Introduction |
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xxxvii | |
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1 | (58) |
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1 | (5) |
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1 | (1) |
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Theoretical Density or X-ray Density of Solids |
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2 | (1) |
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Apparent, Bulk, and Tap Densities |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Buyancy and Archimedes' Principle |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (17) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Elastic Moduli and Hooke's Law |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
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Strain Hardening Exponent |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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Resilience and Modulus of Resilience |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Ductile-Brittle Transition |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Tribological and Lubricating Properties of Solids |
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19 | (1) |
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Static Friction Coefficient |
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19 | (1) |
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Sliding Friction Coefficient |
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20 | (1) |
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Ashby's Mechanical Performance Indices |
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21 | (1) |
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Order of Magnitude of Mechanical Properties of Solid Materials |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (2) |
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Velocity of Sound in Materials |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Attenuation of Sound at a Given Distance from a Source |
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24 | (1) |
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Damping Capacity of Solids and Loss Factor |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (7) |
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Molar and Specific Heat Capacities |
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25 | (1) |
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Coefficients of Thermal Expansion |
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26 | (1) |
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Volume Expansion on Melting |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Temperature and Latent Enthalpies of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation |
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30 | (2) |
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Order of Magnitude of Thermal Properties of Materials |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (15) |
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32 | (2) |
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Total Reflection and Critical Angle |
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34 | (1) |
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Specific and Molar Refraction |
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35 | (1) |
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|
35 | (1) |
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|
35 | (1) |
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Coefficient of Dispersion |
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36 | (1) |
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|
36 | (1) |
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Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index |
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36 | (1) |
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|
36 | (1) |
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|
37 | (1) |
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Albedo and Reflective Index |
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37 | (1) |
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Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum |
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38 | (1) |
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Order of Magnitude of Optical Properties of Transparent Materials |
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38 | (1) |
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Macroscopic Absorption of Light |
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|
39 | (1) |
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|
39 | (1) |
|
First Law of Absorption (Bouger's Law) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
Second Law of Absorption (Beer-Lambert Law) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
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Absorbance or Optical Density |
|
|
40 | (1) |
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Microscopic Absorption and Emission Processes |
|
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Einstein Coefficient of Absorption |
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|
42 | (1) |
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Einstein Coefficient of Spontaneous Emission |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Einstein Coefficient of Stimulated Emission |
|
|
44 | (1) |
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Relation Between Einstein Coefficients |
|
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44 | (1) |
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Relations Between Einstein and Extinction Coefficients |
