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E-grāmata: Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference

  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Mar-2008
  • Izdevniecība: Springer London Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781846286698
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Mar-2008
  • Izdevniecība: Springer London Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781846286698
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This unique and practical book provides quick and easy access to data on the physical and chemical properties of all classes of materials. The second edition has been much expanded to include whole new families of materials while many of the existing families are broadened and refined with new material and up-to-date information. The book is an essential tool for any practitioner or academic working in materials or in engineering. Particular emphasis is placed on the properties of common industrial materials in each class. Detailed appendices provide additional information. The index and tabular format of the book make light work of extracting what the reader needs to know from the wealth of factual information within these covers. Specific further reading sections and a general bibliography round out this comprehensive guide.

Recenzijas

From the reviews of the second edition:





"This handbook contains practical and concise information on key scientific and technical material properties for the most commonly used industrial materials . Compared with many other handbooks on material properties, this handbook presents more background information on how to use the data presented. Those looking for a materials reference handbook on commonly used industrial materials, especially those who need to have a better understanding of material property fundamentals, will find this an interesting and very useful handbook." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2009)





This desktop reference on materials will be useful for engineers, physicists, chemists, and materials scientists who are looking for typical numbers on the physical properties of materials. the index is very complete, it will be easy to find the property of interest. The book also contains nine useful appendices. The size of the volume and its 1300 pages make this handbook a real `desk reference. whoever does pay will have bought a nicely bound and durable handbook. (Fernande Grandjean and Gary J. Long, Belgian Physical Society Magazine, Issue 1, 2010)

Introduction xxxvii
Properties of Materials
1(58)
Physical Properties
1(5)
Mass Density
1(1)
Theoretical Density or X-ray Density of Solids
2(1)
Apparent, Bulk, and Tap Densities
2(1)
Specific Weight
3(1)
Specific Gravity
3(1)
Buyancy and Archimedes' Principle
3(1)
Pycnometers for Solids
4(1)
Density of Mixtures
5(1)
Mechanical Properties
6(17)
Stress and Pressure
7(1)
Strain
7(1)
Elastic Moduli and Hooke's Law
7(1)
The Stress-Strain Curve
8(3)
Strain Hardening Exponent
11(1)
Hardness
11(4)
Resilience and Modulus of Resilience
15(1)
Toughness
15(1)
Maximum Allowable Stress
15(1)
Fracture Toughness
16(1)
Brittleness Indices
17(1)
Creep
17(1)
Ductile-Brittle Transition
18(1)
Fatigue
18(1)
Tribological and Lubricating Properties of Solids
19(1)
Static Friction Coefficient
19(1)
Sliding Friction Coefficient
20(1)
Ashby's Mechanical Performance Indices
21(1)
Order of Magnitude of Mechanical Properties of Solid Materials
21(2)
Acoustical Properties
23(2)
Velocity of Sound in Materials
23(1)
Sound Intensity
23(1)
Attenuation of Sound at a Given Distance from a Source
24(1)
Damping Capacity of Solids and Loss Factor
24(1)
Thermal Properties
25(7)
Molar and Specific Heat Capacities
25(1)
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
26(1)
Volume Expansion on Melting
27(1)
Thermal Shock Resistance
27(1)
Heat Transfer Processes
28(1)
Thermal Conductivity
28(1)
Thermal Diffusivity
29(1)
Spectral Emissivity
30(1)
Temperature and Latent Enthalpies of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation
30(2)
Order of Magnitude of Thermal Properties of Materials
32(1)
Optical Properties
32(15)
Index of Refraction
32(2)
Total Reflection and Critical Angle
34(1)
Specific and Molar Refraction
35(1)
Refractivity
35(1)
Dispersion
35(1)
Coefficient of Dispersion
36(1)
Abbe Number
36(1)
Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index
36(1)
Anisotropic Materials
36(1)
Birefringence
37(1)
Albedo and Reflective Index
37(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
38(1)
Order of Magnitude of Optical Properties of Transparent Materials
38(1)
Macroscopic Absorption of Light
39(1)
Damping Constant
39(1)
First Law of Absorption (Bouger's Law)
39(1)
Second Law of Absorption (Beer-Lambert Law)
40(1)
Absorbance or Optical Density
40(1)
Microscopic Absorption and Emission Processes
41(1)
Einstein Coefficients
42(1)
Einstein Coefficient of Absorption
42(1)
Einstein Coefficient of Spontaneous Emission
43(1)
Einstein Coefficient of Stimulated Emission
44(1)
Relation Between Einstein Coefficients
44(1)
Relations Between Einstein and Extinction Coefficients
45(1)
Luminescence
45(1)
Excitation
46(1)
Internal Conversion
46(1)
Fluorescence
46(1)
Intercombination
46(1)
Delayed Fluorescence
47(1)
Phosphorescence
47(1)
Other Properties
47(3)
Biocompatibility
47(1)
Electronegativity
48(2)
Chemical Abstract Registry Number
50(1)
Fundamental Constants
50(2)
Conversion Factors
52(2)
Further Reading
54(5)
Mathematics and Statistics
54(1)
Units and Conversion Tables
55(1)
Physics
55(1)
Physical Chemistry
55(1)
Engineering Fundamentals
56(1)
General Handbooks
56(1)
Mechanical Properties
56(1)
Electrical Properties
56(1)
Thermal Properties
56(1)
Metallurgy
57(1)
Materials Science
57(2)
Ferrous Metals and Their Alloys
59(100)
Iron and Steels
59(53)
Description and General Properties
59(5)
Phase Transitions and Allotropism of Iron
64(2)
Metallographic Etchants for Iron and Steels
66(1)
History
66(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
66(4)
Mining and Mineral Dressing
70(1)
Iron-and Steelmaking
71(2)
Pure Iron Grades
73(1)
The Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) and Iron-Cementite (Fe-Fe3 C) Systems
73(5)
Cast Irons
78(1)
Gray Cast Iron or Graphitic Iron
79(1)
