McNae's at a glance |
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xxviii | |
www.mcnaes.com |
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xxix | |
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Part 1 The landscape of law, ethics and regulation |
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1 | (64) |
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2 | (8) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1 Free but with restrictions |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 The European Convention on Human Rights |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (16) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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2.2 The Independent Press Standards Organisation |
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12 | (1) |
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2.3 The Ipso complaints process |
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13 | (1) |
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2.4 The scope of the Editors' Code |
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13 | (8) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.6 The importance of `audit' trails, including in legal cases |
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22 | (4) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (19) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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3.2 Why regulate broadcasters? |
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26 | (1) |
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3.3 Ofcom---its role and sanctions |
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27 | (1) |
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3.4 The scope of the Broadcasting Code |
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28 | (14) |
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42 | (3) |
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43 | (2) |
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4 Journalism avoiding unjustified intrusion |
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45 | (20) |
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45 | (1) |
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4.1 Introduction---the codes and intrusion |
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45 | (2) |
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4.2 The codes' general protection of privacy |
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47 | (1) |
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4.3 Public and private places |
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48 | (4) |
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52 | (1) |
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4.5 The codes' protection against harassment |
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53 | (1) |
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4.6 Law against harassment |
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53 | (1) |
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4.7 Coverage of accidents, major incidents, suffering, distress and deaths |
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54 | (2) |
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4.8 Privacy in hospital and institutions |
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56 | (1) |
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4.9 Health information generally |
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57 | (1) |
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4.10 Relationships and communications |
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57 | (1) |
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4.11 Protecting children's welfare and privacy |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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4.13 Relatives and friends of those accused or convicted of crime |
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61 | (1) |
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4.14 User-generated content |
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61 | (1) |
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4.15 Material from social media sites |
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61 | (4) |
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63 | (2) |
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Part 2 Crime, courts and tribunals |
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65 | (268) |
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5 Crime---media coverage prior to any court case |
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66 | (12) |
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66 | (1) |
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5.1 Standard of proof in criminal law |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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5.3 Police questioning of suspects |
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67 | (1) |
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5.4 The Crown Prosecution Service |
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67 | (1) |
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5.5 Limits to detention by police, after any charge |
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68 | (1) |
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5.6 Other prosecution agencies in the public sector |
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69 | (1) |
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5.7 Laying or presenting of information; summonses; service of written charge |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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5.10 Police guidelines on naming of suspects and victims |
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70 | (1) |
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5.11 Legal risks in media identification of crime suspects |
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71 | (3) |
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5.12 Automatic statutory anonymity for victims of some crimes |
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74 | (1) |
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5.13 Accused teachers given automatic anonymity |
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75 | (1) |
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5.14 People aged under 18 in investigations |
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75 | (3) |
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76 | (2) |
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6 Crimes---categories and definitions |
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78 | (6) |
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78 | (1) |
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6.1 Categories of criminal offences |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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6.3 Definitions of crimes |
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80 | (4) |
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83 | (1) |
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7 Magistrates' courts---summary cases |
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84 | (12) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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7.4 Reporting restrictions for pre-trial hearings |
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86 | (3) |
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7.5 Procedure in summary trials |
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89 | (1) |
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7.6 Sentencing by magistrates |
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90 | (3) |
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7.7 Many cases dealt with by post or online |
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93 | (1) |
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7.8 Single justice procedure |
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93 | (1) |
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7.9 New online procedures |
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94 | (1) |
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7.10 Appeal routes from magistrates' courts |
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94 | (2) |
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94 | (2) |
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8 Magistrates' courts---the most serious criminal cases |
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96 | (13) |
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96 | (1) |
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8.1 Processing of indictable-only and either-way charges |
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96 | (1) |