|
|
45 | (1) |
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|
45 | (1) |
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|
46 | (1) |
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|
46 | (1) |
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|
46 | (1) |
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|
46 | (1) |
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|
47 | (1) |
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|
47 | (1) |
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|
47 | (3) |
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|
47 | (1) |
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|
48 | (2) |
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Chemical Abstract Registry Number |
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|
50 | (1) |
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|
50 | (2) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (5) |
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Mathematics and Statistics |
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54 | (1) |
|
Units and Conversion Tables |
|
|
55 | (1) |
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|
55 | (1) |
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|
55 | (1) |
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|
56 | (1) |
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|
56 | (1) |
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|
56 | (1) |
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|
56 | (1) |
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|
56 | (1) |
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|
57 | (1) |
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|
57 | (2) |
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Ferrous Metals and Their Alloys |
|
|
59 | (100) |
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59 | (53) |
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Description and General Properties |
|
|
59 | (5) |
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Phase Transitions and Allotropism of Iron |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
Metallographic Etchants for Iron and Steels |
|
|
66 | (1) |
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|
66 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
66 | (4) |
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Mining and Mineral Dressing |
|
|
70 | (1) |
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|
71 | (2) |
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|
73 | (1) |
|
The Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) and Iron-Cementite (Fe-Fe3 C) Systems |
|
|
73 | (5) |
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|
78 | (1) |
|
Gray Cast Iron or Graphitic Iron |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Ductile (Nodular) Cast Irons |
|
|
79 | (1) |
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|
80 | (4) |
|
Carbon Steels (C-Mn Steels) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (4) |
|
|
89 | (6) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Classification of Stainless Steels |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Martensitic Stainless Steels |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Ferritic Stainless Steels |
|
|
97 | (4) |
|
Austenitic Stainless Steels |
|
|
101 | (1) |
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|
102 | (1) |
|
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Cast Heat-Resistant Stainless Steels |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
Processing and Melting Process |
|
|
103 | (5) |
|
Simplified Selection of Stainless Steels |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Stainless Steel Application Guidelines |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels (HSLA) |
|
|
112 | (3) |
|
Ultrahigh-Strength Steels |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Tool and Machining Steels |
|
|
115 | (5) |
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|
120 | (1) |
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|
121 | (1) |
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|
122 | (2) |
|
Water-Atomized Iron Powders |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Gas-Atomized Iron Powders |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (17) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals and Ores |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
Nickel Alloys and Superalloys |
|
|
128 | (11) |
|
Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
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|
141 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (8) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals and Ores |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Cobalt as a Byproduct of Nickel Processing |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Properties of Coblat Alloys and Superalloys |
|
|
145 | (3) |
|
Corrosion Resistance of Stellites |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Manganese and Manganese-Based Alloys |
|
|
149 | (10) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Mining and Beneficiation of Managanese Ores |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Preparation of Pure Manganese Metal |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Ferromanganese and Silicomanganese |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Major Manganese Producers |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
|
159 | (54) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys |
|
|
159 | (20) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
159 | (6) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