White Cast Iron
79(1)
Malleable Cast Irons
79(1)
Ductile (Nodular) Cast Irons
79(1)
High-Silicon Cast Irons
80(4)
Carbon Steels (C-Mn Steels)
84(1)
Plain Carbon Steels
85(4)
Low-Alloy Steels
89(6)
Cast Steels
95(1)
Stainless Steels
95(1)
Description and General Properties
95(1)
Classification of Stainless Steels
96(1)
Martensitic Stainless Steels
97(1)
Ferritic Stainless Steels
97(4)
Austenitic Stainless Steels
101(1)
Duplex Stainless Steels
102(1)
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
103(1)
Cast Heat-Resistant Stainless Steels
103(1)
Processing and Melting Process
103(5)
Simplified Selection of Stainless Steels
108(1)
Stainless Steel Application Guidelines
109(3)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels (HSLA)
112(3)
Ultrahigh-Strength Steels
115(1)
Tool and Machining Steels
115(5)
Maraging Steels
120(1)
Iron-Based Superalloys
121(1)
Iron Powders
122(2)
Water-Atomized Iron Powders
122(1)
Gas-Atomized Iron Powders
123(1)
Sponge-Reduced Iron
123(1)
Further Reading
123(1)
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
124(17)
Description and General Properties
124(1)
History
124(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals and Ores
125(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
126(1)
Nickel Alloys
127(1)
Nickel Alloys and Superalloys
128(11)
Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys
139(1)
History
139(1)
Fundamental
139(1)
Shape Memory Effect
140(1)
Superelasticity
140(1)
Fabrication
140(1)
Major Nickel Producers
141(1)
Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
141(8)
Description and General Properties
141(1)
History
142(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals and Ores
143(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
144(1)
Cobalt as a Byproduct of Nickel Processing
144(1)
Electrowinning of Cobalt
144(1)
Properties of Coblat Alloys and Superalloys
145(3)
Corrosion Resistance of Stellites
148(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
148(1)
Major Cobalt Producers
149(1)
Manganese and Manganese-Based Alloys
149(10)
Description and General Properties
149(2)
History
151(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
152(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
153(1)
Mining and Beneficiation of Managanese Ores
153(1)
Preparation of Pure Manganese Metal
153(2)
Ferromanganese and Silicomanganese
155(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
156(1)
Metallurgical Uses
156(1)
Nonmetallurgical Uses
156(1)
Major Manganese Producers
157(2)
Common Nonferrous Metals
159(54)
Introduction
159(1)
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
159(20)
Description and General Properties
159(1)
History
159(6)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
165(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
166(1)
The Bayer Process
166(2)
The Hall-Heroult Process for Electrowinning Aluminum
168(1)
Secondary Aluminum Production and Recycling of Aluminum Drosses
169(1)
Properties of Aluminum Alloys
170(1)
Aluminum Alloy Standard Designations
171(1)
Wrought Aluminum Alloys
172(1)
Cast Aluminum Alloys
172(4)
Industrial Applications and Uses
176(1)
Major Aluminum Producers and Dross Recyclers
177(1)
Further Reading
178(1)
Copper and Copper Alloys
179(8)
Description and General Properties
179(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
179(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
180(1)
Properties of Copper Alloys
181(1)
UNS Copper-Alloys Designation
181(2)
Wrought Copper Alloys
183(1)
Cast Copper Alloys
183(4)
Major Copper Producers
187(1)
Further Reading
187(1)
Zinc and Zinc Alloys
187(9)
Description and General Properties
187(1)
History
188(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
188(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
189(1)
Beneficiation of Zinc Ore
189(1)
The Roasting Process
190(1)
Mercury Removal
191(1)
Hydrometallurgical Process
191(1)
Pyrometallurgical Process
192(1)
Treatment of Ferrite Residue
193(2)
Industrical Applications and Uses
195(1)
Properties of Zinc Alloys
196(1)
Lead and Lead Alloys
196(8)
Description and General Properties
196(3)
History
199(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
199(1)
Beneficiation and Mineral Dressing
199(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
199(2)
Industrial Applications and Uses
201(1)
Properties of Lead Alloys
201(1)
Further Reading
201(3)
Tin and Tin Alloys
204(5)
Description and General Properties
204(1)
History
205(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
205(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
206(1)
Mining and Beneficiation
206(1)
Processing and Smelting
207(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
208(1)
Properties of Tin Alloys
208(1)
Low-Melting-Point or Fusible Alloys
209(4)
Further Reading
211(2)
Less Common Nonferrous Metals
213(242)
Alkali Metals
213(30)
Lithium
217(1)
Description and General Properties
217(2)
History
219(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
220(3)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
223(5)
Industrial Applications and Uses
228(2)
Lithium Mineral and Chemical Prices
230(1)
Lithium Mineral, Carbonate, and Metal Producers
230(1)
Further Reading
231(1)
Sodium
232(1)
Description and General Properties
232(1)
History
233(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
233(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
234(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
235(1)
Transport, Storage, and Safety
236(1)
Major Producers of Sodium Metal
236(1)
Further Reading
236(1)
Potassium
237(1)
Description and General Properties
237(1)
History
238(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
238(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
238(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
239(1)
Further Reading
239(1)
Rubidium
239(1)
Description and General Properties
239(1)
History
240(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
240(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
240(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
240(1)
Major Rubidium Producers
241(1)
Further Reading
241(1)
Cesium
241(1)
Description and General Properties
241(1)
History
241(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
242(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
