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E-grāmata: Measures for Community and Neighborhood Research

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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544333106
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Measures for Community and Neighborhood ResearchPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Jul-2018
  • Izdevniecība: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544333106
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Measures for Community and Neighborhood Research is a reference guide that compiles, organizes and measures key measures for community research. There are many measures commonly available, but they can be difficult to locate and evaluate.  Mary L. Ohmer, Claudia Coulton, Darcy A. Freedman, Joanne L. Sobeck, and Jamie Booth compile the major measures of community practice and assess them for reliability and validity. The book is divided into major areas of measurement, including: methods of measurement, connections in community, community engagement, resources and issues, community organizing and social action, and measures of unequal access. Each measure includes a definition, theoretical frameworks, evaluation, and a description of how the measure has been used. The goal of this text is to provide students, professors, researchers and community-based practitioners with a helpful resource to locate, compare and utilize community and neighborhood measures. This book can be used by research institutions as well as the numerous non-profit agencies and other public and private organizations who work to improve conditions in communities and neighborhoods.  

Recenzijas

"Measure for Community and Neighborhood Research is a one stop shop for community practitioners, researchers, students and advocates. Each chapter provides a wealth of knowledge and resources to identify keen methods for measuring outcomes and making and supporting sustainable change." -- John R. Barner "Measures for Community and Neighborhood Research fills a gap in the literature; it puts core measures and methodological approaches in one place. It is a great resource for researchers engaged in interdisciplinary and multi-level analysis of communities." -- Robert Silverman "Measure for Community and Neighborhood Research is the first book of its kind. Now community practitioners and scholars can find in one place the key measures used to define community characteristics and track change over time." -- Richard J. Smith

List of Measures and Table Numbers xi
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
About the Authors xxi
Introductory
Chapters
Chapter 1 Introduction and Purpose
1(10)
This chapter provides the overall definition of community and neighborhood used in this book and a discussion of the importance of studying community and place.
The types of measures in the book are described, along with criteria and overall process used to select the measures.
The chapter ends with a description of the purpose and structure of the book.
Defining Communities and Neighborhoods
1(1)
Overview of Measurement Methods and Inclusion Criteria for Measures in This Book
2(4)
Measurement Reliability
4(1)
Measurement Validity
5(1)
Purpose and Structure
6(1)
Description of Book
Chapters
6(2)
Conclusion
8(3)
Chapter 2 Framework for Community and Neighborhood Measurement
11(13)
This chapter presents our ecological and conceptual framework for community and neighborhood measurement.
We discuss and provide a table illustrating how the measures in the book fit within our framework.
Examples are provided that illustrate how the measures in this book have been used in community research and practice.
Conceptual Framework
12(4)
Conceptual Domains
16(1)
Examples of Community Measures in Research and Practice
16(5)
Example Application 1: Improving Access to Healthy Food
19(1)
Example Application 2: Promotion of Community Health
19(1)
Example Application 3: Promoting Community Safety and Preventing Violence
20(1)
Example Application 4: Prevention of Substance Use Disorders
20(1)
Conclusion
21(3)
Chapter 3 Methodological Considerations for Community and Neighborhood Measurement
24(22)
This chapter discusses methods and issues to consider when conducting community and neighborhood research.
The first section discusses the unique methodological issues that occur when measuring concepts at the neighborhood or community level.
The second part of the chapter discusses issues impacting community and neighborhood measurement and research more generally.
Methodological Issues When Using Community or Neighborhood-Level Measures
24(7)
Special Problems With Ecological and Geographic Units
24(1)
Ecological Fallacy
24(1)
The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem IMAUPI
25(1)
Uncertain Geographic Context Problem IUGCoPI
25(1)
Violation of the Independence Assumption
26(1)
Sampling Considerations When Community Is the Unit of Analysis
26(1)
Addressing Sparseness Within Neighborhood Samples
26(1)
Sampling Neighborhoods or Place-Based Communities
27(1)
Sample Power in Multilevel Studies
28(1)
Assessing the Reliability of Neighborhood-Level Measures: Ecometrics
29(2)
Overall Methodological Issues for Community and Neighborhood Measurement
31(10)
Specifying Neighborhood as a Social and Geographic Unit
31(1)
Administrative Boundaries
31(1)
Resident-Perceived Neighborhoods
32(1)
Physical and Spatial Characteristics
32(1)
Activity Spaces
33(1)
Considerations in Selecting the Unit of Analysis
34(1)
Objective Versus Subjective Neighborhood Measurement
34(2)
Engaging Community Partners in the Selection of Measures
36(3)
Using New Technology to Measure Neighborhoods
39(2)
Conclusion
41(5)
Chapters On Measurement Instruments
Chapter 4 Community Readiness and Capacity for Change
46(36)
This chapter discusses measures of a community's readiness and capacity for community change and prevention, including community readiness, community and organizational capacity, and community ownership and preparedness.