The Hall-Heroult Process for Electrowinning Aluminum |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Secondary Aluminum Production and Recycling of Aluminum Drosses |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Properties of Aluminum Alloys |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Aluminum Alloy Standard Designations |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (4) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Major Aluminum Producers and Dross Recyclers |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (8) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Properties of Copper Alloys |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
UNS Copper-Alloys Designation |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (4) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (9) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Beneficiation of Zinc Ore |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Hydrometallurgical Process |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Pyrometallurgical Process |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Treatment of Ferrite Residue |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
Industrical Applications and Uses |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Properties of Zinc Alloys |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (8) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Beneficiation and Mineral Dressing |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Properties of Lead Alloys |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
|
204 | (5) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Low-Melting-Point or Fusible Alloys |
|
|
209 | (4) |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
Less Common Nonferrous Metals |
|
|
213 | (242) |
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|
213 | (30) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
223 | (5) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
Lithium Mineral and Chemical Prices |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Lithium Mineral, Carbonate, and Metal Producers |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
232 | (1) |
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|
233 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Transport, Storage, and Safety |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Major Producers of Sodium Metal |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (23) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (4) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Mining and Mineral Dressing |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Major Beryllium Metal Producers |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
252 | (3) |
|
Properties of Magnesium Alloys |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Recycling of Magnesium Scrap and Drosses |
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
Major Magnesium Metal Producers |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (127) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (5) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Cleaning, Descaling, Pickling, and Etching |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
Machining of Pure Reactive and Refractory Metals |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Pyrophoricity of Refractory Metals |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Titanium and Titanium Alloys |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
276 | (4) |
|
Mining and Mineral Dressing |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Titanium Slag and Slagging |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
|
283 | (3) |
|
Titanium Dioxide (Titania) |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
|
288 | (8) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
Commercially Pure Titanium |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (11) |
|
|
313 | (6) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Titanium Etching, Descaling, and Pickling |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
Major Producers of Titanium Metal Sponge and Ingot |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
World and International Titanium Conferences |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Mining and Mineral Dressing |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Industrial Uses and Applications |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Zirconium Metal Producers |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
Hafnium and Hafnium Alloys |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Major Hafnium Metal Producers |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Vanadium and Vanadium Alloys |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Niobium and Niobium Alloys |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Properties of Niobium Alloys |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
Niobium Joining and Welding |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Niobium Cleaning, Pickling, and Etching |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Major Producers of Niobium Metal |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Properties of Tantalum Alloys |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Tantalum Cleaning and Degreasing |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Tantalum Cladding and Coating Techniques |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Major Tantalum Metal Producers |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Chromium and Chromium Alloys |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
369 | (3) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Major Chromite and Ferrochrome Producers |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Properties of Molybdenum Alloys |
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Molybdenum Cleaning, Etching, and Pickling |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