242(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
242(1)
Cesium Metal Producers
243(1)
Further Reading
243(1)
Francium
243(1)
Alkaline-Earth Metals
243(23)
Beryllium
244(1)
Description and General Properties
244(1)
History
244(4)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
248(1)
Mining and Mineral Dressing
248(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
248(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
249(1)
Major Beryllium Metal Producers
250(1)
Further Reading
250(1)
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
250(1)
Description and General Properties
250(1)
History
251(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
251(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
252(3)
Properties of Magnesium Alloys
255(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
255(1)
Recycling of Magnesium Scrap and Drosses
255(4)
Major Magnesium Metal Producers
259(1)
Further Reading
260(1)
Calcium
260(1)
Description and General Properties
260(1)
History
260(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
260(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
261(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
261(1)
Calcium Metal Producers
262(1)
Further Reading
262(1)
Strontium
262(1)
Description and General Properties
262(1)
History
263(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
263(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
263(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
263(1)
Barium
263(1)
Description and General Properties
263(1)
History
264(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
264(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
264(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
264(1)
Radium
264(1)
Description and General Properties
264(1)
History
265(1)
Natural Occurrence
265(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
265(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
265(1)
Refractory Metals
266(127)
General Overview
266(1)
Common Properties
266(5)
Corrosion Resistance
271(1)
Cleaning, Descaling, Pickling, and Etching
271(2)
Machining of Pure Reactive and Refractory Metals
273(1)
Pyrophoricity of Refractory Metals
273(1)
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
274(1)
Description and General Properties
274(2)
History
276(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
276(4)
Mining and Mineral Dressing
280(1)
Titanium Slag and Slagging
281(2)
Synthetic Rutiles
283(3)
Titanium Dioxide (Titania)
286(2)
Titanium Sponge
288(8)
Ferrotianium
296(1)
Titanium Metal Ingot
297(1)
Titanium Metal Powder
298(3)
Commercially Pure Titanium
301(1)
Titanium Alloys
302(11)
Corrosion Resistance
313(6)
Titanium Metalworking
319(1)
Titanium Machining
320(1)
Titanium Joining
320(1)
Titanium Etching, Descaling, and Pickling
320(1)
Titanium Anodizing
321(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
322(2)
Major Producers of Titanium Metal Sponge and Ingot
324(1)
World and International Titanium Conferences
325(1)
Further Reading
325(1)
Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys
326(1)
Description and General Properties
326(1)
History
327(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
328(1)
Mining and Mineral Dressing
328(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
329(2)
Zirconium Alloys
331(2)
Corrosion Resistance
333(1)
Zirconium Machining
333(1)
Industrial Uses and Applications
334(1)
Zirconium Metal Producers
334(1)
Further Reading
334(2)
Hafnium and Hafnium Alloys
336(1)
Description and General Properties
336(1)
History
336(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
337(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
337(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
337(1)
Major Hafnium Metal Producers
337(1)
Further Reading
338(1)
Vanadium and Vanadium Alloys
338(1)
Description and General Properties
338(1)
History
339(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
339(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
340(2)
Industrial Applications and Uses
342(1)
Major Vanadium Producers
342(1)
Further Reading
342(1)
Niobium and Niobium Alloys
343(1)
Description and General Properties
343(1)
History
344(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
345(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
346(1)
Properties of Niobium Alloys
347(1)
Niobium Metalworking
347(1)
Niobium Machining
347(2)
Niobium Joining and Welding
349(1)
Niobium Cleaning, Pickling, and Etching
349(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
350(1)
Major Producers of Niobium Metal
350(1)
Further Reading
350(3)
Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys
353(1)
Description and General Properties
353(1)
History
354(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
355(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
356(1)
Properties of Tantalum Alloys
357(1)
Tantalum Metalworking
357(2)
Tantalum Machining
359(1)
Tantalum Joining
359(1)
Tantalum Cleaning and Degreasing
360(1)
Tantalum Cladding and Coating Techniques
361(4)
Industrial Applications and Uses
365(1)
Major Tantalum Metal Producers
366(1)
Further Reading
367(1)
Chromium and Chromium Alloys
367(1)
Description and General Properties
367(1)
History
368(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
368(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
369(3)
Industrial Applications and Uses
372(1)
Major Chromite and Ferrochrome Producers
372(1)
Further Reading
372(1)
Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys
373(1)
Description and General Properties
373(1)
History
373(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
374(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
374(1)
Properties of Molybdenum Alloys
375(2)
Molybdenum Metalworking
377(1)
Molybdenum Joining
377(1)
Molybdenum Machining
378(2)
Molybdenum Cleaning, Etching, and Pickling
380(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
380(4)
World Molybdenum Metal Producers
384(1)
Further Reading
384(1)
Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys
385(1)
Description and General Properties
385(1)
History
386(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
386(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
387(1)
Properties of Tungsten Alloys
