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E-grāmata: Mathematics of the Modernist Villa: Architectural Analysis Using Space Syntax and Isovists

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Mathematics of the Modernist Villa: Architectural Analysis Using Space Syntax and IsovistsPalielināt
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This book presents the first detailed mathematical analysis of the social, cognitive and experiential properties of Modernist domestic architecture.

The Modern Movement in architecture, which came to prominence during the first half of the twentieth century, may have been famous for its functional forms and machine-made aesthetic, but it also sought to challenge the way people inhabit, understand and experience space. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s buildings were not only minimalist and transparent, they were designed to subvert traditional social hierarchies. Frank Lloyd Wright’s organic Modernism not only attempted to negotiate a more responsive relationship between nature and architecture, but also shape the way people experience space. Richard Neutra’s Californian Modernism is traditionally celebrated for its sleek, geometric forms, but his intention was to use design to support a heightened understanding of context. Glenn Murcutt’s pristine pavilions, seemingly the epitome of regional Modernism, actually raise important questions about the socio-spatial structure of architecture.

Rather than focussing on form or style in Modernism, this book examines the spatial, social and experiential properties of thirty-seven designs by Wright, Mies, Neutra and Murcutt. The computational and mathematical methods used for this purpose are drawn from space syntax, isovist geometry and graph theory. The specific issues that are examined include: the sensory and emotional appeal of space and form; shifting social and spatial structures in architectural planning; wayfinding and visual understanding; and the relationship between form and program.