Defining Community Readiness and Capacity
46(1)
Community Readiness Model
47(2)
Community Capacity for Change
49(1)
Measuring Community Readiness and Capacity
49(6)
Measures of Community Readiness
50(2)
Measures of Community Capacity
52(3)
Combined Measures of Community Readiness and Capacity
55(2)
Conclusion
57(25)
Chapter 5 Strategic Collective Action in Communities
82(32)
This chapter presents measures of strategic collective action, including the contexts affecting community organizing, measures used to analyze coalitions and partnerships and community-based participatory research.
It also includes measures related to power and trust when working with community collaborations and partnerships.
The Importance of Measuring Strategic Collective Action
82(2)
Methods for Measuring Strategic Collective Action
84(1)
Measures of Strategic Collective Action
85(9)
Participation, Representation, and Activities
86(2)
Power
88(2)
Collaboration
90(1)
Coalitions
91(3)
Conclusion
94(20)
Chapter 6 Social Connections and Processes in Communities
114(42)
This chapter describes measures that assess social connections and processes among residents and their connection to a neighborhood or place, including sense of community, social capital, social cohesion/ties, and collective efficacy.
Why Is It Important to Measure Social Connections and Processes in Communities?
114(1)
Sense of Community (SOC) Measures
115(4)
Construct Validity of the SOC
119(1)
SOC as an Individual- and Community-Level Construct
119(1)
Measures of Neighborhood Social Processes
119(3)
Collective Efficacy
120(1)
Neighborhood Matters Measure
121(1)
Social Capital Measures
122(6)
Saguaro Seminar on Civic Engagement
122(3)
Social Capital Measure From the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
125(1)
More Recent Social Capital Measures
126(2)
Conclusion
128(28)
Chapter 7 Community Empowerment and Engagement
156(56)
This chapter discusses measures of empowerment in communities and as well as measures of sociopolitical control.
Measures of engagement and participation are also described, including neighborhood activism, community mobilization, and civic engagement.
Why Is It Important to Measure Community Empowerment and Engagement?
156(1)
Empowerment in Communities
157(6)
Psychological Empowerment Measures
159(3)
Community Empowerment Measure
162(1)
Sociopolitical Control Measures
163(3)
Community and Citizen Participation
166(6)
Defining Community and Citizen Participation
167(1)
Measures of Community and Citizen Participation
167(5)
Civic Engagement
172(4)
Defining Civic Engagement
172(1)
Civic Engagement Measures
172(4)
Conclusion
176(36)
Chapter 8 Community Resources and Resident Satisfaction
212(37)
This chapter discusses measures of community resources and characteristics, including observational measures of community characteristics, establishments, and ethnic symbols.
It also includes survey measures of institutional and organizational resources, local amenities and facilities, and perceived accessibility to community resources.
Measures of satisfaction are also discussed, along with community resource fit.
Defining Community Resources and Satisfaction
212(2)
Community Resources
212(1)
Community Satisfaction
213(1)
Satisfaction With Public Services
213(1)
The Relationship Between Community Satisfaction and Satisfaction With Public Services
213(1)
Why Measure Community Resources and Satisfaction?
214(2)
Methods Used to Measure Community Resources and Satisfaction
216(3)
Measures of Community Resources
219(2)
Observation-Based Measures of Resources
219(1)
Survey-Based Measures of Resources
220(1)
Combining Observations and Survey Methods to Measure Community Resources
221(1)
Measures of Community Satisfaction
221(3)
Measures of Satisfaction With Public Services
224(2)
Conclusion
226(23)
Chapter 9 The Built Environment Influencing Healthy Living
249(47)
This chapter discusses measures of the built environment related to healthy living in communities, including perceptions as well as indices of the food environment, accessibility to and availability of healthy and affordable food in neighborhoods, stores, and restaurants.
It also includes measures of the neighborhood physical environment, including walkability and cycling as well as parks and recreation.
Why Is It Important to Measure the Built Environment?
249(1)
How Is the Built Environment Measured?