387(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
387(2)
Major Tungsten Metal and Hardmetal Producers
389(2)
Further Reading
391(1)
Rhenium and Rhenium Alloys
391(1)
Description and General Properties
391(1)
History
392(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
392(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
393(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
393(1)
Noble and Precious Metals
393(14)
Silver and Silver Alloys
396(1)
Description and General Properties
396(1)
History
397(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
397(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
397(1)
Silver Alloys
398(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
398(2)
Further Reading
400(1)
Gold and Gold Alloys
400(1)
Description and General Properties
400(1)
History
401(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
402(1)
Mineral Dressing, and Mining
402(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
403(1)
Gold Alloys
404(2)
Industrial Applications and Uses
406(1)
Major Gold Producers and Suppliers
406(1)
Platinum-Group Metals
407(15)
General Overview
407(1)
Natural Occurrence, Chief Minerals, and Ores
408(1)
Common Physical and Chemical Properties
409(1)
The Six Platinum Group Metals
409(1)
Ruthenium
409(4)
Rhodium
413(1)
Palladium
413(1)
Osmium
414(1)
Iridium
414(1)
Platinum
415(1)
PGM Alloys
416(1)
PGMs Corrosion Resistance
417(3)
Industrial Applications and Uses
420(1)
Major Producers and Suppliers of PGMs
421(1)
Further Reading
422(1)
Rare-Earth Metals
422(14)
Description and General Properties
422(1)
History
423(2)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
425(2)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
427(2)
Industrial Applications and Uses
429(2)
Major Producers and Suppliers of Rare Earths
431(1)
Further Reading
432(1)
Scandium (Sc)
433(1)
Description and General Properties
433(1)
History
433(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
433(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
434(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
434(1)
Scandium Metal, Alloys, and Chemicals
435(1)
Uranides
436(19)
Uranium
438(1)
Description and General Properties
438(1)
History
439(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
440(1)
Mineral Dressing and Mining
441(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
442(4)
Industrial Applications and Uses
446(1)
Further Reading
447(1)
Thorium
447(1)
Description and General Properties
447(1)
History
447(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
448(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
449(2)
Industrial Applications and Uses
451(1)
Further Reading
452(1)
Plutonium
452(1)
Description and General Properties
452(1)
History
453(1)
Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores
454(1)
Processing and Industrial Preparation
454(1)
Semiconductors
455(22)
Band Theory of Bonding in Crystalline Solids
455(1)
Electrical Classification of Solids
456(1)
Semiconductor Classes
457(3)
Intrinsic or Elemental Semiconductors
457(1)
Doped Extrinsic Semiconductors
458(1)
Compound Semiconductors
459(1)
Grimm-Sommerfeld Rule
459(1)
Concentrations of Charge Carriers
460(1)
Transport Properties
461(2)
Electromigration
461(1)
Diffusion
462(1)
Hall Effect
462(1)
Physical Properties of Semiconductors
463(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
463(1)
Common Semiconductors
463(8)
Silicon
463(6)
Germanium
469(1)
Boron
470(1)
Other Semiconductors
471(1)
Semiconductor Wafer Processing
471(4)
Monocrystal Growth
472(1)
Wafer Production
473(2)
The P-N Junction
475(1)
Further Reading
475(2)
Superconductors
477(10)
Description and General Properties
477(1)
Superconductor Types
478(4)
Type I Superconductors
478(2)
Type II Superconductors
480(1)
High-critical-temperature Superconductors
481(1)
Organic Superconductors
482(1)
Basic Theory
482(1)
Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect
483(1)
History
483(2)
Industrial Applications and Uses
485(1)
Further Reading
485(2)
Magnetic Materials
487(32)
Magnetic Physical Quantities
487(11)
Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetomotive Force
487(1)
Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Induction
488(1)
Magnetic Flux
489(1)
Magnetic Dipole Moment
490(1)
Magnetizability, Magnetization, and Magnetic Susceptibility
491(1)
Magnetic Force Exerted on a Material
492(1)
Magnetic Force Exerted by Magnets
493(1)
Magnetic Energy Density Stored
493(1)
Magnetoresistance
494(1)
Magnetostriction
494(1)
Magnetocaloric Effect
495(3)
SI and CGS Units Used in Electromagnetism
498(1)
Classification of Magnetic Materials
498(6)
Diamagnetic Materials
499(1)
Paramagnetic Materials
500(1)
Ferromagnetic Materials
501(2)
Antiferromagnetic Materials
503(1)
Ferrimagnetic Materials
504(1)
Ferromagnetic Materials
504(12)
B-H Magnetization Curve and Hysteresis Loop
504(2)
Eddy-Current Losses
506(1)
Induction Heating
507(1)
Soft Ferromagnetic Materials
507(3)
Hard Magnetic Materials
510(2)
Magnetic Shielding and Materials Selection
512(4)
Industrial Applications of Magnetic Materials
516(1)
Further Reading
516(3)
Insulators and Dielectrics
519(24)
Physical Quantities of Dielectrics
519(7)
Permittivity of Vacuum
519(1)
Permittivity of a Medium
519(1)
Relative Permittivity and Dielectric Constant
520(1)
Capacitance
520(1)
Temperature Coefficient of Capacitance
520(1)
Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
521(1)
Capacitance of a Parallel-Electrode Capacitor
521(1)
Capacitance of Other Capacitor Geometries
521(1)
Electrostatic Energy Stored in a Capacitor
522(1)
Electric Field Strength
522(1)
Electric Flux Density
522(1)
Microscopic Electric Dipole Moment
522(1)
Polarizability
523(1)
Macroscopic Electric Dipole Moment
523(1)
Polarization
523(1)
Electric Susceptibility
524(1)
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
524(1)
Dielectric Absorption
524(1)
Dielectric Losses
525(1)
Loss Tangent or Dissipation Factor
525(1)
Dielectric Heating
526(1)
Physical Properties of Insulators
526(4)
Insulation Resistance
526(1)
Volume Electrical Resistivity
526(1)
Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Resistivity
527(1)
Surface Electrical Resistivity
528(1)
Leakage Current
528(1)
SI and CGS Units Used in Electricity
529(1)
Dielectric Behavior
530(2)
