Preface |
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x | |
Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
About the Author |
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xiv | |
Disclaimer Notice |
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xv | |
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Chapter 1 General Introduction to the Lumbosacral Spine |
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1 | (13) |
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1 | (1) |
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Structures Associated with Spinal Pain Syndromes |
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2 | (3) |
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Patient History of Spinal Pain |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Imaging for Spinal Mechanical Dysfunction |
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8 | (5) |
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Neurocentral Joints of Immature Spines |
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13 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Neuroanatomy Summary of the Lumbosacral Spine |
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14 | (46) |
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15 | (1) |
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Anatomy of the Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Cauda Equina |
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15 | (9) |
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15 | (4) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (3) |
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Arteries and Veins of the Spinal Cord and Cauda Equina |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Peripheral Nervous System and Its Sympathetic and Para-Sympathetic Divisions |
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25 | (5) |
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Pain: Its Anatomical and Physiological Basis with Reference to the Low Back |
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30 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Nerve Fibre Types and Pain Pathways |
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31 | (1) |
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Central Nervous System Connection |
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32 | (1) |
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Blood Vessels and Their Innervation |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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Neurotransmission in Sensory Nerves |
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34 | (1) |
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Lumbosacral Spine Innervation |
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34 | (26) |
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34 | (8) |
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Central Nervous System and Its Relationship to Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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42 | (3) |
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Additional Anatomical Structures That May Give Rise to Lumbosacral Pain Syndromes |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (8) |
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Clinical Implications of Sacroiliac Joint Mechanical Dysfunction |
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54 | (1) |
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Intervertebral Disc Degeneration |
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55 | (2) |
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Brief Summary of the Muscles of the Back: Their Basic Function and Innervation |
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57 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Lumbosacral Spine |
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60 | (25) |
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60 | (3) |
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Spinal Canal Epidural Space and Some of Its Ligaments |
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63 | (2) |
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Lumbosacral Vertebrae, Intervertebral Discs and Cartilage Endplates |
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65 | (3) |
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Basivertebral Canal Nerve Bundle |
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68 | (1) |
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Vertebral Column Blood Supply |
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69 | (6) |
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75 | (3) |
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Plain Lateral X-Ray Images of the Lower Lumbosacral Level |
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78 | (1) |
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Sectioning of Human Cadaveric Spines and of Fresh Surgical Specimens for Histological Examination |
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79 | (6) |
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Chapter 4 Anatomical Atlas: Gross Anatomical and Histological Examples of Possible Causes of Non-Specific and Specific Spinal Pain Syndromes Due to Lumbosacral Spine Mechanical Dysfunction or Failure |
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85 | (53) |
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Zygapophysial (`Facet') Joints |
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86 | (28) |
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1 Lower Lumbar Zygapophysial Joints and Their Gross Anatomical and Histological Structures (Figures 4.1 to 4.5) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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(B) Intra-Articular Synovial Folds--Their Histological Structure Including Their Innervation (Figures 4.6 to 4.10) |
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89 | (4) |
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Zygapophysial Joint Synovial Cysts (Figure 4.11) |
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93 | (1) |
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(C) Mid-to-Upper Region of Lumbosacral Zygapophysial Joint Recesses and Their Histological Structure (Figure 4.12) |
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93 | (1) |
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(D) Upper Pole of a Lumbosacral Zygapophysial Joint Recess (Figure 4.13) |
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94 | (1) |
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2 Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum (Figures 4.14 and 4.15) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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3 Multifactorial Degenerative Changes at One Level of the Spine (Figures 4.16A and B) |
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97 | (2) |
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4 Blood Vessels Mechanically Tractioned by Zygapophysial Joint Osteophytes (Figure 4.17) |
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99 | (1) |