250(1)
Overview of Measures
251(8)
Neighborhood Food Environment
251(5)
Walkability of Neighborhoods
256(2)
Recreation in Neighborhoods
258(1)
Conclusion
259(37)
Chapter 10 Housing and Neighborhood Change
296(36)
This chapter discusses measures of housing quality, affordability, and market strength as well as housing-induced poverty.
Measures describing neighborhood change are also described, including measures of vacancy and blight, residential mobility and change, gentrification and displacement.
Why Are Measures Related to Housing and Neighborhood Change Important?
296(1)
Housing Measures
297(6)
Measures of Housing Quality
297(2)
Measures of Housing Affordability
299(2)
Measures of Housing Market Strength
301(2)
Neighborhood Change Measures
303(6)
Measures of Vacancy, Abandonment, and Blight
303(2)
Measures of Residential Mobility and Housing Unit Turnover
305(2)
Measures of Gentrification and Displacement
307(2)
Conclusion
309(23)
Chapter 11 Community Disorder, Crime, and Violence
332(57)
This chapter discusses measures that identify and capture perceptions and objective indicators of crime and violence, including community physical and social disorder, systematic social observation of public disorder, fear of crime, and exposure to community violence.
Why Is It Important to Measure Disorder, Crime, and Violence?
332(2)
Community Disorder and Order Measures
334(5)
Defining Community Disorder and Order
334(1)
Measures of Community Disorder and Order
335(4)
Fear of Crime
339(5)
Defining Fear of Crime
340(1)
Measures of Fear of Crime
341(3)
Exposure to Community Violence
344(7)
Defining Exposure to Community Violence
344(1)
Measures of Exposure to Community Violence Among Children and Adolescents
345(3)
Measures of Exposure to Community Violence Among Adults
348(3)
Crime, Violence, and Related Data
351(2)
Conclusion
353(36)
Chapter 12 Place-Based Social Exclusion and Inequity
389(38)
This chapter discusses the measures that are used to evaluate the distribution of population and resources across communities, including concentrated disadvantage, socioeconomic deprivation, and residential racial and income segregation and isolation.
It also includes accessibility indexes related to employment and other community resources.
Measuring Community Social Disadvantage
389(2)
Quantifying Place-Based Segregation by Race, Ethnicity, and Income
391(5)
Minority-Majority Group Measures of Segregation
391(1)
Multiple Group Segregation Measures
392(1)
Economic Segregation Measures
393(1)
Spatial Segregation Measures
394(2)
Community Diversity Measures
396(2)
Measurement of Neighborhood Racial and Ethnic Diversity
396(1)
Measuring Income Diversity in Neighborhoods
397(1)
Measuring Access to Opportunity
398(3)
Measures of Job Access
399(1)
Measures of Access to Services and Amenities
400(1)
Conclusion
401(26)
Chapter 13 Community Well-Being and Quality of Life
427(29)
This chapter covers measures that identify and capture perceptions of community well-being.
It also describes indices or indicators of well-being that use existing data sources, including overall quality of life, social and community well-being, and well-being and human development indices.
Defining Well-Being/Quality of Life
427(2)
Individual Well-Being
428(1)
Social Well-Being
428(1)
Community or Neighborhood Well-Being
429(1)
Why Measure Neighborhood Well-Being/Quality of Life?
429(2)
As an Alternative to GDP
430(1)
As an Alternative to DAYL
430(1)
Well-Being Measures
431(6)
Facet-Based Measures of Individual Well-Being That Include Community/Neighborhood Components
431(1)
Global Measures of Community/Neighborhood Well-Being
432(1)
Facet-Based Indicators of Community/Neighborhood Well-Being
433(1)
Measures Used in Surveys
434(1)
Measures That Use Administrative Data
435(1)
Measures That Combine Survey Items and Administrative Data
436(1)
Conclusion
437(19)
Index 456
 Mary Ohmer has over twenty years of experience working in community organizing and development around the country with national and local nonprofit and community based organizations, foundations, and government.  Dr. Ohmer has taught consensus organizing approaches as part of macro practice and community organizing social work courses.  She received her Ph.D. in social work from the University of Pittsburgh in August 2004, and she is currently an assistant professor at the School of Social Work at Georgia State University.  Dr. Ohmer is also currently working with the United Way of Metropolitan Atlanta to help them develop and implement an evaluation of the community training.   Claudia Coulton has been research methods courses for over 30 years all of which include significant content on community measures. She is currently co-authoring a book, Neighborhood Data for Community Change, that will be published by Urban Institute. She has been a consultant and advisor to numerous community change initiative regarding evaluation and research methods. She is the author of numerous book chapters and journal articles based on neighborhoods and communities.
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