Electronic Polarization
530(1)
Ionic Polarization
531(1)
Dipole Orientation
531(1)
Space Charge Polarization
531(1)
Effect of Frequency on Polarization
531(1)
Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Losses
532(1)
Dielectric Breakdown Mechanisms
532(1)
Electronic Breakdown or Corona Mechanism
533(1)
Thermal Discharge or Thermal Mechanism
533(1)
Internal Discharge or Intrinsic Mechanism
533(1)
Electrostriction
533(1)
Piezoelectricity
534(1)
Ferroelectrics
534(4)
Aging of Ferroelectrics
538(1)
Classification of Industrial Dielectrics
538(1)
Class I Dielectrics or Linear Dielectrics
538(1)
Class II Dielectrics or Ferroelectrics
539(1)
Selected Properties of Insulators and Dielectric Materials
539(3)
Further Reading
542(1)
Miscellaneous Electrical Materials
543(50)
Thermocouple Materials
543(5)
The Seebeck Effect
543(1)
Thermocouple
544(1)
Properties of Common Thermocouple Materials
545(3)
Resistors and Thermistors
548(4)
Electrical Resistivity
548(1)
Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Resistivity
548(4)
Electron-emitting Materials
552(1)
Photocathode Materials
553(1)
Secondary Emission
554(1)
Electroytes
555(1)
Electrode Materials
556(34)
Electrode Materials for Batteries and Fuel Cells
556(3)
Intercalation Compounds
559(2)
Electrode Materials for Electrolytic Cells
561(2)
Industrial Cathode Materials
563(1)
Low-Carbon Steel Cathodes
563(1)
Aluminum Cathodes
563(1)
Titanium Cathodes
564(1)
Zirconium Cathodes
565(1)
Nickel Cathodes
565(1)
Mercury Cathode
565(1)
Industrial Anode Materials
565(3)
Precious-and Noble-Metal Anodes
568(1)
Lead and Lead-Alloy Anodes
569(3)
Carbon Anodes
572(1)
Lead Dioxide (PbO2)
573(2)
Manganese Dioxide (MnO2)
575(1)
Spinel (AB2O4)-and Perovskite (ABO3)-Type Oxides
575(1)
Ebonex® (Ti4O7 and Ti5O9)
576(2)
Noble-Metal-Coated Titanium Anodes (NMCT)
578(1)
Platinized Titanium and Niobium Anodes (70/30Pt/Ir)
579(1)
Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA®) for Chlorine Evolution
580(1)
Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA®) for Oxygen
581(4)
Synthetic Diamond Electrodes
585(1)
Electrodes for Corrosion Protection and Control
586(1)
Cathodes for Anodic Protection
586(1)
Anodes for Cathodic Protection
587(2)
Electrode Suppliers and Manufacturers
589(1)
Electrochemical Galvanic Series
590(3)
Ceramics, Refractories, and Glasses
593(98)
Introduction and Definitions
593(1)
Raw Materials for Ceramics, Refractories and Glasses
594(35)
Silica
594(1)
Quartz, Quartzite, and Silica Sand
595(1)
Diatomite
595(1)
Fumed Silica
595(1)
Silica Gels and Sol-Gel Silica
595(1)
Precipitated Silica
595(1)
Microsilica
596(1)
Vitreous or Amorphous Silica
596(1)
Aluminosilicates
596(1)
Fireclay
597(1)
China Clay
598(1)
Ball Clay
598(1)
Other Refractory Clays
599(1)
Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite
599(1)
Mullite
600(1)
Bauxite and Aluminas
600(1)
Bauxite
600(3)
Alumina Hydrates
603(3)
Transition Aluminas (TrA)
606(1)
Calcined Alumina
606(1)
Tabular Alumina
607(1)
White Fused Alumina
608(1)
Brown Fused Alumina
608(1)
Electrofused Alumina-Zirconia
609(1)
High-Purity Alumina
609(1)
Limestone and Lime
610(1)
Dolomite and Doloma
610(1)
Dolomite
610(1)
Calcined and Dead Burned Dolomite (Doloma)
611(1)
Magnesite and Magnesia
612(1)
Magnesite
612(1)
Caustic Seawater and Calcined Magnesia
612(1)
Dead Burned Magnesia
613(1)
Electrofused Magnesia
614(1)
Seawater Magnesia Clinker
614(1)
Titania
614(1)
Rutile
614(2)
Anatase
616(1)
Brookite
616(1)
Anosovite
616(1)
Titanium Sesquioxide
617(1)
Titanium Monoxide or Hongquiite
617(1)
Titanium Hemioxide
618(1)
Andersson-Magneli Phases
618(1)
Zircon and Zirconia
618(1)
Zircon
618(1)
Zirconia
618(5)
Carbon and Graphite
623(1)
Description and General Properties
623(1)
Natural Occurrence and Mining
623(2)
Industrial Preparation and Processing
625(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
625(1)
Silicon Carbide
625(1)
Description and General Properties
625(1)
Industrial Preparation
626(2)
Grades of Silicon Carbide
628(1)
Properties of Raw Materials Used in Ceramics, Refractories, and Glasses
628(1)
Traditional Ceramics
629(1)
Refractories
630(5)
Classification of Refractories
630(1)
Properties of Refractories
631(3)
Major Refractory Manufacturers
634(1)
Advanced Ceramics
635(8)
Silicon Nitride
635(1)
Description and General Properties
635(1)
Industrial Preparation and Grades
635(1)
Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride (SiAION)
636(1)
Boron Carbide
637(1)
Description and General Properties
637(1)
Industrial Preparation
637(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
637(1)
Boron Nitride
637(1)
Description and General Properties
637(1)
Industrial Preparation
638(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
638(1)
Titanium Diboride
638(1)
Description and General Properties
638(1)
Industrial Preparation and Processing
639(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
639(1)
Tungsten Carbides and Hardmetal
639(1)
Description and General Properties
639(1)
Industrial Preparation
640(1)
Industrial Applications and Uses
640(1)
Practical Data for Ceramists and Refractory Engineers
641(1)
Temperature of Color
641(1)
Pyrometric Cone Equivalents
641(2)
Standards for Testing Refractories
643(4)
Properties of Pure Ceramics (Borides, Carbides, Nitrides, Silicides, and Oxides)
647(23)
Further Reading
670(1)
Traditional and Advanced Ceramics
670(1)
Refractories
670(1)
Glasses
671(6)
Definitions
671(1)
Physical Properties of Glasses
671(1)
Glassmaking Processes
671(5)
Further Reading
676(1)
Proppants
677(14)
Fracturing Techniques in Oil-Well Production
677(1)
Hydraulic Fracturing
677(1)
Pressure Acidizing
678(1)
Proppant and Frac Fluid Selection Criteria
678(1)
Proppant Materials
678(1)
Frac Fluids
679(1)
Properties and Characterization of Proppants
679(1)
Classification of Proppant Materials
679(3)
Production of Synthetic Proppants
682(1)
Properties of Commercial Proppants
683(4)
Proppant Market
687(1)
Proppant Producers
687(2)
Further Reading
689(2)
Polymers and Elastomers
691(60)
Fundamentals and Definitions
691(3)
Definitions
691(1)
Additives and Fillers
692(1)
Polymerization and Polycondensation
693(1)
Properties and Characteristics of Polymers
694(3)
Molar Mass and Relative Molar Mass
694(1)
Average Degree of Polymerization
695(1)