380 | (4) |
|
World Molybdenum Metal Producers |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Properties of Tungsten Alloys |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Major Tungsten Metal and Hardmetal Producers |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Rhenium and Rhenium Alloys |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Noble and Precious Metals |
|
|
393 | (14) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Mineral Dressing, and Mining |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Major Gold Producers and Suppliers |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (15) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Chief Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Common Physical and Chemical Properties |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
The Six Platinum Group Metals |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
PGMs Corrosion Resistance |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Major Producers and Suppliers of PGMs |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (14) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
Major Producers and Suppliers of Rare Earths |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Scandium Metal, Alloys, and Chemicals |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (19) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Mineral Dressing and Mining |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
442 | (4) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Processing and Industrial Preparation |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (22) |
|
Band Theory of Bonding in Crystalline Solids |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Electrical Classification of Solids |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
Intrinsic or Elemental Semiconductors |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Doped Extrinsic Semiconductors |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Concentrations of Charge Carriers |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Physical Properties of Semiconductors |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (8) |
|
|
463 | (6) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Semiconductor Wafer Processing |
|
|
471 | (4) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
|
477 | (10) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (4) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
High-critical-temperature Superconductors |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
|
487 | (32) |
|
Magnetic Physical Quantities |
|
|
487 | (11) |
|
Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetomotive Force |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Induction |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Magnetizability, Magnetization, and Magnetic Susceptibility |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Force Exerted on a Material |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Force Exerted by Magnets |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Energy Density Stored |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (3) |
|
SI and CGS Units Used in Electromagnetism |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Classification of Magnetic Materials |
|
|
498 | (6) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
Antiferromagnetic Materials |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (12) |
|
B-H Magnetization Curve and Hysteresis Loop |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Soft Ferromagnetic Materials |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
Magnetic Shielding and Materials Selection |
|
|
512 | (4) |
|
Industrial Applications of Magnetic Materials |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
Insulators and Dielectrics |
|
|
519 | (24) |
|
Physical Quantities of Dielectrics |
|
|
519 | (7) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Relative Permittivity and Dielectric Constant |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
Charging and Discharging a Capacitor |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Capacitance of a Parallel-Electrode Capacitor |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Capacitance of Other Capacitor Geometries |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Electrostatic Energy Stored in a Capacitor |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Microscopic Electric Dipole Moment |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Macroscopic Electric Dipole Moment |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
Loss Tangent or Dissipation Factor |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Physical Properties of Insulators |
|
|
526 | (4) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Volume Electrical Resistivity |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Resistivity |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Surface Electrical Resistivity |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
SI and CGS Units Used in Electricity |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Space Charge Polarization |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Effect of Frequency on Polarization |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Losses |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Dielectric Breakdown Mechanisms |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Electronic Breakdown or Corona Mechanism |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Thermal Discharge or Thermal Mechanism |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Internal Discharge or Intrinsic Mechanism |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (4) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Classification of Industrial Dielectrics |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Class I Dielectrics or Linear Dielectrics |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Class II Dielectrics or Ferroelectrics |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Selected Properties of Insulators and Dielectric Materials |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous Electrical Materials |