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5 Zygapophysial Joint Facet Hyaline Articular Cartilage Early Degeneration (Figure 4.18) |
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100 | (2) |
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6 Tropism of Zygapophysial Joints Causing Mechanical Low Back Pain (Figures 4.19 and 4.20) |
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102 | (3) |
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7 Zygapophysial Joint Facet Degenerative Fibrocartilage Bumper Formation (Figure 4.21) |
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105 | (1) |
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8 Zygapophysial Joint Facet Imbrication/Subluxation Causing Osteoarthrotic Changes between the Subjacent Articular Process and the Pedicle Above (Figure 4.22) |
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106 | (1) |
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9 Multifactorial Degenerative Changes Affecting the "Three-Joint Complex' As Well As the Neurovascular Structures within the Intervertebral Foramen (Figures 4.23 and 4.24) |
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107 | (3) |
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10 Multifactorial Degeneration Occurring at Two Adjacent Spinal Levels (Figure 4.25) |
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110 | (1) |
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11 Adhesions within a Zygapophysial Joint Capsule and Bridging across Joint Surfaces (Figure 4.26) |
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111 | (1) |
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12 Nerve Roots and Their CSF Relationship (Figures 4.27 and 4.28) |
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112 | (2) |
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Intervertebral Disc Joints |
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114 | (19) |
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1 Intervertebral Disc Protrusion Anteriorly and Posteriorly with Internal Disc Disruption at Only One Spinal Level (Figure 4.29) |
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114 | (2) |
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2 Intervertebral Disc Central Posterior Protrusion (Figure 4.30) |
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116 | (1) |
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3 Intervertebral Disc Broad-Based Posterior Protrusion (Figure 4.31) |
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117 | (2) |
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4 Endplate Injury/Microfracture with Associated Posterolateral Disc Herniation and Examples of Schmorl's Nodes (Figures 4.32 and 4.33) |
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119 | (2) |
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5 Posterior Migration and Leakage of Nuclear Material (Figure 4.34) |
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121 | (2) |
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6 Blood Vessels Associated with Intervertebral Disc Degenerative Changes and Accompanying Vascular Ingrowth (Figures 4.35 and 4.36) |
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123 | (2) |
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7 Vertebral Body Posterolateral Osteophytes (Figure 4.37) |
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125 | (1) |
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8 Intervertebral Disc Protrusion with Vertebral Body Lateral Osteophytes (Figure 4.38) |
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126 | (1) |
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9 Adhesion Formation between a Nerve Root Sleeve and an Intervertebral Disc Protrusion (Figure 4.39) |
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127 | (1) |
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10 Pressure upon Neural Structures within the Intervertebral Foramen (Figure 4.40) |
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128 | (1) |
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11 Transforaminal Ligaments Traversing the Intervertebral Foramen and Their Innervation (Figure 4.41) |
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129 | (1) |
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12 Interspinous Ligament Injury Due to `Kissing Spinouses' i.e. Baastrup's Disease or Syndrome (Figure 4.42) |
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130 | (1) |
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13 Spondylolysis Due to Isthmus Mechanical Stress Fracture--X-Ray and a Histological Example (Figure 4.43) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (4) |
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1 Ossicles of Lumbar Vertebra Posterior Elements (Figures 4.44 and 4.45) |
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133 | (2) |
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2 Transitional Lumbosacral Vertebrae Associated with Mechanical Low Back Pain (Figures 4.46 and 4.47) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Three Clinical Examples Associated with Lumbosacral Spine Pain of Mechanical Origin |
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138 | (14) |
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(1) Leg Length Inequality--Its Effect on the Lumbosacral Spine, Hip Joints, and Knee Joints (`Long Leg Arthropathy') |
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138 | (10) |
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138 | (1) |
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Erect Posture Plain X-Ray Imaging |
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139 | (5) |
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Hip Joint Femoral Head--Acetabulum Alignment Associated with Leg Length Inequality |
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144 | (1) |
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Knee Joint Osteoarthrosis Associated with Leg Length Inequality |
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144 | (1) |
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Zygapophysial Joints Associated with Leg Length Inequality |
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145 | (1) |
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Clinical Importance of Leg Length Inequality |
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146 | (2) |
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(2) Degenerative Spondylolisthesis |
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148 | (1) |
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(3) Tethered Cord Syndrome |
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149 | (3) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Physiological Diagnostic Studies |
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150 | (1) |
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Factors Associated with the Onset of TCS Symptoms in Adolescents and Adults |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
Conclusion |
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152 | (3) |
Definitions |
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155 | (4) |
References |
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159 | (11) |
Index |
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170 | |