Number-, Mass-and Z-Average Molar Masses
695(2)
Glass Transition Temperature
697(1)
Structure of Polymers
697(1)
Classification of Plastics and Elastomers
697(1)
Thermoplastics
697(16)
Naturally Occurring Resins
697(1)
Rosin
697(2)
Shellac
699(1)
Cellulosics
699(1)
Cellulose Nitrate
699(1)
Cellulose Acetate (CA)
700(1)
Cellulose Propionate (CP)
700(1)
Cellulose Xanthate
700(1)
Alkylcelluloses
701(1)
Casein Plastics
701(1)
Coumarone-Indene Plastics
702(1)
Polyolefins or Ethenic Polymers
702(1)
Polyethylene (PE)
702(1)
Polypropylene (PP)
703(1)
Polybutylene (PB)
704(1)
Polymethylpentene (PMP)
704(1)
Polyvinyl Plastics
704(1)
Polyviyl Chlorides (PVCs)
704(1)
Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
705(1)
Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)
705(1)
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA)
705(1)
Polyvinylidene Plastics
705(1)
Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC)
705(1)
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)
706(1)
Styrenics
706(1)
Polystyrene (PS)
706(1)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
706(1)
Fluorinated Polyolefins (Fluorocarbons)
707(1)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
707(1)
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
708(1)
Perfluorinated Alkoxy (PFA)
708(1)
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
708(1)
Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylen Copolymer (ECTFE)
709(1)
Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE)
709(1)
Acrylics and Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
709(1)
Polyamides (PA)
710(1)
Polyaramides (PAR)
710(1)
Polyimides (PI)
710(1)
Polyacetals (PAc)
711(1)
Polycarbonates (PC)
711(1)
Polysulfone (PSU)
711(1)
Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO)
712(1)
Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)
712(1)
Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
712(1)
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
712(1)
Polydiallyl Phthalate (PDP)
713(1)
Thermosets
713(2)
Aminoplastics
713(1)
Phenolics
714(1)
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)
714(1)
Polyurethanes (PUR)
715(1)
Furan Plastics
715(1)
Epoxy Resins (EP)
715(1)
Rubbers and Elastomers
715(5)
Natural Rubber (NR)
716(1)
Trans-Polyisoprene Rubber (PIR)
716(1)
Polybutadiene Rubber (BR)
716(1)
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
717(1)
Nitrile Rubber (NR)
717(1)
Butyl Rubber (IIR)
717(1)
Chloroprene Rubber (CPR)
717(1)
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)
718(1)
Polysulfide Rubber (PSR)
718(1)
Ethylene Propylene Rubbers
718(1)
Silicone Rubber
719(1)
Fluoroelastomers
719(1)
Physical Properties of Polymers
720(14)
Gas Permeability of Polymers
734(1)
Chemical Resistance of Polymers
734(11)
IUPAC Acronyms of Polymers and Elastomers
745(1)
Economic Data on Polymers and Related Chemical Intermediates
746(4)
Average Prices of Polymers
746(1)
Production Capacities, Prices and Major Producers of Polymers and Chemical Intermediates
747(3)
Further Reading
750(1)
Minerals, Ores and Gemstones
751(134)
Definitions
751(5)
Mineralogical, Physical and Chemical Properties
756(21)
Mineral Names
756(1)
Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition
757(1)
Crystallographic Properties
757(1)
Habit or Crystal Form
758(1)
Color
759(1)
Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light
760(1)
Luster
760(1)
Cleavage and Parting
760(1)
Fracture
761(1)
Streak
761(1)
Tenacity
761(1)
Density and Specific Gravity
762(1)
Mohs Hardness
762(3)
Optical Properties
765(1)
Static Electricity and Magnetism
766(1)
Luminescence
766(1)
Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity
766(1)
Play of Colors and Chatoyancy
767(1)
Radioactivity
767(1)
Miscellaneous Properties
767(1)
Chemical Reactivity
767(1)
Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays
768(1)
The Flame Test
768(2)
The Fusibility Test
770(1)
The Reduction on Charcoal
771(1)
Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide
771(1)
The Closed Tube Test
772(2)
The Open Tube Test
774(1)
The Bead Tests
775(1)
Heavy-Media or Sink-Float Separations in Mineralogy
776(1)
Selection of Dense Media
777(1)
Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy
777(1)
Strunz Classification of Minerals
777(2)
Dana's Classification of Minerals
779(2)
Gemstones
781(17)
Diamond
783(1)
Introduction
783(1)
Diamond Types
784(1)
Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties
784(2)
Diamond: Origins and Occurrence
786(1)
Industrial Applications
787(1)
Diamond Prices
788(1)
Treatments
788(1)
Diamond Shaping and Valuation
788(1)
Beryl Gem Varieties
789(1)
Emerald
790(1)
Aquamarine
791(1)
Morganite
792(1)
Heliodor
792(1)
Goshenite
792(1)
Corundum Gem Varieties
792(2)
Ruby
794(1)
Sapphire
794(1)
Synthetic Gemstones
795(1)
Synthesis from Melts
795(1)
Synthesis from Solutions
796(1)
Diamond Synthesis
797(1)
IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals
798(2)
Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table
800(68)
Mineral Synonyms
868(10)
Further Reading
878(7)
Crystallography
878(1)
Optical Mineralogy
879(1)
Mineralogy
880(1)
Industrial Minerals
881(1)
Ores
881(1)
Gemstones
882(1)
Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing
883(2)
Rocks and Meteorites
885(42)
Introduction
885(1)
Structure of the Earth's Interior
886(3)
Different Type of Rocks
889(1)
Igneous Rocks
890(14)
Classification of Igneous Rocks
891(1)
Crystals Morphology and Dimensions
892(1)
Mineralogy
892(2)
Coloration
894(1)
Texture of Igneous Rocks
895(1)
Chemistry of Igneous Rocks
896(3)
General Classification of Igneous Rocks
899(5)
Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks
904(1)
Sedimentary Rocks
904(6)
Sediments
906(1)
Residual Sedimentary Rocks
906(1)
Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
907(1)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
908(1)
Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks
909(1)
Chemical Composition
910(1)
Metamorphic Rocks
910(2)
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
911(1)
Metamorphic Grade
911(1)
Metamorphic Facies
912(1)
Ice
912(2)
Meteorites
914(7)
Definitions
914(1)
Modern Classification of Meteorites
914(6)
Tektites, Impactites, and Fulgurites
920(1)
Properties of Common Rocks
921(4)
Further Reading
925(2)