|
|
543 | (50) |
|
|
543 | (5) |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Properties of Common Thermocouple Materials |
|
|
545 | (3) |
|
Resistors and Thermistors |
|
|
548 | (4) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Resistivity |
|
|
548 | (4) |
|
Electron-emitting Materials |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (34) |
|
Electrode Materials for Batteries and Fuel Cells |
|
|
556 | (3) |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
Electrode Materials for Electrolytic Cells |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Industrial Cathode Materials |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Low-Carbon Steel Cathodes |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Industrial Anode Materials |
|
|
565 | (3) |
|
Precious-and Noble-Metal Anodes |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Lead and Lead-Alloy Anodes |
|
|
569 | (3) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Spinel (AB2O4)-and Perovskite (ABO3)-Type Oxides |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Ebonex® (Ti4O7 and Ti5O9) |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
Noble-Metal-Coated Titanium Anodes (NMCT) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Platinized Titanium and Niobium Anodes (70/30Pt/Ir) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA®) for Chlorine Evolution |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA®) for Oxygen |
|
|
581 | (4) |
|
Synthetic Diamond Electrodes |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Electrodes for Corrosion Protection and Control |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Cathodes for Anodic Protection |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Anodes for Cathodic Protection |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
Electrode Suppliers and Manufacturers |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Electrochemical Galvanic Series |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
Ceramics, Refractories, and Glasses |
|
|
593 | (98) |
|
Introduction and Definitions |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Raw Materials for Ceramics, Refractories and Glasses |
|
|
594 | (35) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Quartz, Quartzite, and Silica Sand |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Silica Gels and Sol-Gel Silica |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Vitreous or Amorphous Silica |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
600 | (3) |
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
Transition Aluminas (TrA) |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Electrofused Alumina-Zirconia |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
Calcined and Dead Burned Dolomite (Doloma) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Caustic Seawater and Calcined Magnesia |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Seawater Magnesia Clinker |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Titanium Monoxide or Hongquiite |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (5) |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Natural Occurrence and Mining |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
Industrial Preparation and Processing |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
Grades of Silicon Carbide |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Properties of Raw Materials Used in Ceramics, Refractories, and Glasses |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
630 | (5) |
|
Classification of Refractories |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Properties of Refractories |
|
|
631 | (3) |
|
Major Refractory Manufacturers |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (8) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Industrial Preparation and Grades |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride (SiAION) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Industrial Preparation and Processing |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Tungsten Carbides and Hardmetal |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Description and General Properties |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Industrial Applications and Uses |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Practical Data for Ceramists and Refractory Engineers |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Pyrometric Cone Equivalents |
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
Standards for Testing Refractories |
|
|
643 | (4) |
|
Properties of Pure Ceramics (Borides, Carbides, Nitrides, Silicides, and Oxides) |
|
|
647 | (23) |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Traditional and Advanced Ceramics |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
671 | (6) |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Physical Properties of Glasses |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
671 | (5) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (14) |
|
Fracturing Techniques in Oil-Well Production |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Proppant and Frac Fluid Selection Criteria |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Properties and Characterization of Proppants |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Classification of Proppant Materials |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