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8.2 Section 52A automatic reporting restrictions |
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97 | (6) |
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8.3 Procedure in allocations hearings and whether section 52A applies |
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103 | (3) |
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8.4 New law to abolish some hearings |
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106 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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9 Crown courts and appeal courts |
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109 | (14) |
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109 | (1) |
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9.1 Roles at Crown courts |
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109 | (1) |
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9.2 Routes to Crown court |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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9.4 Hearings prior to jury involvement---automatic reporting restrictions |
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111 | (4) |
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9.5 Reporting the arraignment |
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115 | (1) |
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9.6 Procedure in Crown court trials |
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115 | (2) |
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9.7 Sentencing at Crown court |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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9.9 Journalists can visit prisoners |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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9.11 Re-trials after `tainted acquittal' or after compelling new evidence emerges---reporting restrictions |
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119 | (1) |
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9.12 The Crown court as an appeal court |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
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10 Children and young persons in court proceedings |
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123 | (19) |
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123 | (1) |
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10.1 The age of criminal responsibility |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (4) |
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10.3 Section 49 automatic restrictions on identifying persons aged under 18 |
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127 | (5) |
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10.4 Sections 45 and 45A anonymity for children and young persons in adult criminal courts |
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132 | (3) |
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10.5 Section 39 reporting restrictions in civil proceedings and coroners' courts |
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135 | (2) |
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10.6 Injunctions to provide longer anonymity |
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137 | (1) |
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10.7 Anti-social behaviour injunctions and criminal behaviour orders |
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137 | (1) |
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10.8 Jigsaw identification |
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137 | (2) |
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10.9 Liability for readers' postings |
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139 | (1) |
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10.10 Code anonymity provision for children or young persons involved in court cases |
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139 | (3) |
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140 | (2) |
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11 Anonymity for victims and alleged victims of sexual offences, human trafficking, female genital mutilation and forced marriage offences |
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142 | (20) |
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142 | (1) |
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11.1 Introduction---automatic, lifelong anonymity |
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142 | (4) |
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11.2 Lifelong anonymity for victims/alleged victims of sexual and human trafficking offences |
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146 | (5) |
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11.3 Lifetime anonymity for victims/alleged victims of female genital mutilation offences |
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151 | (1) |
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11.4 Lifetime anonymity for victims/alleged victims of forced marriage offences |
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152 | (2) |
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11.5 Breach of the anonymity---liability and defences |
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154 | (1) |
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11.6 When the anonymity ceases to apply |
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154 | (3) |
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11.7 Provision for anonymity in regulatory codes |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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12 Court reporting---other restrictions |
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162 | (22) |
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162 | (1) |
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12.1 Bans on photography, filming, recording and unauthorised transmission |
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162 | (9) |
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12.2 Tweeting, emailing and texting `live' reports from court |
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171 | (1) |
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12.3 Confidentiality of jury deliberations |
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171 | (1) |
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12.4 Contempt risk in identifying or approaching jurors |
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172 | (1) |
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12.5 Section 11 orders---blackmail, secrets and personal safety |
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173 | (1) |
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12.6 Ban on reporting a court's private hearing |
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174 | (2) |
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12.7 Other bans on unauthorised publication of case material |
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176 | (1) |
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12.8 Lifetime anonymity for an adult witness in `fear or distress' |
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177 | (2) |
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12.9 Other anonymity orders |
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179 | (1) |
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12.10 Indefinite anonymity for convicted defendants and others |
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180 | (1) |
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12.11 Ban on publishing `indecent' matter |
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180 | (1) |
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12.12 Postponement power in the Contempt of Court Act 1981 |
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181 | (1) |
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12.13 Postponed reporting of `special measures' and section 36 orders |
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181 | (1) |
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12.14 Postponing a report of a `derogatory assertion' |
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182 | (1) |
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12.15 Sentence review for informants |
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182 | (1) |
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12.16 Extradition hearings |
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182 | (2) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (10) |
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184 | (1) |
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13.1 Types of civil litigation |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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13.5 Types of judge in civil courts |