Soils and Fertilizers
927(40)
Introduction
927(1)
History
928(1)
Pedogenesis
929(2)
Weathering and Alteration of Minerals and Clays Formation
929(1)
Incorporation of Organic Matter
929(1)
Mass Transfer between Horizons
930(1)
Descending Processes
930(1)
Ascending Processes
931(1)
Soil Morphology
931(5)
Major Horizons
931(1)
Transitional Horizons
931(1)
Subdivisions of Master Horizons
932(4)
Soil Properties
936(9)
Horizon Boundaries
936(1)
Coloration of Soils
936(2)
Soil Texture
938(3)
Soil Structure
941(3)
Consistency
944(1)
Roots
945(1)
Acidity (pH) and Effervescence
945(1)
Soil Taxonomy
945(12)
USDA Clasification of Soils
945(3)
FAO Classification of Soils
948(6)
French Classification of Soils
954(2)
ASTM Civil Engineering Classification of Soils
956(1)
Soil Identification
957(1)
ISO and ASTM Standards
958(3)
Physical Properties of Common Soils
961(1)
Fertilizers
961(5)
Nitrogen Fertilizers
962(1)
Phosphorus Fertilizers
963(1)
Potassium Fertilizers
964(1)
Role of Micronutrients in Soils
965(1)
Further Reading
966(1)
Cements, Concrete, Building Stones and Construction Materials
967(16)
Introduction
967(1)
Nonhydraulic Cements
968(1)
Portland Cement
968(6)
History
969(1)
Raw Materials for Portland Cement
969(1)
Processing of Portland Cement
970(1)
Portland Cement Chemistry
971(2)
Portland Cement Nomenclature
973(1)
Aggregates
974(2)
Coarse Aggregates
975(1)
Fine Aggregates
976(1)
Mineral Admixtures
976(1)
Mortars and Concrete
976(2)
Definitions
976(1)
Degradation Processes
977(1)
Ceramics for Construction
978(1)
Building Stones
979(2)
Limestones and Dolomites
979(1)
Sandstones
979(1)
Basalt
979(1)
Granite
979(2)
Further Reading
981(2)
Timbers and Woods
983(16)
General Description
983(2)
Properties of Woods
985(5)
Moisture Content
985(1)
Specific Gravity and Density
986(1)
Drying and Shrinkage
987(1)
Mechanical Properties
987(1)
Thermal Properties
988(1)
Electrical Properties
989(1)
Heating Values and Flammability
989(1)
Durability and Decay Resistance
990(1)
Properties of Hardwoods and Softwoods
990(7)
Applications
997(1)
Wood Performance in Various Corrosives
997(1)
Further Reading
998(1)
Fuels, Propellants and Explosives
999(20)
Introduction and Classification
999(1)
Combustion Characteristics
999(5)
Enthalpy of Combustion
999(2)
Stoichiometric Combustion Ratios
1001(1)
Low (Net) and High (Gross) Heating Values
1001(1)
Air Excess
1002(1)
Dulong's Equations and Other Practical Equations
1002(1)
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
1003(1)
Wobbe Index for Gaseous Fuels
1003(1)
Solid Fuels: Coals and Cokes
1004(4)
Liquid Fuels
1008(1)
Gaseous Fuels
1009(2)
Prices of Common Fuels
1011(1)
Propellants
1011(4)
Liquid Propellants
1011(1)
Petroleum-based Propellants
1012(1)
Cryogenic Propellants
1012(1)
Hypergolic Propellants
1012(2)
Solid Propellants
1014(1)
Explosives
1015(3)
Further Reading
1018(1)
Fuels and Combustion
1018(1)
Propellants and Explosives
1018(1)
Composite Materials
1019(18)
Definitions
1019(2)
Properties of Composites
1021(3)
Density
1021(1)
Tensile Strength and Elastic Moduli
1022(1)
Specific Heat Capacity
1023(1)
Thermal Conductivity
1023(1)
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
1024(1)
Fabrication Processes for Monofilaments
1024(1)
Reinforcement Materials
1025(4)
Glass Fibers
1025(1)
Boron Fibers
1025(1)
Carbon Fibers
1026(1)
Polyethylene Fibers
1027(1)
Polyaramide Fibers
1027(1)
Ceramic Oxide Fibers
1028(1)
Silicon Carbide Fibers
1028(1)
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
1029(2)
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
1031(2)
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
1033(1)
Carbon-Carbon Composites (CCs)
1034(1)
Further Reading
1035(2)
Gases
1037(66)
Properties of Gases
1037(27)
Pressure
1037(2)
The Boyle-Mariotte Law
1039(1)
Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law
1040(1)
The Avogadro-Ampere Law
1040(1)
Normal and Standard Conditions
1040(1)
Equation of State of Ideal Gases
1041(1)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
1041(1)
Equations of State of Real Gases
1042(1)
Van der Waals Equation of State
1042(1)
Virial Equation of State
1043(1)
Density and Specific Gravity of Gases
1044(1)
Barometric Equation
1045(1)
Isobaric Coefficient of Cubic Expansion
1046(1)
Compressibility Factor
1046(1)
Isotherms of Real Gases and Critical Constants
1046(1)
Critical Parameters
1047(1)
The Principle of Corresponding States
1048(1)
Microscopic Properties of Gas Molecules
1048(1)
Molar and Specific Heat Capacities
1049(1)
Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities
1049(1)
Solubility of Gases in Liquids
1050(1)
Gas Permeability of Polymers
1051(1)
Dielectric Properties of Gases, Permittivity and Breakdown Voltage
1052(2)
Psychrometry and Hygrometry
1054(1)
Vapor Pressure
1054(1)
Absolute Humidity or Humidity Ratio
1054(2)
Mass Fraction of Water Vapor or Specific Humidity
1056(1)
Relative Humidity
1056(1)
Humid Heat
1056(1)
Humid or Specific Volume
1056(1)
Dry-Bulb Temperature
1057(1)
Wet-Bulb Temperature
1057(1)
Wet-Bulb Depression
1057(1)
Dew Point Temperature
1057(1)
Specific Enthalpy
1057(1)
Latent Heat of Fusion
1057(1)
Latent Heat of Vaporization
1058(1)
Refractivity of Moist Air
1058(1)
Psychrometric Charts
1058(1)
Psychrometric Equations
1058(4)
Flammability of Gases and Vapors
1062(1)
Flammability Limits
1062(1)
Explosive Limits
1062(1)
Autoignition Temperature
1063(1)
Ignition Energy
1063(1)
Maximum Explosion Pressure
1063(1)
Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise
1063(1)
High and Low Heating Values
1063(1)
Toxicity of Gases and Threshold Limit Averages
1064(1)
Physico-Chemical Properties of Major Gases
1064(10)
Monographies on Major Industrial Gases
1074(19)
Air
1074(1)
Nitrogen
1075(1)
Oxygen
1076(2)
Hydrogen
1078(8)
Methane
1086(1)
Carbon Monoxide
1087(2)
Carbon Dioxide
1089(1)
Helium and Noble Gases
1090(1)
Neon
1091(1)
Argon
1092(1)
Krypton
1092(1)
Xenon
1092(1)
Radon
1092(1)
Halocarbons
1093(1)
Hydrates of Gases and Clathrates
1094(1)
Materials for Drying and Purifying Gases
1095(5)
Drying Agents and Dessicants
1095(1)
Molecular Sieves
1095(4)
Getters and Scavengers
1099(1)
Producers and Manufacturers of Major Industrial Gases
1100(1)
Further Reading
1101(2)
Liquids
1103(78)
Properties of Liquids
1103(18)
Density and Specific Gravity