Production of Synthetic Proppants |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
Properties of Commercial Proppants |
|
|
683 | (4) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
|
691 | (60) |
|
Fundamentals and Definitions |
|
|
691 | (3) |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Polymerization and Polycondensation |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Properties and Characteristics of Polymers |
|
|
694 | (3) |
|
Molar Mass and Relative Molar Mass |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
Average Degree of Polymerization |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
Number-, Mass-and Z-Average Molar Masses |
|
|
695 | (2) |
|
Glass Transition Temperature |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Classification of Plastics and Elastomers |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (16) |
|
Naturally Occurring Resins |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Cellulose Propionate (CP) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Coumarone-Indene Plastics |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Polyolefins or Ethenic Polymers |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Polyviyl Chlorides (PVCs) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride (CPVC) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Fluorinated Polyolefins (Fluorocarbons) |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Perfluorinated Alkoxy (PFA) |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylen Copolymer (ECTFE) |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE) |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Acrylics and Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Polydiallyl Phthalate (PDP) |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
715 | (5) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Trans-Polyisoprene Rubber (PIR) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Polybutadiene Rubber (BR) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Ethylene Propylene Rubbers |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Physical Properties of Polymers |
|
|
720 | (14) |
|
Gas Permeability of Polymers |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Chemical Resistance of Polymers |
|
|
734 | (11) |
|
IUPAC Acronyms of Polymers and Elastomers |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Economic Data on Polymers and Related Chemical Intermediates |
|
|
746 | (4) |
|
Average Prices of Polymers |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Production Capacities, Prices and Major Producers of Polymers and Chemical Intermediates |
|
|
747 | (3) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Minerals, Ores and Gemstones |
|
|
751 | (134) |
|
|
751 | (5) |
|
Mineralogical, Physical and Chemical Properties |
|
|
756 | (21) |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Crystallographic Properties |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Density and Specific Gravity |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (3) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
Static Electricity and Magnetism |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Play of Colors and Chatoyancy |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
The Reduction on Charcoal |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
772 | (2) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Heavy-Media or Sink-Float Separations in Mineralogy |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Strunz Classification of Minerals |
|
|
777 | (2) |
|
Dana's Classification of Minerals |
|
|
779 | (2) |
|
|
781 | (17) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties |
|
|
784 | (2) |
|
Diamond: Origins and Occurrence |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Diamond Shaping and Valuation |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
792 | (2) |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals |
|
|
798 | (2) |
|
Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table |
|
|
800 | (68) |
|
|
868 | (10) |
|
|
878 | (7) |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing |
|
|
883 | (2) |
|
|
885 | (42) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Structure of the Earth's Interior |
|
|
886 | (3) |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (14) |
|
Classification of Igneous Rocks |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
Crystals Morphology and Dimensions |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (2) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
Chemistry of Igneous Rocks |
|
|
896 | (3) |
|
General Classification of Igneous Rocks |
|
|
899 | (5) |
|
Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
904 | (6) |
|
|
906 | (1) |
|
Residual Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
906 | (1) |
|
Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks |
|
|
909 | (1) |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
910 | (2) |
|
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks |
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
|
912 | (2) |
|
|
914 | (7) |
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
Modern Classification of Meteorites |
|
|
914 | (6) |
|
Tektites, Impactites, and Fulgurites |
|
|
920 | (1) |
|
Properties of Common Rocks |
|
|
921 | (4) |
|
|
925 | (2) |
|
|
927 | (40) |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
929 | (2) |
|
Weathering and Alteration of Minerals and Clays Formation |
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
Incorporation of Organic Matter |
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
Mass Transfer between Horizons |
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
931 | (1) |
|
|
931 | (5) |
|
|
931 | (1) |
|
|
931 | (1) |
|
Subdivisions of Master Horizons |
|
|
932 | (4) |
|
|
936 | (9) |