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185 | (1) |
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13.6 Legal terms for parties in civil cases |
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186 | (1) |
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13.7 Media coverage of civil cases |
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186 | (3) |
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13.8 Starting civil proceedings |
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189 | (1) |
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13.9 Trials in civil cases |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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13.12 Civil functions of magistrates |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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13.14 Company liquidation |
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192 | (2) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (10) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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14.2 Types of case in family courts |
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194 | (1) |
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14.3 Reporting family law cases |
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195 | (1) |
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14.4 Anonymity under the Children Act 1989 |
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196 | (1) |
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14.5 Anonymised judgments |
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197 | (1) |
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14.6 Contempt danger in reporting on private hearings |
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198 | (1) |
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14.7 Disclosure restrictions |
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199 | (1) |
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14.8 Other reporting restrictions in family cases |
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200 | (1) |
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14.9 Challenging reporting restrictions in family cases |
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200 | (1) |
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14.10 Anti-publicity injunctions in family cases |
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200 | (1) |
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14.11 Coverage of divorce, nullity, judicial separation and civil partnership cases |
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201 | (1) |
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14.12 The Court of Protection |
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202 | (2) |
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202 | (2) |
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15 Open justice and access to court information |
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204 | (41) |
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204 | (1) |
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15.1 Open courts---a fundamental rule in common law |
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204 | (2) |
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15.2 The media's role in open justice |
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206 | (1) |
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15.3 The limited scope of common law exceptions to public hearings |
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206 | (1) |
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15.4 What statutes say about open and private hearings |
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207 | (2) |
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15.5 Article 6 and Article 10 |
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209 | (1) |
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15.6 Is it necessary to exclude or restrict? |
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209 | (2) |
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15.7 The terms---in private, in chambers and in camera |
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211 | (1) |
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15.8 Contempt and libel issues in reporting of private hearings |
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211 | (1) |
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15.9 HMCTS guidance and accredited journalists |
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212 | (1) |
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15.10 No need to ask permission to take notes |
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213 | (1) |
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15.11 The role of court rules and practice directions |
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213 | (1) |
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15.12 Criminal courts---rules about public and private hearings |
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214 | (1) |
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15.13 Civil courts---rules about public and private hearings |
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215 | (1) |
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15.14 Hybrid hearings, virtual hearings and `remote' access by journalists |
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216 | (5) |
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15.15 Criminal courts---provision of basic information about cases |
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221 | (4) |
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15.16 What should be aired aloud in criminal cases? |
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225 | (2) |
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15.17 Getting information about and from `single justice procedure' cases |
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227 | (1) |
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15.18 Requests for other information or case material about or from criminal cases, including older ones |
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228 | (2) |
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15.19 Case law on journalists' access to case material or records from any court's proceedings |
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230 | (5) |
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15.20 Practice direction on access to case information or material from criminal proceedings |
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235 | (3) |
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15.21 The `Publicity and the Criminal Justice System' protocol |
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238 | (1) |
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15.22 Advance information about civil cases---registers and listing |
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238 | (1) |
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15.23 What help should civil court staff provide? |
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239 | (1) |
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15.24 Routine access under rules to civil case material |
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239 | (2) |
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15.25 Fees for copies of civil case documents |
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241 | (1) |
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15.26 The presumptive right of access to case material or records from a civil court's proceedings |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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15.28 Defamation law considerations when reporting from case material or information made accessible under rule or by a court |
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243 | (2) |
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243 | (2) |
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16 Challenging in the courts |
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245 | (38) |
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245 | (1) |
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16.1 Introduction---why a challenge may be needed |
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245 | (1) |
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16.2 Court rules---the media's right to have notice of restrictions and to challenge |
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246 | (2) |
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16.3 HMCTS guidance to staff of all courts |
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248 | (1) |
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16.4 The necessity principle, proportionality and precision |