1103(1)
Hydrometer Scales
1104(1)
Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities
1104(1)
Shear Stress
1105(1)
Shear Rate
1105(1)
Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity
1105(1)
Kinematic Viscosity
1105(1)
Temperature Dependence of the Dynamic Viscosity
1106(1)
Classification of Fluids
1106(1)
The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation and Pressure Losses
1106(1)
Pressure Drop
1106(1)
Friction Losses
1106(3)
Sedimentation and Free settling
1109(1)
Vapor Pressure
1110(1)
Surface Tension, Wetting and Capillarity
1110(1)
Surface Tension
1110(2)
Temperature Dependence and Order of Magnitude of Surface Tension
1112(1)
Parachor and Walden's Rule
1113(1)
Wetting
1113(1)
Contact Angle
1113(1)
Young's Equation
1113(1)
Work of Cohesion, Work of Adhesion and Spreading Coefficient
1114(1)
Two Liquids and a Solid
1115(1)
Antonoff's Rule
1116(1)
Capillarity and the Young-Laplace Equation
1116(1)
Jurin's Law
1116(1)
Measurements of Surface Tension
1117(1)
Colligative Properties of Nonvolatile Solutes
1118(1)
Raoult's Law for Boiling Point Elevation
1118(1)
Raoult's Law and Freezing Point Depression
1119(1)
Van't Hoff Law for Osmotic Pressure
1120(1)
Flammability of Liquids
1121(1)
Properties of Most Common Liquids
1121(1)
Monographies on Liquids
1121(54)
Properties of Water and Heavy Water
1121(47)
Properties of Liquid Acids and Bases
1168(3)
Properties of Heavy Liquids (Heavy Media)
1171(1)
Dense Halogenated Organic Solvents
1171(1)
Dense Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts
1172(2)
Low Temperature of Molten Inorganic Salts
1174(1)
Dense Emulsions and Suspensions
1174(1)
Paramagnetic Liquid Oxygen
1175(1)
Properties of Liquid Metals
1175(2)
Properties of Molten Salts
1177(1)
Properties of Heat Transfer Fluids
1178(2)
Colloidal and Dispersed Systems
1180(1)
Further Reading
1180(1)
A Background Data for the Chemical Elements
1181(14)
A.1 Periodic Chart of the Elements
1181(1)
A.2 Historical Names of the Chemical Elements
1181(1)
A.3 UNS Standard Alphabetical Designation
1181(3)
A.4 Names of Transfermium Elements 101-110
1184(1)
A.5 Selected Physical Properties of the Elements
1185(1)
A.6 Geochemical Classification of the Elements
1185(10)
B NIST Thermochemical Data for Pure Substances
1195(6)
C Natural Radioactivity and Radionuclides
1201(8)
C.1 Introduction
1201(1)
C.2 Mononuclidic Elements
1202(1)
C.3 Nuclear Decay Series
1202(3)
C.4 Non-Series Primordial Radionuclides
1205(1)
C.5 Cosmogenic Radionuclides
1206(1)
C.6 NORM and TENORM
1206(1)
C.7 Activity Calculations
1207(2)
C.7.1 Activity of a Material Containing One Natural Radionuclide
1207(1)
C.7.2 Activity of a Material Containing Natural U and Th
1207(2)
D Crystallography and Crystallochemistry
1209(24)
D.1 Direct Space Lattice Parameters
1209(1)
D.2 Symmetry Elements
1210(1)
D.3 The Seven Crystal Systems
1211(1)
D.4 Conversion of a Rhombohedral to a Hexagonal Lattice
1211(1)
D.5 The 14 Bravais Space Lattices
1211(1)
D.6 Characteristics of Close-Packed Arrangements
1211(1)
D.7 The 32 Classes of Symmetry
1212(3)
D.8 Strukturbericht Structures
1215(6)
D.9 The 230 Space Groups
1221(7)
D.10 Crystallographic Calculations
1228(3)
D.10.1 Theoretical Crystal Density
1228(1)
D.10.2 Lattice Point and Vector Position
1228(1)
D.10.3 Scalar Product
1228(1)
D.10.4 Vector or Cross Product
1228(1)
D.10.5 Mixed Product and Cell Multiplicity
1229(1)
D.10.6 Unit Cell Volume
1230(1)
D.10.7 Plane Angle Between Lattice Planes
1230(1)
D.11 Interplanar Spacing
1231(1)
D.12 Reciprocal Lattice Unit Cell
1232(1)
E Transparent Materials for Optical Windows
1233(4)
F Corrosion Resistance of Materials Towards Various Corrosive Media
1237(8)
G Economic Data for Metals, Industrial Minerals and Electricity
1245(10)
G.1 Prices of Pure Elements
1245(3)
G.2 World Annual Production of Commodities
1248(1)
G.3 Economic Data for Industrial Minerals
1249(5)
G.4 Prices of Electricity in Various Countries
1254(1)
H Geological Time Scale
1255(2)
I Materials Societies
1257(12)
Bibliography
1269(8)
1 General Desk References
1269(3)
1.1 Scientific and Technical Writing
1269(1)
1.2 Chemicals
1270(1)
1.3 Plant Cost Estimation and Process Economics
1270(1)
1.4 Thermodynamic Tables
1271(1)
1.5 Phase Diagrams
1271(1)
2 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
1272(1)
3 Comprehensive Series in Material Sciences
1272(5)
Index 1277
Franēois Cardarelli has had wide-ranging commercial and industrial experience of materials, commodities and processes:



at CNRS in Paris he designed and used electrochemical sensors for pollution control;









as a research scientist at Électricité de France he helped to invent methods of preparation of industrial titanium and tantalum electrodes;









as a registered professional consultant in Toulouse, he solved problems in electrochemical engineering, the selection of electrode materials, corrosion and high-temperature operation;









at the Avestor Corporation, he worked as an industrial electrochemist and materials expert in charge of strategic raw materials, scientific and technical support for lithium processing and, as Battery Product Leader, in charge of lithium polymer batteries for electric vehicles, down-hole drilling anf telecommunications he defined battery requirements and specifications and invented pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing for spent lithium batteries;









at Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium, he was principal chemist for Materials at Sorel-Tracy in Quebéc dealing with valorization processes for industrial residues and refactory benchmarking and electrowinning of metallic titanium.





at the Material and Electrochemical Research (MER) Corp., Tucson (Arizona, USA) he was principal electrochemist working on the electrowinning of titanium metal powder from composite anodes and other materials-related projects.



following a period as Manager of Recycling at 5NPlus Inc in Saint-Laurent Quebéc he has started his own company, Electrochem Technologies & Materials, providing professional services and promoting his own patented electrochemical technologies on a commercial basis.



Doctor Cardarelli is also the author of Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures for Springer (ISBN: 1-85233-682-X).