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3 | (58) |
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3 | (10) |
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1.1.1 Addition and Multiplication of Integers |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (5) |
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1.2.1 Napier's Idea of Logarithm |
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13 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Briggs' Common Logarithm |
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15 | (3) |
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1.3 A Peculiar Number Called e |
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18 | (3) |
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1.3.1 The Unique Property of e |
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18 | (1) |
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1.3.2 The Natural Logarithm |
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19 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Approximate Value of e |
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21 | (1) |
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1.4 The Exponential Function as an Infinite Series |
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21 | (3) |
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21 | (2) |
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1.4.2 The Limiting Process Representing e |
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23 | (1) |
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1.4.3 The Exponential Function ex |
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24 | (1) |
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1.5 Unification of Algebra and Geometry |
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24 | (4) |
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1.5.1 The Remarkable Euler Formula |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (3) |
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1.6 Polar Form of Complex Numbers |
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28 | (18) |
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1.6.1 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers |
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30 | (3) |
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1.6.2 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers |
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33 | (7) |
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1.6.3 Geometry and Complex Numbers |
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40 | (6) |
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1.7 Elementary Functions of Complex Variable |
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46 | (12) |
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1.7.1 Exponential and Trigonometric Functions of z |
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46 | (2) |
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1.7.2 Hyperbolic Functions of z |
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48 | (2) |
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1.7.3 Logarithm and General Power of z |
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50 | (5) |
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1.7.4 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (46) |
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61 | (20) |
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2.1.1 Complex Function as Mapping Operation |
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62 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Differentiation of a Complex Function |
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62 | (3) |
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2.1.3 Cauchy-Riemann Conditions |
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65 | (2) |
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2.1.4 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar Coordinates |
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67 | (2) |
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2.1.5 Analytic Function as a Function of z Alone |
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69 | (5) |
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2.1.6 Analytic Function and Laplace's Equation |
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74 | (7) |
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81 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Line Integral of a Complex Function |
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81 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Parametric Form of Complex Line Integral |
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84 | (3) |
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2.3 Cauchy's Integral Theorem |
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87 | (6) |
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87 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem |
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89 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus |
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90 | (3) |
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2.4 Consequences of Cauchy's Theorem |
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93 | (10) |
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2.4.1 Principle of Deformation of Contours |
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93 | (1) |
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2.4.2 The Cauchy Integral Formula |
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94 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Derivatives of Analytic Function |
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96 | (7) |
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103 | (4) |
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3 Complex Series and Theory of Residues |
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107 | (66) |
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3.1 A Basic Geometric Series |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (9) |
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3.2.1 The Complex Taylor Series |
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108 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Convergence of Taylor Series |
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109 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Analytic Continuation |
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111 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Uniqueness of Taylor Series |
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112 | (5) |
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117 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Uniqueness of Laurent Series |
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120 | (6) |
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126 | (15) |
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126 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Definition of the Residue |
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128 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Methods of Finding Residues |
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129 | (4) |
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3.4.4 Cauchy's Residue Theorem |
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133 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Second Residue Theorem |
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134 | (7) |
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3.5 Evaluation of Real Integrals with Residues |
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141 | (24) |
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3.5.1 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions |
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141 | (3) |
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3.5.2 Improper Integrals I: Closing the Contour with a Semicircle at Infinity |
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144 | (3) |
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3.5.3 Fourier Integral and Jordan's Lemma |
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147 | (6) |
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3.5.4 Improper Integrals II: Closing the Contour with Rectangular and Pie-shaped Contour |
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153 | (5) |
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3.5.5 Integration Along a Branch Cut |
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158 | (2) |
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3.5.6 Principal Value and Indented Path Integrals |
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160 | (5) |
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165 | (8) |
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Part II Determinants and Matrices |
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173 | (40) |
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4.1 Systems of Linear Equations |
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173 | (6) |
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4.1.1 Solution of Two Linear Equations |
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173 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Properties of Second-Order Determinants |
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175 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Solution of Three Linear Equations |
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175 | (4) |
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4.2 General Definition of Determinants |
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179 | (9) |
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179 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Definition of a nth Order Determinant |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Laplacian Development of Determinants by a Row (or a Column) |
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184 | (4) |
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4.3 Properties of Determinants |
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188 | (5) |
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193 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Nonhomogeneous Systems |
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193 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Homogeneous Systems |
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195 | (1) |
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4.5 Block Diagonal Determinants |
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196 | (2) |
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4.6 Laplacian Developments by Complementary Minors |
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198 | (4) |
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4.7 Multiplication of Determinants of the Same Order |
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202 | (1) |
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4.8 Differentiation of Determinants |
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203 | (1) |
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4.9 Determinants in Geometry |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (5) |
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213 | (42) |
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213 | (7) |
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213 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Some Special Matrices |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (2) |
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5.1.4 Transpose of a Matrix |
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218 | (2) |
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5.2 Matrix Multiplication |
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220 | (13) |
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5.2.1 Product of Two Matrices |
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220 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Motivation of Matrix Multiplication |
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223 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Properties of Product Matrices |
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225 | (5) |
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5.2.4 Determinant of Matrix Product |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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5.3 Systems of Linear Equations |
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233 | (8) |
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5.3.1 Gauss Elimination Method |
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234 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions of Linear Systems |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (9) |
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241 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Inverse Matrix by Cramer's Rule |
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243 | (3) |
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5.4.3 Inverse of Elementary Matrices |
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246 | (2) |
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5.4.4 Inverse Matrix by Gauss-Jordan Elimination |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (5) |
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6 Eigenvalue Problems of Matrices |
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255 | (58) |
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6.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors |
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255 | (11) |
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255 | (7) |
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6.1.2 Properties of Characteristic Polynomial |
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262 | (3) |
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6.1.3 Properties of Eigenvalues |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Hermitian Conjugation |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Gram-Schmidt Process |
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269 | (2) |
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6.3 Unitary Matrix and Orthogonal Matrix |
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271 | (7) |
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271 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Properties of Unitary Matrix |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Independent Elements of an Orthogonal Matrix |
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274 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Orthogonal Transformation and Rotation Matrix |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (8) |
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6.4.1 Similarity Transformation |
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278 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Diagonalizing a Square Matrix |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (2) |
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6.5 Hermitian Matrix and Symmetric Matrix |
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286 | (12) |
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286 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Eigenvalues of Hermitian Matrix |
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287 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Diagonalizing a Hermitian Matrix |
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288 | (8) |
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6.5.4 Simultaneous Diagonalization |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (2) |
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6.7 Functions of a Matrix |
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300 | (9) |
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6.7.1 Polynomial Functions of a Matrix |
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300 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Evaluating Matrix Functions by Diagonalization |
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301 | (4) |
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6.7.3 The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (4) |
References |
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313 | (2) |
Index |
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315 | |