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248 | (1) |
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16.5 Judicial College guidance for criminal courts |
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248 | (1) |
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16.6 Methods of challenge |
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249 | (1) |
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16.7 Challenging section 4(2) postponement orders |
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250 | (4) |
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16.8 Anonymity for people involved in court proceedings---Convention rights |
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254 | (2) |
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16.9 Names and full details serve open justice best |
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256 | (1) |
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16.10 Challenging orders made under section 11 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 |
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257 | (3) |
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16.11 Anonymity, addresses---and risk of harm? |
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260 | (4) |
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16.12 Challenging court orders giving a child or young person anonymity |
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264 | (13) |
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16.13 Challenges to youth court anonymity |
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277 | (1) |
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16.14 Lifetime anonymity under the 1999 Act |
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278 | (2) |
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16.15 Sexual offence law does not give anonymity to defendants |
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280 | (1) |
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16.16 Challenging a `derogatory assertion order' |
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281 | (2) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (13) |
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283 | (1) |
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17.1 Overview of the coroner system |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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17.3 Investigations into deaths |
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284 | (1) |
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17.4 Inquests into deaths |
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284 | (1) |
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17.5 Rules and Chief Corortfer's guidance |
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285 | (5) |
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17.6 Determinations and conclusions---formerly `verdicts'---in inquests into deaths |
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290 | (1) |
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17.7 Related criminal proceedings and public inquiries after deaths |
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291 | (1) |
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17.8 Review of inquest decisions |
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291 | (1) |
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17.9 Defamation and contempt issues in media coverage |
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291 | (1) |
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17.10 Reporting restrictions |
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292 | (1) |
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17.11 Ethical considerations when covering deaths |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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18 Tribunals and public inquiries |
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296 | (9) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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18.2 Tribunals classed as courts |
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298 | (1) |
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18.3 Open justice and rules on exclusion |
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298 | (1) |
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18.4 Examples of disciplinary tribunals |
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299 | (1) |
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18.5 Defamation issues in reporting tribunals |
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299 | (1) |
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18.6 Automatic restrictions which apply if the tribunal is a court |
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300 | (1) |
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18.7 Employment tribunals |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (28) |
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305 | (1) |
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19.1 Introduction---what does contempt of court law protect? |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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19.3 How the media might commit a contempt in common law |
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307 | (2) |
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19.4 The Contempt of Court Act 1981---strict liability |
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309 | (4) |
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19.5 Section 3 defence of not knowing proceedings were active |
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313 | (1) |
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19.6 What type of material can cause a substantial risk of serious prejudice or impediment? |
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314 | (5) |
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19.7 What can be published after a criminal case becomes active? |
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319 | (1) |
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19.8 How the courts interpret the 1981 Act |
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320 | (4) |
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19.9 Media could face huge costs if `serious misconduct' affects a case |
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324 | (1) |
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19.10 Court reporting---the section 4 defence |
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325 | (1) |
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19.11 Section 4(2) orders |
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325 | (3) |
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19.12 Section 5 defence of discussion of public affairs |
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328 | (1) |
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19.13 Contempt of civil proceedings under the 1981 Act |
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329 | (4) |
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331 | (2) |
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Part 3 Defamation and related law |
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333 | (68) |
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20 Defamation---definitions and dangers |
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334 | (13) |
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334 | (1) |
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20.1 Seeking legal advice |
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334 | (1) |
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20.2 Introduction to defamation law |
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335 | (6) |
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20.3 Why media organisations may be reluctant to fight defamation actions |
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341 | (3) |
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20.4 Freedom of expression |
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344 | (1) |
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20.5 Errors and apologies |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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20.7 Data protection law and defamation actions |
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345 | (2) |
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346 | (1) |
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21 Who can sue for defamation and what they must prove |
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347 | (10) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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21.2 What the claimant must prove |
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349 | (8) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (24) |
