388

(6)

12.7.1 Characterization of Two Phase Structural Scaffold

388

(2)

12.7.2 Results of In Vitro Cell Experiment

390

(4)

12.8 Mechanism of Variational Mechanical Behavior Between Scaffold Structure and Cell Response

394

(3)

12.9 Summary

397

(1)

12.10 Present Study

397

(1)

12.11 Future Work

398

(1)

Acknowledgment

398

(1)

References

398

(5)

Chapter 13 Composite materials based on hydroxyapatite embedded in biopolymer matrices: ways of synthesis and application

403

(38)

A. Yanovska

S. Bolshanina

13.1 Types of Biopolymer Matrices (Collagen, Gelatin, Chitosan, Alginate, and Their Combinations)

403

(14)

13.2 Calcium Phosphates as an Essential Part of Composite Materials

417

(4)

13.3 Formation of Composite Materials

421

(6)

13.4 Biomedical Applications of Obtained Composite Materials

427

(4)

References

431

(9)

Further Reading

440

(1)

Chapter 14 Study of microstructural, structural, mechanical, and vibrational properties of defatted trabecular bovine bones: natural sponges

441

(46)

Sandra M. Londotio-Restrepo

Cristian F. Ramirez-Gutierrez

Herminso Villarraga-Gomez

Mario E. Rodriguez-Garcia

14.1 Introduction

441

(3)

14.2 Bone Composition

444

(17)

14.2.1 Cortical Bone

444

(2)

14.2.2 Trabecular Bone

446

(1)

14.2.3 Bone Porosity

446

(1)

14.2.4 Hydroxyapatite

447

(2)

14.2.5 Biohydroxyapatite

449

(10)

14.2.6 Collagen

459

(1)

14.2.7 Osteocalcin

460

(1)

14.2.8 Water

460

(1)

14.2.9 Fat

461

(1)

14.3 Study of Spongy Bone

461

(14)

14.3.1 Collection and Preparation of Samples

462

(1)

14.3.2 Morphological Characterization

463

(2)

14.3.3 X-ray Tomography

465

(4)

14.3.4 Structural Properties

469

(2)

14.3.5 Vibrational Characterization: Raman Spectroscopy

471

(3)

14.3.6 Mechanical Properties

474

(1)

14.4 Synthetic Scaffolds Versus Trabecular Bone

475

(4)

14.5 Conclusions and Perspective

479

(1)

Acknowledgments

480

(1)

References

480

(4)

Further Reading

484

(1)

Appendix A

485

(2)

Chapter 15 Laser processing of biopolymers for development of medical and high-tech devices

487

(40)

Nadya E. Stankova

Petar A. Atanasov

Nikolay N. Nedyalkov

Konstantin Kolev

Eugenia Valova

Stephan Armyanov

15.1 Introduction

487

(4)

15.2 Structure and Raman Spectrum of Polydimethylsiloxane

491

(1)

15.3 Experimental and Analytical Techniques

492

(2)

15.4 Optical Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane During Ns-laser Treatment

494

(4)

15.5 Fs-Laser Nanostructuring

498

(5)

15.6 Ps-Laser Processing

503

(1)

15.7 Comparison Between Fs- and Ns-Laser Processing

504

(6)

15.8 XPS Study of Ns-Laser Processing of Polydimethylsiloxane

510

(5)

15.9 Electroless Metallization Directly After the Laser Treatment

515

(1)

15.10 Ns-Laser Processing in Different Environments

516

(5)

15.11 Conclusion and Perspectives for Future Investigations

521

(1)

Acknowledgments

522

(1)

References

522

(4)

Further Reading

526

(1)

Index

527

Alina-Maria Holban is a lecturer in Microbiology and Immunology, at the Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest; and associate researcher at the University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania. Her primary area of research is the development of bionanomaterials with antimicrobial applications. Dr. Holban has published 75 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 42 conference/symposia proceedings, and has edited more than 21 edited books. Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu is a lecturer in the Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, at the Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania. He is an experienced researcher and published editor in the field of nano and biostructures. He is the editor-in-chief of two international open access journals: Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, Letters and Applied NanoBioScience. Dr. Grumezescu has published more than 200 peer-reviewed papers, authored nine books, and has served as an editor for more than 50 scholarly books.

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