1 Introduction
1(22)
1.1 Background
1(4)
1.2 Modernism
5(4)
1.3 The Significance of Space
9(2)
1.4 The Social, Cognitive and Experiential
11(5)
1.4.1 Social Properties
11(2)
1.4.2 Cognitive Properties
13(1)
1.4.3 Experiential Properties
14(2)
1.5 Structuring the Research
16(3)
1.6 Presentation and Precision
19(4)
Part I Methods
2 Space Syntax, Theory and Techniques
23(30)
2.1 Introduction
24(1)
2.2 Graphs and Space
25(6)
2.3 Convex Space Analysis
31(4)
2.4 Axial Line Analysis
35(6)
2.5 Intersection Point Analysis
41(5)
2.6 Visibility Graph Analysis
46(4)
2.7 Conclusion
50(3)
3 Spaces, Lines and Intersections
53(42)
3.1 Introduction
53(1)
3.2 Convex Space Analysis
54(16)
3.3 Axial Line Analysis
70(17)
3.4 Intersection Point Analysis
87(6)
3.5 Conclusion
93(2)
4 Isovist Analysis, Theories and Methods
95(32)
4.1 Introduction
95(1)
4.2 Background to Visibility Analysis
96(4)
4.3 Methodological Considerations
100(5)
4.4 Manual Isovist Construction
105(3)
4.5 Worked Example
108(5)
4.5.1 Surface Vertex Method
109(1)
4.5.2 Radial Projection Method
110(3)
4.6 Deriving Quantitative Measures
113(6)
4.7 Isovist Representation
119(3)
4.8 Using Isovists for Analysis
122(1)
4.9 Conclusion
123(4)
Part II Mies, Neutra and Murcutt
5 Mies van der Rohe: Characteristics of the Free Plan
127(52)
5.1 Introduction
128(2)
5.2 Mies van der Rohe
130(3)
5.3 Method
133(5)
5.3.1 Hypotheses
133(3)
5.3.2 Approach
136(2)
5.4 Results
138(31)
5.4.1 Wolf House, Guben, Poland (1927)
138(4)
5.4.2 Lange House, Krefeld, Germany (1930)
142(3)
5.4.3 Esters House, Krefeld, Germany (1930)
145(3)
5.4.4 Lemke House, Berlin, Germany (1933)
148(4)
5.4.5 Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, USA (1951)
152(17)
5.5 Discussion
169(6)
5.6 Conclusion
175(4)
6 Richard Neutra: Spatial Theory and Practice
179(28)
6.1 Introduction
179(3)
6.2 Neutra and Biorealism
182(2)
6.3 Method
184(4)
6.3.1 Hypotheses
184(2)
6.3.2 Approach
186(2)
6.4 Results
188(16)
6.4.1 Kaufmann Desert House, Palm Springs, California, USA (1947)
188(3)
6.4.2 Tremaine House, Montecito, California, USA (1948)
191(4)
6.4.3 Moore House, Ojai California, USA (1952)
195(3)
6.4.4 Kramer House, Norco, California, USA (1953)
198(3)
6.4.5 Oxley House, La Jolla, California, USA (1958)
201(3)
6.5 Conclusion
204(3)
7 Glenn Murcutt: Form and Social Function
207(42)
7.1 Introduction
208(1)
7.2 Spatial Structure
209(2)
7.3 Method
211(3)
7.3.1 Hypotheses
211(1)
7.3.2 Approach
212(2)
7.4 Results
214(23)
7.4.1 Marie Short House, Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia (1975)
214(2)
7.4.2 Nicholas House, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia (1980)
216(3)
7.4.3 Carruthers House, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia (1980)
219(2)
7.4.4 Fredericks House, Jambaroo, New South Wales, Australia (1982)
221(3)
7.4.5 Ball-Eastaway House, Glenorie, New South Wales, Australia (1982)
224(2)
7.4.6 Magney House, Bingie Bingie, New South Wales, Australia (1984)
226(2)
7.4.7 Simpson-Lee House, Mount Wilson, New South Wales, Australia (1994)
228(2)
7.4.8 Fletcher-Page House, Kangaroo Valley, New South Wales, Australia (1998)
230(3)
7.4.9 Southern Highlands House, Kangaloon, New South Wales, Australia (2001)
233(2)
7.4.10 Walsh House, Kangaroo Valley, New South Wales, Australia (2005)
235(2)
7.5 Comparative Analysis
237(8)
7.6 Conclusion
245(4)
Part III Frank Lloyd Wright
8 Wright and Spatial Preference Theory
249(28)
8.1 Introduction
250(1)
8.2 Environmental Preference Theory
251(5)
8.3 Environmental Preference Theory and Frank Lloyd Wright
256(5)
8.4 Isovists and Environmental Preference
261(1)
8.5 Initial Application of Isovists to Perceptual Properties
262(3)
8.6 Results
265(9)
8.6.1 Measures Which Isolate Prospect or Refuge
265(5)
8.6.2 Measures Which Combine Prospect and Refuge
270(1)
8.6.3 Measures for Mystery
271(1)
8.6.4 Measures for Complexity
272(1)
8.6.5 Measures for Enticement
273(1)
8.7 Conclusion
274(3)
9 Experiencing Wright's Living Spaces
277(26)
9.1 Introduction
278(1)
9.2 Psychology, Geometry and Domesticity
279(2)
9.3 Method
281(5)
9.3.1 Hypotheses
281(3)
9.3.2 Approach
284(2)
9.4 Results
286(4)
9.5 Analysis
290(10)
9.6 Conclusion
300(3)
10 Enticement in, and Through, Wright's Architecture
303(88)
10.1 Introduction
304(2)
10.2 Environmental Experience
306(2)
10.3 Method
308(5)
10.3.1 Hypotheses
308(2)
10.3.2 Approach
310(3)
10.4 Prairie House Results
313(22)
10.4.1 Henderson House Elmhurst, Illinois, USA (1901)
313(4)
10.4.2 Heurtley House, Oak Park, Illinois, USA (1902)
317(4)
10.4.3 Cheney House Oak Park, Illinois, USA (1903)
321(2)
10.4.4 Evans House, Chicago, Illinois, USA (1908)
323(4)
10.4.5 Robie House, Chicago, Illinois, USA (1910)
327(8)
10.5 Textile-block House Results
335(23)
10.5.1 Millard House, Los Angeles, California, USA (1923)
335(5)
10.5.2 Storer House, Los Angeles, California, USA (1923)
340(4)
10.5.3 Freeman House, Los Angeles, California, USA (1923)
344(5)
10.5.4 Ennis House, Los Angeles, California, USA (1924)
349(4)
10.5.5 Lloyd Jones House, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA (1929)
353(5)
10.6 Usonian House Results
358(21)
10.6.1 Jacobs House, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (1936)
358(5)
10.6.2 Schwartz House, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, USA (1939)
363(4)
10.6.3 Lloyd Lewis House, Libertyville, Illinois, USA (1940)
367(4)
10.6.4 Affleck House, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA (1941)
371(4)
10.6.5 Palmer House, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA (1950)
375(4)
10.7 Discussion
379(10)
10.7.1 Hypothesis 1: Prospect and Refuge
380(3)
10.7.2 Hypothesis 2: Reduplication
383(1)
10.7.3 Hypothesis 3: Enticement
384(2)
10.7.4 Hypothesis 4: Complexity and Mystery
386(3)
10.8 Conclusion
389(2)
11 Conclusion
391(10)
11.1 Social, Cognitive and Experiential Properties of Modernism
392(8)
11.1.1 Free Plan
392(2)
11.1.2 Spatial Choreography
394(1)
11.1.3 Social Function
395(2)
11.1.4 Existence, Experience and Emotion
397(3)
11.2 Conclusion
400(1)
References 401(16)
Index 417
Michael J. Ostwald is Professor and Dean of Architecture at the University of Newcastle (Australia). He has previously been a Professorial Research Fellow at Victoria University Wellington (New Zealand), a visiting Professor and Research Fellow at RMIT University, an Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellow at Newcastle and a visiting fellow at ANU, MIT, HKU and UCLA. Michael has a PhD in architectural history and theory and a DSc in design mathematics and computing. Under the auspices of the Byera Hadley international fellowship he completed postdoctoral research on geometry at the CCA (Montreal) and Harvard (Cambridge, USA). In 2016, the Australian Institute of Architects (AIA) awarded him the Neville Quarry Medal for Services to Architecture. Michael is Co-Editor-in-Chief of the Nexus Network Journal: Architecture and Mathematics (Springer) and on the editorial boards of ARQ (Cambridge) and Architectural Theory Review (Taylor and Francis). He is co-editor with Kim Williams of the two volume Architecture and Mathematics from Antiquity to the Future (Birkhäuser 2015) and co-author with Josephine Vaughan of The Fractal Dimension of Architecture (Birkhäuser 2016).

Michael J. Dawes has Bachelor degrees in Science (Architecture) and Construction Management and a Masters degree in Architecture. He is currently completing a PhD investigating Christopher Alexanders A Pattern Language. Since 2010 he has worked as a Research Associate and Academic at the University of Newcastle (Australia). His publications include refereed journal papers and chapters on graph theory, syntactical analysis and isovists. His research combines computational and mathematical analysis with architectural history and theory.
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