|
|
936 | (1) |
|
|
936 | (2) |
|
|
938 | (3) |
|
|
941 | (3) |
|
|
944 | (1) |
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
Acidity (pH) and Effervescence |
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
|
945 | (12) |
|
USDA Clasification of Soils |
|
|
945 | (3) |
|
FAO Classification of Soils |
|
|
948 | (6) |
|
French Classification of Soils |
|
|
954 | (2) |
|
ASTM Civil Engineering Classification of Soils |
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
|
957 | (1) |
|
|
958 | (3) |
|
Physical Properties of Common Soils |
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
|
961 | (5) |
|
|
962 | (1) |
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
Role of Micronutrients in Soils |
|
|
965 | (1) |
|
|
966 | (1) |
|
Cements, Concrete, Building Stones and Construction Materials |
|
|
967 | (16) |
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
|
968 | (1) |
|
|
968 | (6) |
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
Raw Materials for Portland Cement |
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
Processing of Portland Cement |
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
Portland Cement Chemistry |
|
|
971 | (2) |
|
Portland Cement Nomenclature |
|
|
973 | (1) |
|
|
974 | (2) |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
976 | (2) |
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
977 | (1) |
|
Ceramics for Construction |
|
|
978 | (1) |
|
|
979 | (2) |
|
|
979 | (1) |
|
|
979 | (1) |
|
|
979 | (1) |
|
|
979 | (2) |
|
|
981 | (2) |
|
|
983 | (16) |
|
|
983 | (2) |
|
|
985 | (5) |
|
|
985 | (1) |
|
Specific Gravity and Density |
|
|
986 | (1) |
|
|
987 | (1) |
|
|
987 | (1) |
|
|
988 | (1) |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
Heating Values and Flammability |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
Durability and Decay Resistance |
|
|
990 | (1) |
|
Properties of Hardwoods and Softwoods |
|
|
990 | (7) |
|
|
997 | (1) |
|
Wood Performance in Various Corrosives |
|
|
997 | (1) |
|
|
998 | (1) |
|
Fuels, Propellants and Explosives |
|
|
999 | (20) |
|
Introduction and Classification |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
Combustion Characteristics |
|
|
999 | (5) |
|
|
999 | (2) |
|
Stoichiometric Combustion Ratios |
|
|
1001 | (1) |
|
Low (Net) and High (Gross) Heating Values |
|
|
1001 | (1) |
|
|
1002 | (1) |
|
Dulong's Equations and Other Practical Equations |
|
|
1002 | (1) |
|
Adiabatic Flame Temperature |
|
|
1003 | (1) |
|
Wobbe Index for Gaseous Fuels |
|
|
1003 | (1) |
|
Solid Fuels: Coals and Cokes |
|
|
1004 | (4) |
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
|
1009 | (2) |
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
|
1011 | (4) |
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
Petroleum-based Propellants |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
|
1012 | (2) |
|
|
1014 | (1) |
|
|
1015 | (3) |
|
|
1018 | (1) |
|
|
1018 | (1) |
|
Propellants and Explosives |
|
|
1018 | (1) |
|
|
1019 | (18) |
|
|
1019 | (2) |
|
|
1021 | (3) |
|
|
1021 | (1) |
|
Tensile Strength and Elastic Moduli |
|
|
1022 | (1) |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
Thermal Expansion Coefficient |
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
Fabrication Processes for Monofilaments |
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
|
1025 | (4) |
|
|
1025 | (1) |
|
|
1025 | (1) |
|
|
1026 | (1) |
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
|
1028 | (1) |
|
|
1028 | (1) |
|
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) |
|
|
1029 | (2) |
|
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) |
|
|
1031 | (2) |
|
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) |
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
Carbon-Carbon Composites (CCs) |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
|
1035 | (2) |
|
|
1037 | (66) |
|
|
1037 | (27) |
|
|
1037 | (2) |
|
|
1039 | (1) |
|
Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law |
|
|
1040 | (1) |
|
|
1040 | (1) |
|
Normal and Standard Conditions |
|
|
1040 | (1) |
|
Equation of State of Ideal Gases |
|
|
1041 | (1) |
|
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure |
|
|
1041 | (1) |
|
Equations of State of Real Gases |
|
|
1042 | (1) |
|
Van der Waals Equation of State |
|
|
1042 | (1) |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
Density and Specific Gravity of Gases |
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
Isobaric Coefficient of Cubic Expansion |
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
Isotherms of Real Gases and Critical Constants |
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
|
1047 | (1) |
|
The Principle of Corresponding States |
|
|
1048 | (1) |
|
Microscopic Properties of Gas Molecules |
|
|
1048 | (1) |
|
Molar and Specific Heat Capacities |
|
|
1049 | (1) |
|
Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities |
|
|
1049 | (1) |
|
Solubility of Gases in Liquids |
|
|
1050 | (1) |
|
Gas Permeability of Polymers |
|
|
1051 | (1) |
|
Dielectric Properties of Gases, Permittivity and Breakdown Voltage |
|
|
1052 | (2) |
|
Psychrometry and Hygrometry |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
Absolute Humidity or Humidity Ratio |
|
|
1054 | (2) |
|
Mass Fraction of Water Vapor or Specific Humidity |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
Latent Heat of Vaporization |
|
|
1058 | (1) |
|
Refractivity of Moist Air |
|
|
1058 | (1) |
|
|
1058 | (1) |
|
|
1058 | (4) |
|
Flammability of Gases and Vapors |
|
|
1062 | (1) |
|
|
1062 | (1) |
|
|
1062 | (1) |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
Maximum Explosion Pressure |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
High and Low Heating Values |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
Toxicity of Gases and Threshold Limit Averages |