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357 | (1) |
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22.1 Introduction---the main defences |
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357 | (1) |
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22.2 Truth---its requirement |
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358 | (3) |
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361 | (3) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (1) |
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22.7 Qualified privilege by statute |
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368 | (6) |
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22.8 `Accord and satisfaction', apologies and corrections |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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22.11 `Live' broadcasts and readers' online postings |
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377 | (2) |
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379 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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23 The public interest defence |
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381 | (11) |
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381 | (1) |
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23.1 Introduction---the birth of the defence |
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381 | (1) |
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23.2 The section 4 defence |
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382 | (4) |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (1) |
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23.5 Risk arising from continued publication online in changed circumstances |
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389 | (1) |
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23.6 Expect to be scrutinised |
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390 | (2) |
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390 | (2) |
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24 The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 |
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392 | (4) |
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392 | (1) |
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24.1 Rehabilitation periods |
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392 | (1) |
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24.2 The Act's effect on the media |
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393 | (2) |
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24.3 `Right to be forgotten' |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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25 Slander and malicious falsehood |
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396 | (5) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (4) |
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399 | (2) |
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Part 4 Confidentiality, privacy and copyright |
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401 | (60) |
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402 | (12) |
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402 | (1) |
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26.1 Development of the law |
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402 | (2) |
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26.2 Elements of a breach of confidence |
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404 | (3) |
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26.3 Breach of confidence and official secrets |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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26.5 Remedies for breach of confidence |
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409 | (1) |
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26.6 What can the media argue as a defendant in a breach of confidence case? |
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410 | (2) |
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26.7 Relevance of ethical codes |
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412 | (2) |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (19) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (1) |
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27.3 The scope of Article 8 |
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416 | (5) |
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421 | (1) |
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27.5 Stage one---'Reasonable expectation of privacy' |
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421 | (2) |
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27.6 Stage two---the balancing exercise |
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423 | (1) |
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27.7 Relevant factors for the courts to consider when striking the balance |
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424 | (2) |
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27.8 Can information be private if it is in the public domain? |
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426 | (2) |
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27.9 Relevance of ethical codes |
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428 | (1) |
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27.10 Data protection law overlap |
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428 | (1) |
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27.11 Remedies for breach of privacy |
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428 | (2) |
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27.12 Suspects' and crime victims' right to privacy |
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430 | (1) |
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27.13 Privacy and the `right to be forgotten' |
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431 | (2) |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (9) |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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28.2 Data protection principles |
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434 | (5) |
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28.3 Crimes of procuring, gaining or disclosing personal data |
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439 | (1) |
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28.4 Dealing with other data controllers to get information |
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440 | (2) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (19) |
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442 | (1) |
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29.1 What material does copyright protect? |
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442 | (1) |
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29.2 Who owns copyright under the 1988 Act? |
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443 | (1) |
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29.3 Copying from the internet, including social networking sites |
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444 | (1) |
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29.4 Photos of TV images and photos shown on TV |
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444 | (1) |
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29.5 Commissioner's copyright in older photos |
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444 | (1) |
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29.6 `Private and domestic' photographs and films |
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445 | (1) |
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29.7 The scope of copyright protection |
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446 | (3) |
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29.8 Assignment and licensing |
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449 | (1) |
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29.9 Copyright in speeches and interviews, and in notes or recordings of them |
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449 | (1) |
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29.10 Copying to report Parliament and the courts |
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450 | (1) |
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29.11 How long does copyright last? |
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451 | (1) |
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29.12 Legal remedies for infringement of copyright |
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451 | (1) |
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29.13 Defences to alleged infringement of copyright |