|
|
1064 | (1) |
|
Physico-Chemical Properties of Major Gases |
|
|
1064 | (10) |
|
Monographies on Major Industrial Gases |
|
|
1074 | (19) |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
|
1075 | (1) |
|
|
1076 | (2) |
|
|
1078 | (8) |
|
|
1086 | (1) |
|
|
1087 | (2) |
|
|
1089 | (1) |
|
|
1090 | (1) |
|
|
1091 | (1) |
|
|
1092 | (1) |
|
|
1092 | (1) |
|
|
1092 | (1) |
|
|
1092 | (1) |
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
Hydrates of Gases and Clathrates |
|
|
1094 | (1) |
|
Materials for Drying and Purifying Gases |
|
|
1095 | (5) |
|
Drying Agents and Dessicants |
|
|
1095 | (1) |
|
|
1095 | (4) |
|
|
1099 | (1) |
|
Producers and Manufacturers of Major Industrial Gases |
|
|
1100 | (1) |
|
|
1101 | (2) |
|
|
1103 | (78) |
|
|
1103 | (18) |
|
Density and Specific Gravity |
|
|
1103 | (1) |
|
|
1104 | (1) |
|
Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities |
|
|
1104 | (1) |
|
|
1105 | (1) |
|
|
1105 | (1) |
|
Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity |
|
|
1105 | (1) |
|
|
1105 | (1) |
|
Temperature Dependence of the Dynamic Viscosity |
|
|
1106 | (1) |
|
|
1106 | (1) |
|
The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation and Pressure Losses |
|
|
1106 | (1) |
|
|
1106 | (1) |
|
|
1106 | (3) |
|
Sedimentation and Free settling |
|
|
1109 | (1) |
|
|
1110 | (1) |
|
Surface Tension, Wetting and Capillarity |
|
|
1110 | (1) |
|
|
1110 | (2) |
|
Temperature Dependence and Order of Magnitude of Surface Tension |
|
|
1112 | (1) |
|
Parachor and Walden's Rule |
|
|
1113 | (1) |
|
|
1113 | (1) |
|
|
1113 | (1) |
|
|
1113 | (1) |
|
Work of Cohesion, Work of Adhesion and Spreading Coefficient |
|
|
1114 | (1) |
|
|
1115 | (1) |
|
|
1116 | (1) |
|
Capillarity and the Young-Laplace Equation |
|
|
1116 | (1) |
|
|
1116 | (1) |
|
Measurements of Surface Tension |
|
|
1117 | (1) |
|
Colligative Properties of Nonvolatile Solutes |
|
|
1118 | (1) |
|
Raoult's Law for Boiling Point Elevation |
|
|
1118 | (1) |
|
Raoult's Law and Freezing Point Depression |
|
|
1119 | (1) |
|
Van't Hoff Law for Osmotic Pressure |
|
|
1120 | (1) |
|
|
1121 | (1) |
|
Properties of Most Common Liquids |
|
|
1121 | (1) |
|
|
1121 | (54) |
|
Properties of Water and Heavy Water |
|
|
1121 | (47) |
|
Properties of Liquid Acids and Bases |
|
|
1168 | (3) |
|
Properties of Heavy Liquids (Heavy Media) |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
Dense Halogenated Organic Solvents |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
Dense Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts |
|
|
1172 | (2) |
|
Low Temperature of Molten Inorganic Salts |
|
|
1174 | (1) |
|
Dense Emulsions and Suspensions |
|
|
1174 | (1) |
|
Paramagnetic Liquid Oxygen |
|
|
1175 | (1) |
|
Properties of Liquid Metals |
|
|
1175 | (2) |
|
Properties of Molten Salts |
|
|
1177 | (1) |
|
Properties of Heat Transfer Fluids |
|
|
1178 | (2) |
|
Colloidal and Dispersed Systems |
|
|
1180 | (1) |
|
|
1180 | (1) |
|
A Background Data for the Chemical Elements |
|
|
1181 | (14) |
|
A.1 Periodic Chart of the Elements |
|
|
1181 | (1) |
|
A.2 Historical Names of the Chemical Elements |
|
|
1181 | (1) |
|
A.3 UNS Standard Alphabetical Designation |
|
|
1181 | (3) |
|
A.4 Names of Transfermium Elements 101-110 |
|
|
1184 | (1) |
|
A.5 Selected Physical Properties of the Elements |
|
|
1185 | (1) |
|
A.6 Geochemical Classification of the Elements |
|
|
1185 | (10) |
|
B NIST Thermochemical Data for Pure Substances |
|
|
1195 | (6) |
|
C Natural Radioactivity and Radionuclides |
|
|
1201 | (8) |
|
|
1201 | (1) |
|
C.2 Mononuclidic Elements |
|
|
1202 | (1) |
|
|
1202 | (3) |
|
C.4 Non-Series Primordial Radionuclides |
|
|
1205 | (1) |
|
C.5 Cosmogenic Radionuclides |
|
|
1206 | (1) |
|
|
1206 | (1) |
|
C.7 Activity Calculations |
|
|
1207 | (2) |
|
C.7.1 Activity of a Material Containing One Natural Radionuclide |
|
|
1207 | (1) |
|
C.7.2 Activity of a Material Containing Natural U and Th |
|
|
1207 | (2) |
|
D Crystallography and Crystallochemistry |
|
|
1209 | (24) |
|
D.1 Direct Space Lattice Parameters |
|
|
1209 | (1) |
|
|
1210 | (1) |
|
D.3 The Seven Crystal Systems |
|
|
1211 | (1) |
|
D.4 Conversion of a Rhombohedral to a Hexagonal Lattice |
|
|
1211 | (1) |
|
D.5 The 14 Bravais Space Lattices |
|
|
1211 | (1) |
|
D.6 Characteristics of Close-Packed Arrangements |
|
|
1211 | (1) |
|
D.7 The 32 Classes of Symmetry |
|
|
1212 | (3) |
|
D.8 Strukturbericht Structures |
|
|
1215 | (6) |
|
|
1221 | (7) |
|
D.10 Crystallographic Calculations |
|
|
1228 | (3) |
|
D.10.1 Theoretical Crystal Density |
|
|
1228 | (1) |
|
D.10.2 Lattice Point and Vector Position |
|
|
1228 | (1) |
|
|
1228 | (1) |
|
D.10.4 Vector or Cross Product |
|
|
1228 | (1) |
|
D.10.5 Mixed Product and Cell Multiplicity |
|
|
1229 | (1) |
|
|
1230 | (1) |
|
D.10.7 Plane Angle Between Lattice Planes |
|
|
1230 | (1) |
|
|
1231 | (1) |
|
D.12 Reciprocal Lattice Unit Cell |
|
|
1232 | (1) |
|
E Transparent Materials for Optical Windows |
|
|
1233 | (4) |
|
F Corrosion Resistance of Materials Towards Various Corrosive Media |
|
|
1237 | (8) |
|
G Economic Data for Metals, Industrial Minerals and Electricity |
|
|
1245 | (10) |
|
G.1 Prices of Pure Elements |
|
|
1245 | (3) |
|
G.2 World Annual Production of Commodities |
|
|
1248 | (1) |
|
G.3 Economic Data for Industrial Minerals |
|
|
1249 | (5) |
|
G.4 Prices of Electricity in Various Countries |
|
|
1254 | (1) |
|
|
1255 | (2) |
|
|
1257 | (12) |
|
|
1269 | (8) |
|
1 General Desk References |
|
|
1269 | (3) |
|
1.1 Scientific and Technical Writing |
|
|
1269 | (1) |
|
|
1270 | (1) |
|
1.3 Plant Cost Estimation and Process Economics |
|
|
1270 | (1) |
|
|
1271 | (1) |
|
|
1271 | (1) |
|
2 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |
|
|
1272 | (1) |
|
3 Comprehensive Series in Material Sciences |
|
|
1272 | (5) |
Index |
|
1277 | |