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452 | (1) |
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29.14 Fair dealing defences |
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453 | (4) |
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29.15 Public interest defence |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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29.17 Do hyperlinks breach the copyright in the material linked to? |
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458 | (1) |
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29.18 `Open content' licences |
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458 | (3) |
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|
459 | (2) |
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Part 5 Other laws affecting publishers, journalists, and their sources |
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461 | (56) |
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462 | (5) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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30.2 `Notice and take down' procedure in regulation 19 |
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463 | (3) |
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30.3 Readers' postings which make threats or harass |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (6) |
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467 | (1) |
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31.1 False statements about candidates |
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467 | (1) |
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31.2 Defamation dangers during elections |
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468 | (1) |
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31.3 Election advertisements |
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468 | (1) |
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31.4 Broadcasters' duty to be impartial |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (2) |
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471 | (2) |
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471 | (2) |
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473 | (7) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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32.2 The law's consequences for journalists |
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474 | (2) |
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476 | (1) |
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32.4 The 1989 Act---what it covers and the journalist's position |
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476 | (2) |
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32.5 The public and media may be excluded from a secrets trial |
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|
478 | (1) |
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32.6 Defence and Security Media Advisory Notice system |
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|
478 | (2) |
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|
478 | (2) |
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33 The journalist's sources and neutrality |
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480 | (18) |
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|
480 | (1) |
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33.1 Introduction---protecting your source: the ethical imperative |
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|
480 | (1) |
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481 | (2) |
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33.3 Be prepared for communications and records to be probed |
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|
483 | (2) |
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33.4 Be prepared to be watched or bugged |
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|
485 | (1) |
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33.5 Article 8 rights to privacy and family life |
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|
486 | (1) |
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33.6 Expect a `production' order or a search for material |
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|
486 | (6) |
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33.7 Article 2 `right to life' may also be engaged |
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|
492 | (1) |
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33.8 Article 10 in breach of confidence cases |
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|
492 | (1) |
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33.9 Practical steps to protect sources |
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|
493 | (1) |
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33.10 The `shield law' has not always shielded |
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|
494 | (1) |
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33.11 Tribunals of inquiry |
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|
495 | (1) |
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33.12 Maintaining a reputation for neutrality |
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|
495 | (1) |
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|
496 | (2) |
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34 The risks of being charged with bribery, misconduct, hacking, intercepting or `bugging' |
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|
498 | (13) |
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|
498 | (1) |
|
34.1 Introduction---more than 60 journalists arrested or charged |
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|
498 | (1) |
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34.2 Guidance for prosecutors on whether a journalist should be prosecuted |
|
|
499 | (1) |
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34.3 Misconduct in public office |
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|
500 | (2) |
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34.4 The Bribery Act 2010 |
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|
502 | (2) |
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34.5 Cases in which the public interest was clear |
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|
504 | (1) |
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34.6 The Computer Misuse Act 1990 |
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|
505 | (1) |
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34.7 The Data Protection Act 2018 |
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|
506 | (1) |
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34.8 Law banning `interception' such as phone-hacking |
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|
506 | (1) |
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34.9 The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 |
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|
507 | (1) |
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34.10 General relevance of regulatory codes |
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|
507 | (1) |
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34.11 Unauthorised access into online meetings |
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|
508 | (1) |
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34.12 Recording phone calls |
|
|
508 | (1) |
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34.13 The Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 |
|
|
508 | (1) |
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34.14 The Serious Crime Act 2007 |
|
|
508 | (3) |
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|
509 | (2) |
|
35 The right to take photographs, film and record |
|
|
511 | (6) |
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|
511 | (1) |
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|
511 | (1) |
|
35.2 Trouble with the police in public places |
|
|
511 | (4) |
|
35.3 Trespass and bye-laws |
|
|
515 | (2) |
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|
515 | (2) |
|
|
517 | (7) |
|
36 Media law in Northern Ireland |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
37 The Freedom of Information Act 2000 |
|
|
519 | (1) |
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38 Other information rights and access to meetings |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
39 Boundaries to expression---hate and obscenity |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
40 Terrorism and the effect of counter-terrorism law |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
523 | (1) |
Appendix 1 The Editors' Code of Practice |
|
524 | (6) |
Appendix 2 Schedule 1 to the Defamation Act 1996 |
|
530 | (5) |
Glossary |
|
535 | (5) |
Table of Cases |
|
540 | (5) |
Table of Statutes |
|
545 | (4) |
Table of Statutory Instruments |
|
549 | (2) |
Table of European Materials |
|
551 | (2) |
Index |
|
553 | |